热解条件对LiFePO4/C表面自由能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳前驱体对水热合成的磷酸铁锂粉末进行碳包覆.测定磷酸铁锂粉末与三种探测液的接触角,并据此通过Young方程采用Wu方法计算了粉末的表面自由能.研究了表面自由能与电导率、放电比容量的关系及对工业化涂布性能的影响.结果表明,在电导率相同的前提下,粉末表面自由能中色散分量与极性分量的比值(γd/γp)对低倍率放电性能没有影响,但对高倍率放电性能影响较大.提高热解温度和延长热解时间可使γd/γp值增加,这有利于粉体与聚偏氟乙烯(PVdF)的粘合和高倍率放电容量的提高.     

优化碳包覆对正极材料LiFePO4/C高倍率性能的影响

碳包覆层的结构和形态对LiFePO4正极材料的电子电导率影响很大. 本文以聚丙烯和葡萄糖为碳源, 二茂铁为催化剂前驱体, 采用原位固相法合成LiFePO4/C复合材料, 并对其微观结构和形貌, 碳的结构与含量, 电化学性能进行分析. 结果表明, 聚丙烯热解形成的碳包覆层石墨化程度高, 可提高材料的高倍率放电性能. 二茂铁的加入有助于优化包覆层的碳结构. 制备的LiFePO4/C复合材料具有优异的高倍率电化学性能, 10C (1C=170 mA·g-1)放电比容量达到145 mAh·g-1.     

分级过程对LiFePO4/C电池性能的影响

本文采用磷酸铁工艺路线制备碳包覆的磷酸铁锂（LiFePO₄/C）复合正极材料,系统考察气流粉碎分级过程对LiFePO₄/C正极材料及全电池性能的影响. 研究表明：分级前磷酸铁锂颗粒粒度较大,中值粒径为17.37μm,呈规整球形形貌,具有较高的振实密度和碳含量;分级后球形被打碎,振实减小. 全电池测试结果显示：分级过程对全电池的容量、交流内阻、直流内阻、功率密度的影响较小;但分级前电芯的低温放电容量保持率和550周的高温循环保持率分别60.1%和87.5%,明显优于分级后的49.5%和84.7%. 分级前碳层能均匀包覆在磷酸铁锂表面形成均匀导电网络,而分级过程将磷酸铁锂的碳层有一定的剥离和破坏导致性能下降.     

锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池

可充电氢气电池作为一种新兴的电池体系在大规模能源储存领域显示出富有前景的电化学性能. 锂嵌入型化合物作为一大类的锂离子电池正极材料能够很好地用作可充电氢气电池的正极. 本文开发了 2种新型锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池. 通过使用钴酸锂与磷酸铁锂2种正极材料分别与氢气负极在硫酸锂 水系电解液中进行匹配, 得到了钴酸锂-氢气电池与磷酸铁锂-氢气电池. 钴酸锂-氢气电池展现出约1.27 V 的放电电位, 约97 mA·h·g^-1的比容量及10C的高倍率; 磷酸铁锂-氢气电池展现出约0.66 V的放电电位, 约125 mA·h·g^-1的比容量以及10C的高倍率. 虽然, 钴酸锂-氢气电池和磷酸铁锂-氢气电池因为使用了未经优化的、 不稳定的锂嵌入型化合物正极材料而导致全电池容量衰减, 但这2种电池经过氢气负极的再循环利用均表现出优异的恢复能力. 本文结果证明了氢气电池的化学稳定性及其在未来长寿命电池中具有的大规模能源储存潜力.     

LFP/C掺杂型PVDF-HFP隔膜及其电化学性能研究

本论文向聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯中添加磷酸铁锂纳米颗粒制备得到PVDF-HFP/LFP复合隔膜材料。通过这种掺杂改性,提升了隔膜的吸液率,湿润性,热稳定性,以此提升电池的放电比容量和循环性能。电池正极使用经过碳包覆的磷酸铁锂材料,负极使用金属锂片,通过制备的不同隔膜组装电池探究磷酸铁锂纳米颗粒的添加对PVDF-HFP隔膜性能的影响,并研究了不同比例的磷酸铁锂纳米颗粒对聚合物隔膜的影响。     

添加剂氟代乙烯碳酸酯对锂离子电池低温性能影响的机制研究

本文通过磷酸铁锂/碳电池研究了电解液添加剂氟代乙烯碳酸酯（FEC）对电池低温性能的影响. 电池充放电实验证明,FEC添加剂能够在负极表面形成良好的固体电解质界面层（SEI）. 电解液中添加5% FEC后,电池-40 ^oC低温放电容量保持率可以从31.7%提高至43.7%,还提高了电池放电电压平台. 交流阻抗测试表明,FEC的加入能够有效降低电池的界面传荷阻抗（R_ct）. 参比电极测试表明,其主要是降低了碳负极的低温极化.     

锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池（英文）

可充电氢气电池作为一种新兴的电池体系在大规模能源储存领域显示出富有前景的电化学性能.锂嵌入型化合物作为一大类的锂离子电池正极材料能够很好地用作可充电氢气电池的正极.本文开发了2种新型锂嵌入型化合物-氢气电池.通过使用钴酸锂与磷酸铁锂2种正极材料分别与氢气负极在硫酸锂水系电解液中进行匹配,得到了钴酸锂-氢气电池与磷酸铁锂-氢气电池.钴酸锂-氢气电池展现出约1.27 V的放电电位,约97 mA·h·g~(-1)的比容量及10C的高倍率;磷酸铁锂-氢气电池展现出约0.66 V的放电电位,约125 mA·h·g~(-1)的比容量以及10C的高倍率.虽然,钴酸锂-氢气电池和磷酸铁锂-氢气电池因为使用了未经优化的、不稳定的锂嵌入型化合物正极材料而导致全电池容量衰减,但这2种电池经过氢气负极的再循环利用均表现出优异的恢复能力.本文结果证明了氢气电池的化学稳定性及其在未来长寿命电池中具有的大规模能源储存潜力.     

碳包覆对磷酸铁锂高温循环性能的影响机理

制备了碳包覆完整和不完整的2种磷酸铁锂,用以研究碳包覆对使用广泛的磷酸铁锂/石墨电池体系高温循环性能的影响机理。X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、粉末电阻率和扣式电池等测试表明2种物料的晶体结构、颗粒尺寸、克容量等性能相近,仅碳包覆完整度差异大。将2种物料组装成磷酸铁锂/石墨软包电芯并在60 ℃高温下进行1C充放电循环测试,结果表明完整的碳包覆可使其在1 250次循环后的容量保持率由80.4%提升至84.9%。在此基础上,我们成功定量极化容量和热力学容量的改善幅度,可知二者占比分别为76%和24%,这说明碳包覆的主要影响机制是为磷酸铁锂正极提供完整的导电网络,进而降低极化损失。铁溶出测试结果表明,碳包覆的直接抑制作用并不明显,其主要作用可能是通过降低电芯中的水含量从而间接抑制铁溶出,并减少部分热力学容量损失。     

碳包覆对磷酸铁锂高温循环性能的影响机理

制备了碳包覆完整和不完整的2种磷酸铁锂，用以研究碳包覆对使用广泛的磷酸铁锂/石墨电池体系高温循环性能的影响机理。X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、粉末电阻率和扣式电池等测试表明2种物料的晶体结构、颗粒尺寸、克容量等性能相近，仅碳包覆完整度差异大。将2种物料组装成磷酸铁锂/石墨软包电芯并在60℃高温下进行1C充放电循环测试，结果表明完整的碳包覆可使其在1 250次循环后的容量保持率由80.4%提升至84.9%。在此基础上，我们成功定量极化容量和热力学容量的改善幅度，可知二者占比分别为76%和24%，这说明碳包覆的主要影响机制是为磷酸铁锂正极提供完整的导电网络，进而降低极化损失。铁溶出测试结果表明，碳包覆的直接抑制作用并不明显，其主要作用可能是通过降低电芯中的水含量从而间接抑制铁溶出，并减少部分热力学容量损失。     

硫/水热碳球复合材料的制备及对锂硫电池倍率性能的影响(英文)

在锂硫电池正极材料的研究中,碳材料可以有效改善电池倍率及循环性能。为了提高锂硫电池的高倍率放电性能,通过水热合成的方法,制备了由非均匀粒径碳球组成的碳材料。与硫热合成后,硫均匀分布在碳材料表面及周围,复合材料含硫量为52wt%。0.2C放电电流下,首次放电比容量为1 174 m Ah·g-1,100次循环后放电比容量为788 m Ah·g-1。在4C的放电电流下,放电比容量稳定维持在600 m Ah·g-1,循环过程中,库伦效率高于90%。该碳材料有良好的导电网络,且制备方便,成本低廉,对于穿梭效应和放电过程中的膨胀效应有一定的抑制作用,是一种优秀的正极材料。     

Effect of Corona Discharge Treatment on the Dyeability of Low-Density Polyethylene Film

The effect of corona discharge on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film was studied in terms of surface functionality and surface energetics of the film surfaces, improving the dyeability. The introduction of a polar group (O=C-O, C=O, and C-O) to a corona-treated LDPE film with acrylic acid could be confirmed by ESCA. The Owens-Wendt and Wu models using geometric means were studied to analyze the surface free energy of corona-treated film. It was found that the corona-treated LDPE film did lead to an increase in surface free energy, mainly due to the increase of its specific (or polar) component as the corona discharge power increased. Also, the K/S values were increased as the concentrations of dye increased. From the acid-base interaction point of view, it was found that the graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto the corona-treated LDPE film plays an important role in growing the acidic character which is one of the specific components of surface free energy, resulting in improving the dyeability with basic dyeing agent. A direct linear relationship is shown between the O(1s)/C(1s) ratio and the resulting K/S value or the specific component for this work. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Influence of Oxygen Plasma Modification on Surface Free Energy of PMMA Films and Cell Attachment

For any biomaterial placed into a biological medium, the surface properties of the material, such as porosity, crystallinity, presence and distribution of electrical charge and functional groups are very critical parameters that determine the acceptance or rejection of the material. Applications, especially tissue engineering require some surface modifications at the molecular level without disturbing the bulk properties of the implants in order to enhance the cell attachment on the material. An appropriate technique is the application of glow discharge plasma which employs no solvents, takes place at ambient temperatures, and alterations take place only at the surface by changing the surface chemistry along with surface free energy (SFE) and efficiency for cell-material interaction. In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film surfaces were modified with oxygen plasma. SFE and its dispersive and polar (acidic-basic) components of the modified surfaces were calculated by means of several theoretical approaches including geometric mean, harmonic mean and acid-base equations. The relation between SFE and its dispersive and polar components and cell attachment on surfaces were studied. The highest 3T3 cell attachment was obtained for the surface with the total SFE of 61.77 mJ/m² and polar component of 50.91 mJ/m² according to Geometric mean. The total SFE of this surface was calculated to be 61.06 mJ/m² and the polar component as 40.96 mJ/m² using the Harmonic mean method.     

Correlation between chemical and physical surface properties and blood compatibility of PPE/EVA-blends

The chemical and physical surface properties of a biomaterial are of high importance for the blood compatibility of an implant. Blends of poly(propylene-co-ethylene) with various amounts of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PPE/EVA-blends) were examined because of the varying surface hydrophilicity. Surface characterizations were performed by means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Infrared Spectroscopy in Attenuated Totalreflexion Mode (IR-ATR) in relation to dynamic contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The examination of the blood compatibility of the polymer surfaces was carried out in vitro in a modified BOWRY blood chamber with native whole human blood. A balanced ratio of polar and dispersive surface free energy and a zeta potential of −4 mV are the conditions for a good blood compatibility of the investigated PPE/EVA-blends.     

A study on the surface free energy of modified silica fillers and poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers by inverse gas chromatography

The surface free energy of modified silica fillers and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers was analyzed by inverse gas chromatography in order to investigate the relationship between their surface characteristics and the performance of the composite formed from these materials. The adsorption isotherms of n-heptane and 1-propanol were determined by the elution-peak-maximum method. The dispersive and polar components of the surface free energy were determined by use of the Young–Dupré equation and the Fowkes equation on the basis of the saturated spreading pressure derived from the Gibbs adsorption equation. The acidity and the basicity of the surface were estimated by the specific retention volume of each probe molecule with different donor number and acceptor number. It was found that the dispersive component of the surface free energy for modified silica fillers was mostly lower than that for original silica filler. The polar component of the surface free energy for ethylene glycol modified silica filler became large, while that for n-butanol modified silica filler decreased remarkably. It was also found that original silica filler exhibited high acidity, while modified silica fillers exhibited low acidity. Although these methods have been applied to PET fibers, the surface free energy could not be determined quantitatively because of the surface change during the pretreatment of PET fibers. It was observed that the polar component of the surface free energy decreased when the pretreatment was made at a temperature higher than the glass-transition temperature of PET. It became clear that the interaction between modified silica fillers and PET fibers correlated well with the basicity of the fillers, but not with their acidity. Received: 18 October 1999 Accepted: 8 February 2000     

Investigation of acid–base and surface characteristics of a thermotropic semifluorinated salicylaldimine liquid crystal by inverse gas chromatography

The surface energy of a semifluorinated salicylaldimine liquid crystal has been characterised by inverse gas chromatography over the temperature range 303 to 323 K using n-alkanes, tetrahydrofurane, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone and ethyl acetate molecular probes. The dispersive component of the surface free energy of the adsorbent surface studied was calculated according to the approaches of Fowkes and Dorris–Gray in the infinite dilution region. The specific free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of polar probes on the liquid crystal were determined. The values of the specific enthalpy of adsorption were correlated with both the donor and the acceptor numbers of the probes to quantify the acidic and the basic parameters of the liquid crystal surface. The surface of the semifluorinated salicylaldimine liquid crystal was found to show a basic nature, which determined the nature of its interaction with the polar probes.     

Mixed alkanethiol monolayers on gold surfaces: Wetting and stability studies

Studies of wetting and stability of mixed monolayers containing hydrophobie and hydrophilic components are discussed. We are reporting the observation of an apparent concentration-driven transition in the cosine of the contact angles of liquids on mixed monolayers. It is suggested that this phenomenon is due to a possible (true or rounded) surface phase transition, resulting in the formation of a prewetting water layer. This formation is triggered by variations in the quenched distribution of random surface fields. The variation of the surface free-energy, both polar and dispersive parts, has been determined as a function of surface OH-concentration. The surface free-energy of the 100% OH surface is close to that found for water, as might be expected for a surface coated with several monolayers of water. Zisman plots obtained for several of the surfaces using polar and nonpolar liquids give γ_c values which follow the observed dispersive contribution to the total surface free energy, and thus do not present a good approximation to the surface free energy (i.e., γ_c < γ_sv).Contact angle variation was studied on self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers containing mixtures of OH and CH₃ groups at their air-monolayer interface. It was found that these high free energy organic surfaces yielded contact angles which were not stable over long periods of time. The extent of the variation was found to be related to the surface free energy (%OH). The effect of different storage environments and temperature on the changing contact angles are discussed. We propose that monolayer surfaces containing high concentrations of OH groups on mobile organic chains are not stable. Such monolayer surfaces may stabilize over time, depending on the chain length, by surface reorganization and the adsorption of contaminants.     

Determination of the polar and total surface energy distributions of particulates by inverse gas chromatography

This Letter reports a technique of measuring polar surface energy distributions of lactose using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The significance of this study is that the total surface energy distributions can now be characterized by combining the already known dispersive surface energy distribution with polar surface energy distribution determined in this study. The polar surface energy was calculated from the specific free energies for surface interactions with a monopolar basic probe, ethyl acetate, and a monopolar acidic probe, dichloromethane.     

The adhesive properties of polyfluoroolefin films modified by direct-current discharge

The influence of the treatment of various structures polyfluoroolefine films by the direct-current discharge at the anode and cathode on the properties of the surface (the value of the contact angles of wettability, work of adhesion, and surface energy and its polar and dispersive components) is studied. Measurements of the peel strength of plasma-treated films are conducted. It is shown that the direct-current discharge treatment makes it possible to substantially increase the peel strength of the polyfluoroolefin films.     

Surface characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl acrylate-co-cyclopentylstyryl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) by inverse gas chromatography

The surface properties of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl acrylate-co-cyclopentylstyryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) (poly(MMA-co-BA-co-styryl-POSS)) were studied by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) using 10 non-polar and polar solvents as the probes. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, e.g., specific retention volume, the dispersive component of the surface free energy, the specific interaction contribution to the free energy of adsorption and the acid/base constants were obtained to investigate the interactions between the surfaces of the copolymers and different solvents. It was found that incorporation of styryl-POSS into polymer resulted in increasing interactions between polymers and solvents, dispersive component of surface free energy of polymer and acidity of the surfaces of the polymers. The more the styryl-POSS were embedded, the stronger the interaction between the polymer surface and solvent, the dispersive component of the surface free energy and the acidity of the polymer surface were.     

反相气相色谱法表征聚丁二烯橡胶的表面性质

采用反相气相色谱技术测定了聚丁二烯橡胶的表面性质。以正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、正壬烷作为非极性探针测定其表面色散自由能,以二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醚和四氢呋喃作为极性探针测定其路易斯酸碱常数。经计算得出聚丁二烯橡胶在303、313、323、333和343 K的表面色散自由能分别为47.07、46.46、45.85、45.60和45.09 mJ/m2。结果表明,聚丁二烯橡胶表面色散自由能随着温度的升高呈线性降低,路易斯酸常数Ka为0.34,碱常数Kb为1.77,总酸碱作用能力2.11,该聚合物为弱碱性Lewis两性聚合物材料。此外还计算出聚丁二烯橡胶的酸碱作用吸附自由能（~ΔGsa）和吸附焓（~ΔHsa）。