液相型原子力显微镜的研制及其应用

讨论了液相型原子力显微镜(AFM)的液相探头、液体池、图像扫描处理软件以及扫描与光电反馈控制电路系统.利用该液相型AFM分别进行了气相和液相环境中的样品表面形貌测量,给出了理想的图像结果.实验表明,该液相型AFM具有优良的液相扫描性能,同时保持了很高的图像分辨率、稳定性和重复性.     

Energy Loss and Radial Force Variation Caused by Impeller Trimming in a Double-Suction Centrifugal Pump

Impeller trimming is an economical method for broadening the range of application of a given pump, but it can destroy operational stability and efficiency. In this study, entropy production theory was utilized to analyze the variation of energy loss caused by impeller trimming based on computational fluid dynamics. Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the energy loss and fluid-induced radial forces. The pump’s performance seriously deteriorated after impeller trimming, especially under overload conditions. Energy loss in the volute decreased after trimming under part-load conditions but increased under overload conditions, and this phenomenon made the pump head unable to be accurately predicted by empirical equations. With the help of entropy production theory, high-energy dissipation regions were mainly located in the volute discharge diffuser under overload conditions because of the flow separation and the mixing of the main flow and the stalled fluid. The increased incidence angle at the volute’s tongue after impeller trimming resulted in more serious flow separation and higher energy loss. Furthermore, the radial forces and their fluctuation amplitudes decreased under all the investigated conditions. The horizontal components of the radial forces in all cases were much higher than the vertical components.     

A Thin Liquid Film and Its Effects in an Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement

Recently, it has been observed that a liquid film spreading on a sample surface will significantly distort atomic force microscopy （AFM） measurements. In order to elaborate on the effect, we establish an equation governing the deformation of liquid film under its interaction with the AFM tip and substrate. A key issue is the critical liquid bump height yoc, at which the liquid film jumps to contact the AFM tip. It is found that there are three distinct regimes in the variation of yoc with film thickness H, depending on Hamaker constants of tip, sample and liquid. Noticeably, there is a characteristic thickness H^＊ physically defining what a thin film is; namely, once the film thickness H is the same order as H^＊, the effect of film thickness should be taken into account. The value of H^＊ is dependent on Hamaker constants and liquid surface tension as well as tip radius.     

Atomic Force Microscopy in Metallography

Russian Physics Journal - The paper presents the research results of the micro- and nanostructure of the type 30Х13 (AISI 420S) stainless steel based on the atomic force microscopy (AFM)...     

Nanoscale Thermal Response in ZnO Varistors by Atomic Force Microscopy

We report the application of customer-built scanning thermal microscopy （SThM） based on a commercial atomic force microscope to investigate local thermal inhomogeneity of ZnO varistors. The so-called 3ω method, generally used for measuring macroscale thermal conductivity, is set up and integrated with an atomic force microscope to probe the nanoseale thermal property. Remarkably, thermal contrasts of ZnO varistors are firstly imaged by the SThM, indicating the uniform distribution of spinel phases at triple points. The frequency-dependent thermal signal of ZnO varistors is also studied to present quantitative evaluation of local thermal conductivity of the sample.     

Electromotive Force and Dissipation in the Plasma-Induced Arc

A joint treatment of cathode spot, main plasma and anode sheath of the plasma induced are is given which shows an additional electromotive force in the plasma and accounts for the upper limit of the electron temperature. The plasma-emf may be substantially larger than that of the sheath. The reduction effect of the dissipation is comparatively small. As a result existence limitations for the electron temperature and the neutral density are given which are quite different from those derived simply from the floating potential.     

原子力显微镜用于软X射线接触成像的研究

论述了在接触显微成像技术中，后续放大设备对分辨率的影响，并用实验方法比较了采用光学显微镜和原子力显微镜阅读并放大显微图的结果，表明采用原子力显微镜放大显微图是一种较为理想的方法。     

Electrical Measurement Techniques in Atomic Force Microscopy

A conductive tip in an atomic force microscope (AFM) has extended the capability from conventional topographic imaging to electrical surface characterization. The conductive tip acts as a voltage electrode to provide stimuli and monitor electrical surface properties. In this review article, we have organized the AFM electrical techniques based on whether the electrical properties are monitored at the cantilever tip or across the sample. Furthermore, the techniques are organized based on probe detection signal. A number of acronyms are used in the literature, and the more commonly used ones are identified. The principle of each technique is described, and representative applications are presented. A better understanding of the spectrum of techniques should serve as the driver to expand the application of electrical techniques to study interdisciplinary phenomena at the nanoscale.     

Optimization of Measurement of the Interaction Force Vector in Atomic Force Microscopy

Technical Physics - The optimization of measurements of three spatial components of the probe–sample interaction force and the corresponding “ideal cantilever” displacement vector...     

Sub-Doppler Resonances Caused by Rabi Oscillations on Atomic Transitions in Thin Gas Cells

Optics and Spectroscopy - Excitation of atoms from the ground quantum level to a metastable state by traveling monochromatic radiation in a thin gas cell, the internal thickness of which is much...     

Heating of an Atomic Force Microscope tip by femtosecond laser pulses

During the 18th Egyptian dynasty (1570–1292 B.C.), opaque white, blue and turquoise glasses were opacified by calcium antimonate crystals dispersed in a vitreous matrix. The technological processes as well as the antimony sources used to manufacture these crystals remain unknown. Our results shed a new light on glassmaking history: contrary to what was thought, we demonstrate that Egyptian glassmakers did not use in situ crystallization but first synthesized calcium antimonate opacifiers, which do not exist in nature, and then added them to a glass. Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time in the study of Egyptian opaque glasses, we show that these opacifiers were nano-crystals. Prior to this research, such a process for glassmaking has not been suggested for any kind of ancient opaque glass production. Studying various preparation methods for calcium antimonate, we propose that Egyptian craftsmen could have produced Ca₂Sb₂O₇ by using mixtures of Sb₂O₃ or Sb₂O₅ with calcium carbonates (atomic ratio Sb/Ca=1) heat treated between 1000 and 1100°C. We developed an original strategy focused on the investigation of the crystals and the vitreous matrices using an appropriate suite of high-sensitivity and high-resolution micro- and nano-analytical techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM). Synchrotron-based micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES) proved to be very well suited to the selective measure of the antimony oxidation state in the vitreous matrix. This work is the starting point for a complete reassessment not only of ancient Egyptian glass studies but more generally of high-temperature technologies used throughout antiquity.     

Acoustic Imaging Frequency Dynamics of Ferroelectric Domains by Atomic Force Microscopy

We report the acoustic imaging frequency dynamics of ferroelectric domains by low-frequency acoustic probe microscopy based on the commercial atomic force microscopy. It is found that ferroelectric domain could be firstly visualized at lower frequency down to 0.5 kHz by AFM-based acoustic microscopy. The frequency-dependent acoustic signal revealed a strong acoustic response in the frequency range from 7kHz to 10 kHz, and reached maximum at 8.1 kHz. The acoustic contrast mechanism can be ascribed to the different elastic response of ferroelectric microstructures to local elastic stress fields, which is induced by the acoustic wave transmitting in the sample when the piezoelectric transducer is vibrating and exciting acoustic wave under ac electric fields due to normal piezoelectric effects.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定氢甲酰化反应液中铁

利用冰醋酸作溶剂,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定氢甲酰化反应液中的总铁含量,以1mol/L盐酸萃取样品,有机相与无机相分虽用冰醛酸稀释后用火焰原子吸收法测定,可分虽得到样品中有机铁与无机铁的含量,方法简便、快速、可靠。具有较好的精密度和准确度,回收率为93．5％－109％,相对标准偏差为1．0％－2．7％,方法的特征浓度为0．585μg/mL/1%.     

卵石材料在中子场下的次级放射性分析

由中国科学院近代物理研究所负责设计和建设的加速器驱动嬗变研究装置（CiADS）将建于广东省惠州市。作为一个核装置,CiADS在运行过程中会对环境造成次级放射性影响,因此评估CiADS对环境造成的次级放射性影响水平不仅对公众健康有重要意义,对屏蔽设计也具有一定的指导作用。利用241Am-Be中子源对兰州重离子加速器研究装置（HIRFL）附近的卵石材料进行了辐照实验,测量和分析了辐照后卵石样品内产生的24Na,54Mn,56Mn和27Mg的比活度等相关信息。通过对实验数据与利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4模拟得到的各放射性核素比活度的比较,验证了Geant4模拟分析中子场下环境介质次级放射性这一方法的可靠性。进而利用Geant4模拟研究了CiADS质子加速器HEBT隧道底部屏蔽层外的中子能谱以及隧道底部屏蔽层外卵石层因中子活化产生的主要放射性核素的饱和比活度。分析结果表明,在合理的屏蔽设计条件下,CiADS运行期间泄露到屏蔽层外的中子活化环境中卵石材料造成的环境影响几乎可以忽略。The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the first integrated ADS facility designed to study the safety disposal of nuclear waste. As a nuclear facility, it will cause radiological impact on the environment. Therefore, the assessment of radiological impact on the environment around this facility will not only meaningful to the public health, but also offers significant guides to the shielding design of CiADS. Pebble samplings were collected around the campus of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and irradiated by a 241Am-Be neutron source. Based on the γ-spectrum measured by a HPGe detector before and after the neutron irradiation, the specific activities of induced radionuclides 24Na,54Mn,56Mn and 27Mg in these samples were analyzed and compared with the Monte-Carlo simulation values obtained with the Geant4 toolkit. The comparison between the experimental and simulated results indicates that Geant4 toolkit is feasible for radiation impact assessment of nuclear facilities, such as CiADS. Then the neutron spectrum outside the concrete shielding of HEBT tunnel of the CiADS have been simulated by the Geant4 toolkit, and the saturation activities of the induced nuclides in the first 10 cm pebble layer have been predicted. The results show that the saturation activities of induced radionuclides in pebbles outside the CiADS shielding are much lower than their exemption values and their radiation impacts to the environment could be ignored.     

羧甲基茯苓多糖结构的红外光谱表征与原子力显微镜观测

用傅里叶变换红外光谱对羧甲基茯苓多糖(carboxymethylpachymaran, CMP)的结构进行了表征,用原子力显微镜(atomic force microscopy, AFM)对不同溶液环境下CMP的形态变化进行了观测。结果表明：经过羧甲基修饰,茯苓多糖在水中的溶解性显著增加,890 cm-1处的β-D-葡聚糖特征吸收峰明显减弱,1 333 cm-1处出现次甲基振动吸收峰,1 606 cm-1处出现CO非对称伸缩振动吸收峰,表明羧甲基化成功;原子力显微镜分析表明：在不同溶液条件下,CMP分子以不同形态存在,多糖溶液的浓度、离子强度及溶剂的物化特性均能对CMP的分子链构象及链间相互作用形式产生影响,推测可能与CMP分子内、分子间的氢键缔合及静电作用有关,CMP分子与云母基底间的吸附及静电作用也会对CMP的分子链构象及图像质量产生影响。     

Anomalous Dissipation and Energy Cascade in 3D Inviscid Flows

Adopting the setting for the study of existence and scale locality of the energy cascade in 3D viscous flows in physical space recently introduced by the authors to 3D inviscid flows, it is shown that the anomalous dissipation is – in the case of decaying turbulence – indeed capable of triggering the cascade which then continues ad infinitum, confirming Onsager’s predictions.     

Hydromagnetic Carreau Nanoliquid in Frames of Dissipation and Activation Energy

The novel characteristics of magnetic field and entropy generation in mixed convective flow of Carreau fluid towards a stretched surface are investigated.Buongiornio nanoliquid model consists of thermophoresis and Brownian movement aspects is opted for analysis.Energy expression is modeled subject to thermal radiation and viscous dissipation phenomenon.Concentration by zero mass flux condition is implemented.Consideration of chemical reaction and activation energy characterizes the mass transfer mechanism.Total entropy generation rate and Bejan number is formulated.The utilization of transformation variables reduces the PDEs into non-linear ODEs.The obtained nonlinear complex problems are computed numerically through Shooting scheme.The impact of involved variables like local Weissenberg number,magnetic parameter,thermal radiation parameter,Brownian motion parameter,thermophoresis parameter,buoyancy ratio parameter,mixed convection parameter,Prandtl parameter,Eckert number,Schmidt number,non-dimensional activation energy parameter,chemical reaction parameter,Brinkman number,dimensionless concentration ratio variable,diffusive variable and dimensionless temperature ratio variable on velocity,temperature,nanoparticles concentration,entropy generation,Bejan number,surface drag force and heat transfer rate are examined through graphs and tables.