导热高分子聚合物研究进展

传统高分子聚合物是良好的电绝缘体和热绝缘体.高分子聚合物具备质量轻、耐腐蚀、可加工、可穿戴、电绝缘、低成本等优异特性.高分子聚合物被广泛应用于各种器件.由于高分子材料的热导率比较低(0.1—0.5 W·m^-1·K^-1),热管理(散热)面临严峻的挑战.理论及实验工作表明,先进高分子材料可以具有比传统传热材料(金属和陶瓷)更高热导率. Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU)理论结果发现低维度原子链具有非常高的热导率.广泛使用的聚乙烯热绝缘体可以被转变为热导体:拉伸聚乙烯纳米纤维的热导率大约为104 W·m^-1·K^-1,拉伸的聚乙烯薄膜热导率大约为62 W·m^-1·K^-1.首先,本文通过理论和实验结果总结导热高分子材料的传热机理研究进展,并讨论了导热高分子聚合物的制备策略;然后,讨论了在传热机制及宏量制备方面,高分子聚合物研究领域所面临的新挑战;最后,对导热高分子的热管理应用前景进行了展望.例如,导热高分子聚合物在耐腐蚀散热片、低成本太阳能热水收集器、可穿...     

Al2O3基导热聚合物中的热逾渗网络

添加高导热填料的有机聚合物是最常用的一种热界面材料.其中一种提升热导率的方式是采用不同形貌填料复合添加,结合各种填料的优点,取长补短.然而,由于有效介质理论的局限性,以及热逾渗理论的滞后研究,对于不同形貌填料的协同机制依旧缺乏探索.为了剔除不同材料的耦合影响,本文采用不同形貌的同种氧化铝作为填料,分别制备了添加氧化铝球、氧化铝片以及球/片1∶1混合的环氧树脂复合材料.通过稳态法测量样品的热导率,发现球/片1∶1混合样品热导率得到显著提升.结合热逾渗理论,以及对填料微观分析的观测,发现片状和球状填料复合添加的协同作用对热逾渗网络有促进作用.     

热电材料的热输运调控及其在微型器件中的应用

热电能量转换技术是一种利用材料实现热能和电能直接相互转换的清洁能源技术.热电材料的性能是决定热电转换效率的关键因素,而热电材料的性能优化涉及电输运和热输运性能的协同优化.文章介绍了近期热电材料中热输运的调控机制和方法,其中重点论述了基于原子分子层次调控热传导的宽频声子散射效应和横波阻尼效应,以及低维结构和复合材料中的基于纳米微米尺度的微结构调控.最后介绍了室温附近热传导的调控机制及其在高效微型热电器件研发中的应用和进展.     

热电材料的热输运调控及其在微型器件中的应用

热电能量转换技术是一种利用材料实现热能和电能直接相互转换的清洁能源技术。热电材料的性能是决定热电转换效率的关键因素,而热电材料的性能优化涉及电输运和热输运性能的协同优化。文章介绍了近期热电材料中热输运的调控机制和方法,其中重点论述了基于原子分子层次调控热传导的宽频声子散射效应和横波阻尼效应,以及低维结构和复合材料中的基于纳米微米尺度的微结构调控。最后介绍了室温附近热传导的调控机制及其在高效微型热电器件研发中的应用和进展。     

用改良3ω方法测量聚合物的热导率

本文设计了用于测量高分子聚合物热导率的改良3ω方法.采用热压的方法将作为加热源和温度传感器的白金(Pt)丝压入待测材料中,利用基于LabVIEW设计的虚拟数字锁相放大技术采集热线两端的3ω电压信号.分析了系统中直流变阻箱感抗对测量结果的影响,在此基础上设计了不加变阻箱的测试系统,简化系统的同时提高了系统在高频下的适用性.最后,利用改进前后的系统在室温下测量了五种高分子聚合物的热导率,测试结果与参考文献值吻合较好,验证了两套系统的可行性.     

方波热脉冲法测定低温下固体材料的热物性

提高了一种采用方波热脉冲测量低温下固体结构材料的比热和热导率的非稳态方法。选用玻璃钢作为实验试样，所测量度范围为７７－１５０Ｋ。通过一简单的方波热脉冲可直接测得试样的比热，由温升动态曲线可计算出试样的热导率，中给出了求解热导率的数学方法。     

金刚石衬底原位生长石墨烯的复合结构热输运

石墨烯作为一种具有超高导热性能的二维纳米材料,不断引起人们的关注。实际应用中,石墨烯需附着在一定的衬底材料上,从而导致界面处强烈的声子散射和热导率的显著降低。为解决此类问题,本文采用一种原位催化生长技术制备出了金刚石/石墨烯复合材料。与转移到SiO_2/Si衬底的结构相比,在金刚石上生长得到的复合结构热导率被明显提高(约793 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1)),且石墨烯与金刚石衬底的界面热阻小于4.85×10~(-5)m~2·K·W~(-1)。这源于金刚石衬底为石墨烯提供了可观的热学贡献,而原位键合的生长让界面中产生有别于非键相互作用的杂化结构,使得界面热阻被降低。该结构优异的传热性能为石墨烯复合材料提供了一种新的方案。     

Metal-Filled Epoxy Composites: Mechanical Properties and Electrical/Thermal Conductivity

Abstract

The mechanical properties and the electrical and thermal conductivity of composites based on an epoxy polymer (EP) filled with dispersed copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) were studied. It was shown that the electrical conductivity of the composites demonstrated percolation behavior with the values of the percolation threshold being 9.9 and 4.0?vol.% for the EP-Cu and EP-Ni composites, respectively. Using the Lichtenecker model, the thermal conductivity of the dispersed metal phase in the composites, λ_f, was estimated as being 35?W/mK for Cu powder and 13?W/mK for Ni powder. It was shown that introduction of the filler in EP led to a decrease in the intensity of the mechanical loss tangent (tan δ) peak that was caused by the existence of an immobilized polymer layer around the filler particles which did not contribute to mechanical losses. Using several models the thickness of this layer, ΔR, was estimated. The concept of an “excluded volume” of the polymer, V_ex, i.e. the volume of the immobilized polymer layer, which does not depend on the particle size and is determined solely by the value of the interaction parameter, B, was proposed.     

The Effect of Zinc Oxide and Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles on the Thermal Conductivity of Polypropylene

The thermal conductivity (TC) of compression-moulded polypropylene (PP) and PP filled with 5–15% zinc oxide (ZnO) or calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) nanoparticles, prepared by extrusion, was studied using a thermal conductivity analyzer (TCA). The effect of nanoparticle content and crystallinity on the thermal conductivity was investigated using conventional methods, including SEM, XRD, and DSC. The incorporation of nanoparticles improved the crystallinity and thermal conductivity simultaneously. The experimental TC values of the PP nanocomposites with different level of nanoparticles concentration showed a linear increase with an increase in crystallinity. The TC improvement in PP/ZnO nanocomposite was greater than that of PP/calcium carbonate nanocomposites. This fact can be attributed to the intrinsic, better thermal conductivity of the ZnO nanoparticles. Several models were used for prediction of the TC in the nanocomposites. In the PP/ZnO nanocomposites the TC values correlated well with the values predicted by the Series, Maxwell, Lewis and Nielson, Bruggeman, and De Loor models up to 10 wt%.     

固体热导率测量仪的新发现

实验通过稳态法使用TC-3型固体热导率测定仪[1,9]的测量方法改变来测量海洋大气热导率,结构简单,误差更小,一机多用.通过改变加热铜盘A与散热铜盘B之间的距离,探究距离对大气热导率的影响,并与教材中介绍的气体热导率测定仪测量的大气热导率进行比较.     

相变微胶囊的热导率测量

提出应用3ω谐波探测技术进行脲醛树脂-石蜡相变微胶囊的等效热导率测量方法。测试了跨越相变温度区间的微胶囊等效热导率,分析了等效热导率随温度的变化关系。在其相变温度区间内,热导率存在极大值,该极值点对应的温度与其相变温度峰值一致。同样温度下,降温时的等效热导率略小于升温,这主要是由降温时相变材料的过冷引起。     

Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Gases by the Transient Short-Hot-Wire Method

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of helium and hydrogen are performed using the transient short-hot-wire method. The short hot wire is made of platinum and has a diameter of about 10 μm and a length of about 15 mm. It is attached by spot welding to platinum terminals with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The probe is inserted into the sample vessel that has a volume of 35 cm³ and an inner diameter of 30 mm. The thermal conductivity is evaluated by comparing a numerical solution of the heat conduction in and around the short wire with the experimentally obtained temperature rise of the wire. The measured thermal conductivities show good reproducibility. Also, the measured thermal conductivities agree with the reference equations within a deviation of ± 1%.     

双波长飞秒激光抽运-探测法测量纳米薄膜及界面热物性

建立了用来研究时间空间微尺度传热现象的双波长飞秒激光抽运-探测热反射系统,与常规的单波长飞秒激光抽运探测系统相比,双波长的光路设计方案可以大幅提高信噪比,并使共线的聚焦光路更易实现,从而提高测量的准确度。建立了与实验测量过程相应的多层膜热传导模型,并实现了多参数拟合,可用于对体材料或薄膜材料的热导率以及界面热导的准确测量。本文采用这种先进的测量方法测量了SiO₂纳米薄膜的热导率及其与Si之间的界面热导。     

A Fractal Model for the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Granular Flow with Non—uniform Particles

The equipartition of energy applied in binary mixture of granular flow is extended to granular flow with non-uniform particles.Based on the fractal characteristic of granular flow with non-uniform particles as well as energy equipartition,a fractal velocity distribution function and a fractal model of effective thermal conductivity are derived.Thermal conduction resulted from motions of particles in the granular flow,as well as the effect of fractal dimension on effective thermal conductivity,is discussed.     

一种模拟热导率的非平衡分子动力学方法

提出一种计算热导率的非平衡分子动力学(NEMD)方法,通过构造均匀内热源获得抛物线形温度分布,并基于Fourier导热定律计算热导率,与Müller-Plathe发展的反扰动非平衡分子动力学(RNEMD)方法相比,不仅具有能量动量守恒和收敛性好的优点,还克服了常规NEMD方法中热冷源区域存在局域热力学非平衡的问题,并有模拟系统温差影响小的特点.对液态氩的热导率进行模拟并与RNEMD方法的模拟结果进行对比.     

导热系数测定设计性实验

导热系数测定是大学物理热学中比较重要的实验,对稳态法测量不良导体导热系数的原理和实验方法进行研究,对于不同形态的导热材料,提出了几种可行的实验方案。实验内容和测量结果符合设计性实验要求,有助于启发学生的创新意识。     

高压烧结镀Cr、Ti膜金刚石/铜复合材料热导率研究

 采用磁控溅射方法,在金刚石表面镀覆活性金属Cr膜和Ti膜,在高温高压下合成了镀活性金属膜金刚石/铜复合材料。实验发现,活性金属的加入增强了金刚石与铜界面间的结合强度,减少了界面热阻,提高了复合材料的热导率。复合材料热导率随着金刚石体积分数的增加而降低,随着金刚石的粒度增大而提高。这主要是由界面热阻引起的,可以通过增大金刚石粒度和改善界面状态来提高复合材料热导率。