Density Functional Study on the Reaction Mechanism for the Reaction of Ni^＋ with Ethane

The mechanism of the reaction of Ni^ (^2D) with ethane in the gas-phase was studied by using density functional theory.Both the B3LYP and BLYP functionals with standard all-electron basis sets are used to give the detailed information of the potential energy surface (PES) of [Ni,C2,H6]^ . The mechanisms forming the products CH4 and H2 in the reaction of Ni^ with ethane are proposed.The reductive eliminations of CH4 and H2 are typical addition-elimination reactions.Each of the two reactions consists of two elementary steps:C-C or C-H bond activations to form inserted species followed by isomerizations to from product-like intermediate.The rate determining steps for the elimination reactions of forming CH4 and H2 are the isomerization of the inserted species rather than C-C or C-H bond activations .The elimination reaction of forming H2 was found to be thermodynamically favored compared to that of CH4.     

Functional Cellulose Materials Fabricated by Using Ionic Liquids as the Solvent

Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers in the nature, which has many attractive advantages, such as renewability,biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, due to the strong hydrogen bond network and hierarchical structure, cellulose is extremely difficult to be dissolved and processed. More recently, a class of novel eco-friendly solvents, ionic liquids, have been found to be able to efficiently dissolve cellulose, providing a versatile platform for cellulose processing an...     

The Functional Linkage Among the "ZSL"-Spinal Dorsal Horn-SN

Electrical stimulation of the Zusanli point (ZSL) and solitary tract nucleus (SN) as well as microelectrode recording from the laminae Ⅲ-Ⅴ of the lumbar spinal dorsal horn have been used on the pentobarbital anesthetized rats, finding and identifying 57 spinal neurons responding to the stimulations of both ZSL and SN. Among them, 34 responded antidromically to SN; the others responded orthodromically to SN. Among them, the lowthreshold mechano-receptive(LTM) neurons and wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons were 50 percent respectively. The results indicate that (ⅰ) a single spinal dorsal horn neuron receives somatic afferent input and then conveys it to the visceral sensory nucleus-SN; (ⅱ) some spinal dorsal horn neurons receive, in turn, innervation from the SN; (ⅲ) the convergence and integration between somatic and visceral sensory inputs might occur in the spinal dorsal horn neurons and/or SN.     

Density Functional Theory Study on the Adsorption of Dioxygen on Small Pt-Pd Clusters

1 INTRODUCTION The bimetallic nanoclusters are of standing inte- rest since they can exhibit catalytic, electronic and optical properties distinct from those of corre- sponding pure nanoclusters[1～4]. Palladium and pla- tinum, well known for their catalytic properties, are often used as the catalyst in different fuel cells[5～8]. Several experimental results illustrate that for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is one of the primary reactions taking place in many fuel cells and…     

Study on the Radius of an Electrical Spherical Micelle： Functional Theoretical Approach

For the purpose of eliminating restriction, the Poisson-Bokzmann (PB) equation, which represents the potential of the electrical double layer of spherical miceUes, can be solved analytically only under the lower potential condition, a kind of iterative method in functional analysis theory has been used. The radius of the spherical particle can be obtained from the diagram of the second iterative solution of the potential versus the distance from the center of the particle. The influences of the concentration of the ions, the charge number of ions, the aggregation number of the particle, the dielectric constant of solvent and the temperature of system on the radius also have been studied.     

Density Functional Investigations into the Adsorption of Methanol on Isomorphously Substituted ZSM—5

The adsorption of methanol in the acid sites of zeolites has attracted a great deal of attention because of its relevance to the industrial methanol to gasoline conversion process. In this work, the B3LYP hybrid density functional method was used to investigate the adsorption behavior of methanol on Bronsted acid sites in B, Al, Ga and Fe isomorphously substituted ZSM-5 zeolites. The optimized structures reveal a physisorbed methanol interacting with the zeolite framework through two hydrogen bonds. The order of the computed adsorption energy correlates with the acid strength of the isomorphously substituted ZSM-5: B-ZSM-5《Fe-ZSM-5相似文献   

Study of the Electrical Double Layer of a Spherical Micelle: Functional Theoretical Approach

The electrical double layer theory is the base of the colloid stability theory (DLVO theory), and the PB eq. is a key to the study of the layer1,2. For a spherical particle, the PB eq. is (1) where and are the dielectric constant of the medium, the valence of ions, the elementary charge, the concentration of ions far away from the particle, the Boltzmann's constant and the temperature of the system, respectively. Since this eq. is a second order nonlinear differential one, only the anal…     

Ab Initio and Density Functional Study on the First Hyperpolarizabilities of Squaric Acid Homologues

The first hyperpolarizabilities of four squaric acid homologues: squaric acid, 1,2-dithiosquaric acid,1,2-diselenosquaric acid and 1,2-ditellurosquaric acid have been calculated using ab initio and DFT methods. The effects of equilibrium geometries, basis set and electron correlation on the first hyperpolarizabilties of these molecules were investigated. The frequency dispersion effect and solvent effect, which are essential to get reliable outputs in comparison to the experimental results, have also been explored. On the basis of these investigations, it is worthy to point out that the heavy atom effect takes effect for these squaric acid homologues.     

Density Functional Study of the C Atom Adsorption on the α-Fe2O3 （001） Surface

The adsorption of C atoms on the α-Fe2O3(001) surface was studied based on density function theory(DFT) ,in which the exchange-correlation potential was chosen as the PBE(Perdew,Burke and Ernzerhof) generalized gradient approximation(GGA) with a plane wave basis set. Upon the optimization on different adsorption sites with coverage of 1/20 and 1/5 ML,it was found that the adsorption of C atoms on the α-Fe2O3(001) surface was chemical adsorption. The coverage can affect the adsorption behavior greatly. Under low coverage,the most stable adsorption geometry lied on the bridged site with the adsorption energy of about 3.22 eV;however,under high coverage,it located at the top site with the energy change of 8.79 eV. Strong chemical reaction has occurred between the C and O atoms at this site. The density of states and population analysis showed that the s,p orbitals of C and p orbital of O give the most contribution to the adsorption bonding. During the adsorption process,O atom shares the electrons with C,and C can only affect the outermost and subsurface layers of α-Fe2O3;the third layer can not be affected obviously.     

Syntheses,Spectral Characterization of the Nickel(Ⅱ) Complexes of Macrocyclic Dioxotetraamine and the Effect of the Functional Pendant Arms on their Properties

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Understanding the Effect of the Exchange-Correlation Functionals on Methane and Ethane Formation over Ruthenium Catalysts

Density functional theory (DFT) has been established as a powerful research tool for heterogeneous catalysis research in obtaining key thermodynamic and/or kinetic parameters like adsorption energies, enthalpies of reaction, activation barriers, and rate constants. Understanding of density functional exchange-correlation approximations is essential to reveal the mechanism and performance of a catalyst. In the present work, we reported the influence of six exchange-correlation density functionals, including PBE, RPBE, BEEF+vdW, optB86b+vdW, SCAN, and SCAN+rVV10, on the adsorption energies, reaction energies and activation barriers of carbon hydrogenation and carbon-carbon couplings during the formation of methane and ethane over Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) surfaces. We found the calculated reaction energies are strongly dependent on exchange-correlation density functionals due to the difference in coordination number between reactants and products on surfaces. The deviation of the calculated elementary reaction energies can be accumulated to a large value for chemical reaction involving multiple steps and vary considerably with different exchange-correlation density functionals calculations. The different exchange-correlation density functionals are found to influence considerably the selectivity of Ru(0001) surface for methane, ethylene, and ethane formation determined by the adsorption energies of intermediates involved. However, the influence on the barriers of the elementary surface reactions and the structural sensitivity of Ru(0001) and Ru(1011) are modest. Our work highlights the limitation of exchange-correlation density functionals on computational catalysis and the importance of choosing a proper exchange-correlation density functional in correctly evaluating the activity and selectivity of a catalyst.     

几种密度泛函理论公式用于镧系硫属化合物计算的比较

以镧系元素La、Gd、Lu的硫属化合物为对象,系统考察几种密度泛函理论公式对镧系化合物计算的适用情况,考虑了相对论效应的影响. 计算结果显示,相对论效应引起的键长变化在十2Pm到-3Pm之间,引起的键能减小为0. 4～0. 6eV,与采用的密度泛函公式关系不明显. 不同的密度泛函公式对键长的计算结果影响也不太大,但对键能有显著影响,其中LDA(VWN)＋PW86X公式给出最好结果. 交换能梯度校正明显改善键能计算结果,而相关能梯度校正反而使之变差. 简单的X_α公式给出相当好的键能计算结果. 在考虑相对论效应和梯度校正以后,密度泛函理论方法给出比较可靠的键长数值,键能则仍然偏高,但不超过20％.     

密度泛函计算条件对结果精度的影响

通过对有代表性的分子BCl₃,SO₂,ZnO,TiCl₄,LuF₃的一系列计算,从三个方面考察密度泛函理论的Kohn-Sham方法中采用的计算条件对结果精度的影响.发现基组完备性对计算结果影响最大,数值积分取点数目对计算结果影响略小.电荷多极投影收敛较快.分子几何构型和振动基频对计算条件不太敏感,总能量和键能对计算结果较敏感.在计算键能时对分子及其组成原子采用相同的基组和积分布点方式可以减少误差.选择适当的计算条件,用较小的计算量可以得到与现有近似能量密度泛函精度相匹配的结果.     

On the evaluation of the non-interacting kinetic energy in density functional theory

The utility of both an orbital-free and a single-orbital expression for computing the non-interacting kinetic energy in density functional theory is investigated for simple atomic systems. The accuracy of both expressions is governed by the extent to which the Kohn-Sham equation is solved for the given exchange-correlation functional and so special attention is paid to the influence of finite Gaussian basis sets. The orbital-free expression is a statement of the virial theorem and its accuracy is quantified. The accuracy of the single-orbital expression is sensitive to the choice of Kohn-Sham orbital. The use of particularly compact orbitals is problematic because the failure to solve the Kohn-Sham equation exactly in regions where the orbital has decayed to near-zero leads to unphysical behaviour in regions that contribute to the kinetic energy, rendering it inaccurate. This problem is particularly severe for core orbitals, which would otherwise appear attractive due to their formally nodeless nature. The most accurate results from the single-orbital expression are obtained using the relatively diffuse, highest occupied orbitals, although special care is required at orbital nodes.     

Electronic structures of 4d transition metal monoxides by density functional theory

Bond distances, dissociation energies, ionization potentials and electron affinities of 4d transition metal monoxides from YO to CdO and their positive and negative ions were studied by use of density functional methods B3LYP, BLYP, B3PW91, BPW91, B3P86, BP86, SVWN, MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE. It was found that calculated properties are highly dependent on the functionals employed, especially for dissociation energy. For most neutral species, pure density functionals BLYP, BPW91 and BP86 have good performance in predicting dissociation energy than hybrid density functionals B3LYP, B3PW91 and B3P86. In addition, BLYP gives the largest bond distance compared with other density functional methods, while SVWN gives shortest bond distance, largest dissociation energy and electron affinity. For the ground state, the spin multiplicity of the charged species can be obtained by ± 1 of their corresponding neutral species.     

The evaluation of bond dissociation energies for simple sulphur containing molecules using ab initio and density functional methods

The S–H and C–S bond dissociation energies for simple alkylthiols and dialkylsulphides, along with the S–S bond dissociation energy for dimethyl disulphide, compounds which have been used in the metal–organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) growth of wide band gap II–VI (12–16) Zn- and Cd-based compound semiconductors, have been computed using the ab initio (ROHF and MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) methods (BHandH, BHandHLYP, B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BLYP and BP86) with the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set along with high accuracy complete basis set, CBS-4 and CBS-Q energy computations. The computed energies are compared with experimental results and the suitability of the DFT methods, for the computational study of these systems, is discussed.     

NO2, OH和OH-对环四甲撑四硝胺初始热解的影响

在密度泛函理论的(DFT)B3LYP/6-31g(d)水平上, 优化得到了环四甲撑四硝胺(β-HMX)及其与高氯酸铵(AP)裂解产物NO2、OH及OH-分别形成复合物的各种稳定构型, 计算了β-HMX及各复合物中最弱的N—NO2键解离能. 结果发现: β-HMX与NO2、OH结合后构型变化不是很大, 但对称性降低; β-HMX与OH-结合后, HMX构型发生较大变化, 原有的对称性明显遭到破坏. 计算表明: NO2易与HMX骨架环上亚甲基(—CH2—)中的H作用,“置换”出H而引发HMX的热解, 从而改变了HMX的初始分解通道; OH对HMX的N—NO2键解离影响不大, 而OH-与β-HMX结合后其N—NO2键解离能比β-HMX降低近200 kJ·mol-1, 表明OH-对其裂解有明显的促进作用. NO2、OH-的存在可使HMX的分解温度大大降低.     

NO_2,OH和OH~-对环四甲撑四硝胺初始热解的影响

在密度泛函理论的(DFT)B3LYP/6-31g(d)水平上,优化得到了环四甲撑四硝胺(β-HMX)及其与高氯酸铵(AP)裂解产物NO2、OH及OH-分别形成复合物的各种稳定构型,计算了β-HMX及各复合物中最弱的N—NO2键解离能.结果发现:β-HMX与NO2、OH结合后构型变化不是很大,但对称性降低;β-HMX与OH-结合后,HMX构型发生较大变化,原有的对称性明显遭到破坏.计算表明:NO2易与HMX骨架环上亚甲基(—CH2—)中的H作用,"置换"出H而引发HMX的热解,从而改变了HMX的初始分解通道;OH对HMX的N—NO2键解离影响不大,而OH-与β-HMX结合后其N—NO2键解离能比β-HMX降低近200kJ.mol-1,表明OH-对其裂解有明显的促进作用.NO2、OH-的存在可使HMX的分解温度大大降低.     

Effective homogeneity of the exchange-correlation and non-interacting kinetic energy functionals under density scaling

Correlated electron densities, experimental ionisation potentials, and experimental electron affinities are used to investigate the homogeneity of the exchange-correlation and non-interacting kinetic energy functionals of Kohn-Sham density functional theory under density scaling. Results are presented for atoms and small molecules, paying attention to the influence of the integer discontinuity and the choice of the electron affinity. For the exchange-correlation functional, effective homogeneities are highly system-dependent on either side of the integer discontinuity. By contrast, the average homogeneity-associated with the potential that averages over the discontinuity-is generally close to 4/3 when the discontinuity is computed using positive affinities for systems that do bind an excess electron and negative affinities for those that do not. The proximity to 4/3 becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing atomic number. Evaluating the discontinuity using a zero affinity in systems that do not bind an excess electron instead leads to effective homogeneities on the electron abundant side that are close to 4/3. For the non-interacting kinetic energy functional, the effective homogeneities are less system-dependent and the effect of the integer discontinuity is less pronounced. Average values are uniformly below 5/3. The study provides information that may aid the development of improved exchange-correlation and non-interacting kinetic energy functionals.     

The Chemical Bond: When Atom Size Instead of Electronegativity Difference Determines Trend in Bond Strength

We have quantum chemically analyzed element−element bonds of archetypal H_nX−YH_n molecules (X, Y=C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Br, I), using density functional theory. One purpose is to obtain a set of consistent homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDE) for establishing accurate trends across the periodic table. The main objective is to elucidate the underlying physical factors behind these chemical bonding trends. On one hand, we confirm that, along a period (e. g., from C−C to C−F), bonds strengthen because the electronegativity difference across the bond increases. But, down a period, our findings constitute a paradigm shift. From C−F to C−I, for example, bonds do become weaker, however, not because of the decreasing electronegativity difference. Instead, we show that the effective atom size (via steric Pauli repulsion) is the causal factor behind bond weakening in this series, and behind the weakening in orbital interactions at the equilibrium distance. We discuss the actual bonding mechanism and the importance of analyzing this mechanism as a function of the bond distance.