转动双星同步和轨道圆化的物理过程研究

潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化非常重要的物理因素.本文研究了影响潮汐同步和轨道圆化的物理因素,如恒星质量、初始转速、轨道周期、金属丰度、对流超射等,并根据转动恒星的角动量转移和元素扩散方程,给出了这些因素对转动双星演化和元素混合的影响.结果表明：具有大质量子星、初始转速慢、对流超射小、轨道周期短的双星系统,能更早地达到平衡速度和轨道圆化;初始转速快的恒星,由于潮汐同步过程减速,双星系统中氮元素增丰没有单星的氮元素增丰显著;大质量星、高金属丰度、超射大和短周期的双星系统,氮增丰相对显著;质量小、金属丰度低、转速慢、超射大的恒星具有较小的恒星半径,而低金属丰度恒星表面却具有较高的有效温度,快速转动单星向低温和低光度端演化.     

转动潮汐变形双星理论模型研究

转动和潮汐效应是影响双星系统结构和演化不可忽略的重要物理因素. 根据大质量双星系统V478 Cyg的观测结果, 检验了提出的转动潮汐变形的理论模型. 将转动潮汐变形的模型与传统的双星演化模型对比发现: 转动和潮汐效应使恒星外层(低于平均密度区)发生的形变远大于内层; 恒星两极点重力加速度变大, 赤道面上重力加速度变小; 转动潮汐变形模型具有较大的半径、赤道速度和中心集中度, 较低的氢核能产生率, 恒星向低温和低光度端演化. 此外, 大质量双星系统V478 Cyg由潮汐形变造成的拱线运动速率大于转动形变造成的拱线运动速率, 广义相对论效应造成的拱线运动最小. 由于主星具有较高的中心集中度, 次星潮汐、转动形变造成的拱线运动速率均大于主星相应的拱线运动速率.     

Probing white dwarf interiors with LISA: periastron precession in eccentric double white dwarfs

In globular clusters, dynamical interactions give rise to a population of eccentric double white dwarfs detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) up to the Large Magellanic Cloud. In this Letter, we explore the detectability of periastron precession in these systems with LISA. Unlike previous investigations, we consider contributions due to tidal and rotational distortions of the binary components in addition to general relativistic contributions to the periastron precession. At orbital frequencies above a few mHz, we find that tides and stellar rotation dominate, opening up a possibly unique window to the study of the interior and structure of white dwarfs.     

临界转动恒星Achernar的斜压结构与引力昏暗的精细研究

转动和潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化的非常重要的物理因素. 根据对Achernar的观测数据, 用扰动理论推导了临界转动恒星Achernar分别作为单星和双星的斜压结构的特征, 给出Achernar等压面上的密度等物理量的分布. 利用考虑转动和潮汐及形变效应的单、双星模型研究了Achernar的引力昏暗现象. 结果表明正剪切增强离心力、减小赤道的重力加速度和温度, 反剪切结果则与之相反. 反剪切和刚性转动情况并不符合对Achernar的引力昏暗观测结果. 发现转动双星模型比单星模型虽更符合Achernar赤道和极半径之比的观测值, 但理论计算的角速度比观测值小. 对比理论计算和观测结果发现, 当Achernar的自转角速度为4.65× 10^-5 s^-1, 正剪切率Ω/Ω_s为0.7851时, Achernar的极点温度为16041 K, 赤道温度为12073 K. 所有理论计算与观测值的相对误差不超过7%.     

相对论平均场研究超子星

随着引力波探测以及对中子星质量与半径的高精度测量,中子星作为超新星爆发的剩余产物正吸引着相关领域的高度关注。在中子星的内核部分,诸如超子之类的奇异自由度有可能会出现从而形成超子星。本工作在相对论平均场模型框架下研究由核子与轻子构成的中子星以及包含超子的超子星。采用目前常用的非线性相对论平均场以及密度依赖的相对论平均场参数研究了超子对超子星质量、半径、潮汐形变等性质的影响。最后讨论了介子与超子的耦合常数对超子星性质的影响,发现当矢量介子与超子耦合系数较强时,利用现有的相对论平均场模型参数可以获得大质量的超子星。     

On the neutronization radius of magnetic neutron stars: The field and temperature dependences of the chemical potential and minimum number density of a degenerate magnetized electron gas

The temperature and field dependences of the chemical potential and the field dependence of the Fermi energy for a degenerate relativistic electron gas in a magnetic field have been analyzed by numerical and analytical methods. An analytical expression has been derived for the dependence of the minimum electron number density and the corresponding neutronization radius on the magnetic field strength in a collapsing star upon its subsequent transformation into a neutron one. We believe that a similar relation also holds for the equilibrium neutron star radius. Our results refine the conclusions reached previously [1] in the case of a nonzero temperature and the influence of the star??s proton component on the neutronization process as well as confirm and generalize them in terms of a significant (by an order of magnitude or severalfold) decrease in the equilibrium radius of a neutron star in a superstrong (10¹⁴?C10¹⁷ G) magnetic field compared to the case where there is no such field. We point out that there may exist a separate class of stellar objects??very small magnetar neutron stars that we propose to name ??minimagnetars??. We hypothesize that they can be the final evolutionary stage of stars before their collapse into a black hole.     

Variability of planetary-scale waves at mid-latitudes in the course of strat-warmings during DYANA

Summary This work investigates the variability of planetary-scale waves from motion field observations in the middle atmosphere carried out at the Budrio radar station near Bologna (45°N; 12°E) in the 1989–1990 winter during DYANA (DYnamics Adapted Network for the Atmosphere). Meso-thermospheric zonal winds associated with long-period waves give evidence of significant energy input from below mainly in the course of the two strat-warmings recorded at the end of January and in mid February 1990. Amplification of 10-day waves in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere just a few days before the temperature peak at the 10hPa stratospheric level, and the effects induced by these waves on tidal and mean fields, are here taken into account to clarify the influence and the evolution of strat-warmings in the middle atmosphere. Nonlinear mixing processes between planetary and tidal oscillations are indicated to be responsible for the short-term variability pointed out in the amplitude variations of tides.     

Neutrino wave packet propagation in gravitational fields

We discuss the propagation of neutrino wave packets in a Lense–Thirring metric using a gravitational phase approach. We show that the neutrino oscillation length is altered by gravitational corrections and that neutrinos are subject to helicity flip induced by stellar rotation. For the case of a rapidly rotating neutron star, we show that absolute neutrino masses can be derived, in principle, from rotational contributions to the mass-induced energy shift, without recourse to mass generation models presently discussed in the literature.     

局域物态方程对中子星整体性质的影响

由于高密非对称核物质核核相互作用的复杂性,使得目前人们对高密非对称核物质的物态方程的认识还存在很大的不确定性。利用逐段修改物态方程的方法,探究了不同密度段物态方程对中子星整体性质的影响,尤其是对典型中子星（1.4 M_⊙）半径及最大质量的影响。研究进一步证实了在2倍饱和核密度附近的物态方程对典型质量中子星的半径有显著影响。还进一步分析了中子星的质量半径关系曲线特征及其斜率（dM/dR）对物态方程的依赖性,发现dM/dR主要由饱和核密度以上的中子星物质的物态方程决定。探索不同密度段物态方程对中子星整体性质的影响以及探索dM/dR对物态方程的依赖性,主要是为将来利用中子星的天文观测来反向约束致密物质的物态方程提供理论参考。Because of the complicacy of the interaction between the nucleon-nucleon for high density matters, up to now the equation of state (EOS) of the unsymmetrical high-density nuclear matter is still uncertain. In order to investigate the imprint on the global properties by some special part of the EOS, we designedly modify part of the EOS and explore the corresponding effect on the stellar properties, especially on the radius of the typical neutron star (1.4 M_⊙) and the maximum stellar mass of the neutron star sequence for a given EOS. It is further proved by our calculation that the EOS around 2 times of the saturation nuclear density has an obvious imprint on the stellar radius of a typical neutron star. In addition, we also investigate the dependence of the mass-radius curve and its slope (dM/dR) on the EOS. It is found that the slope (dM/dR) is mainly determined by the EOS above the saturation nuclear density. In fact, the investigations above will provide some useful theoretical reference. This is expected to conversely constrain the EOS of dense matter by using the future astronomic observation data of neutron star.     

Neutron-Capture Elements in the Double-Enhanced Star HE 1305-0007： a New s- and r-Process Paradigm

The star HE 1305-0007 is a metal-poor double-enhanced star with metallicity [Fe/H] = -2.0, which is just at the upper limit of the metallicity for the observed double-enhanced stars. Using a parametric model, we find that almost all s-elements were made in a single neutron exposure. This star should be a member of a post-commonenvelope binary. After the s-process material has experienced only one neutron exposure in the nucleosynthesis region and is dredged-up to its envelope, the AGB evolution is terminated by the onset of common-envelope evolution. Based on the high radial-velocity of HE 1305-0007, we speculate that the star could be a runaway star from a binary system, in which the AIC event has occurred and produced the r-process elements.     

包含暗物质的强子夸克混合星

研究了含有暗物质的夸克核心混合星的观测属性。用相对论平均场理论和有效质量口袋模型分别描述夸克核心的混合星物质内强子相和夸克相,用Gibbs相平衡条件描述强子-夸克混合相,研究了由于包含强、弱相互作用的费米子暗物质对混合星质量、半径、引力红移、自转频率和转动惯量等整体观测属性的影响。结果表明,在强、弱相互作用下,暗物质粒子质量大于等于0.5 GeV时暗物质会使混合星的状态方程比无暗物质时有一定软化,相应的混合星最大质量减少。当调节暗物质粒子质量研究表明,随着暗物质粒子质量的增大,夸克核心的混合星物质的状态方程变软,混合星的质量、半径变小,并且引力红移、自转频率和转动惯量等整体观测属性也明显依赖于暗物质粒子的质量。当暗物质粒子质量0.1 GeV时,包含强、弱作用暗物质的混合星质量达到2.0 M_⊙和2.8 M_⊙（其中M_⊙为太阳质量）,说明大质量脉冲星PSR J1859-0131和J1931-01可能是包含小质量暗粒子暗物质的强子夸克的混合星。整体观测属性的计算结果均在中子星的天文观察数据范围内,也说明强子夸克的混合星内可能包含暗物质。The observational properties of quark core hybrid star contain dark matter are studied. The influences of containing of strongly or weakly interacting dark matter to global observational features of hybrid stars, mass, radius, gravitational red-shift, rotational period and moment of inertia are studied by using relativistic mean field theory to describe hadron phase, effective mass bag model to quark phase, and Gibbs phase equilibrium conditions to hadron-quark mixed phase respectively. Our results indicate that, both in the strong and weak interacting case, the equation of state for hybrid star matter contain dark matter become softer than that of without dark matter while the mass of dark matter particles larger than 0.5 GeV, which leads to the decrease of the mass and corresponding radius of hybrid star. With the increase of the dark matter particle mass, the equation of state for hybrid star matter become softer, this cause the decrease of the mass and radius of hybrid star obviously. The gravitational red-shift and the rotational period, obviously increase of the moment of inertia of the hybrid stars are influenced by the dark matter particle mass. When the dark matter particle mass is equal to 0.1 GeV, the masses of the star with strong and weak interacting dark matter reach to 2.0 M_⊙ and 2.8 M_⊙(M_⊙ is the solar mass), this result indicates that the giant mass PSR, J1859-0131 and J1931-01, can be a hadron-quark hybrid star and containing dark matter with small dark particle mass. The computational results of all above global observational features of hybrid stars are in the range of astronomical observation data, these also indicate that hybrid star with quark core may contains dark matter.     

基于非参数回归与Adaboost的恒星光谱自动分类方法

通过对恒星光谱进行分析可以研究银河系的演化与结构等科学问题,光谱分类是恒星光谱分析的基本任务之一。提出了一种结合非参数回归与Adaboost对恒星光谱进行MK分类的方法,将恒星按光谱型和光度型进行分类,并识别其光谱型的次型。恒星光谱的光谱型及其次型代表了恒星的表面有效温度,而光度型则代表了恒星的发光强度。在同一种光谱型下,光度型反映了谱线形状细节的变化,因此光度型的分类必须在光谱型分类基础上进行。本文把光谱型的分类问题转化为对类别的回归问题,采用非参数回归方法进行恒星光谱型和光谱次型的分类;基于Adaboost方法组合一组K近邻分类器进行光度型分类,Adaboost将一组弱分类器加权组合产生一个强分类器,提升光度型的识别率。实验验证了所提出分类方法的有效性,光谱次型识别的精度达到0.22,光度型的分类正确率达到84%以上。实验还对比了两种KNN方法与Adaboost方法的光度型分类,结果表明,利用KNN方法对光度型分类精度低,而基于弱分类器KNN的Adaboost方法将识别率大幅提升。     

核物质对称能斜率对快转中子星性质的约束（英文）

在过去的十余年中,对非对称核物质的对称能的研究无论从实验还是理论上都取得了较大的突破,这对中子结构及其物态方程的理解具有十分重要的意义。本研究将采用一个相对保守的对称能斜率范围(25 Me VL105Me V)来研究其对快速转动中子星性质的约束,这些性质包括:质量-半径关系、转动惯量、引力红移以及转动形变等。通过该对称能斜率的约束,发现典型中子星(M=1.4M⊙)的半径约束在10.28～13.43 km范围内,这与最近的相关观测相一致。如果观察发现了质量较小的毫秒脉冲星,则将为核物质的对称能较软提供有效的证据。另外还发现,对角动量的一致性可为快转中子星转动惯量的上限提供约束。最后,根据具有低质量伴星的双星EXO0748-676的红移观测,给出了该脉冲星的质量下限(1.5M⊙)。     

Measuring a cosmological distance-redshift relationship using only gravitational wave observations of binary neutron star coalescences

Detection of gravitational waves from the inspiral phase of binary neutron star coalescence will allow us to measure the effects of the tidal coupling in such systems. Tidal effects provide additional contributions to the phase evolution of the gravitational wave signal that break a degeneracy between the system's mass parameters and redshift and thereby allow the simultaneous measurement of both the effective distance and the redshift for individual sources. Using the population of O(10(3)-10(7)) detectable binary neutron star systems predicted for 3rd generation gravitational wave detectors, the luminosity distance-redshift relation can be probed independently of the cosmological distance ladder and independently of electromagnetic observations. We conclude that for a range of representative neutron star equations of state the redshift of such systems can be determined to an accuracy of 8%-40% for z<1 and 9%-65% for 1相似文献   

The influence of magnetic field on short-wavelength instability of Riemann ellipsoids

We address the question of stability of the so-called S-type Riemann ellipsoids, i.e. a family of Euler flows in gravitational equilibrium with the vorticity and background rotation aligned along the principal axis perpendicular to the flow. The Riemann ellipsoids are the simplest models of self-gravitating, tidally deformed stars in binary systems, with the ellipticity of the flow modelling the tidal deformation. By the use of the WKB theory we show that mathematically the problem of stability of Riemann ellipsoids with respect to short-wavelength perturbations can be reduced to the problem of magneto-elliptic instability in rotating systems, studied previously by Mizerski and Bajer [K.A. Mizerski, K. Bajer, The magneto-elliptic instability of rotating systems, J. Fluid Mech. 632 (2009) 401-430]. In other words the equations describing the evolution of short-wavelength perturbations of the Riemann ellipsoids considered in Lagrangian variables are the same as those for the evolution of the magneto-elliptic-rotational (MER) waves in unbounded domain. This allowed us to use the most unstable MER eigenmodes found in Mizerski et al. [K.A. Mizerski, K. Bajer, H.K. Moffatt, The α-effect associated with elliptical instability, J. Fluid Mech., 2010 (in preparation)] to provide an estimate of the characteristic tidal synchronization time in binary star systems. We use the idea of Tassoul [J.-L. Tassoul, On synchronization in early-type binaries, Astrophys. J. 322 (1987) 856-861] and that the interactions between perturbations significantly increase the effective viscosity and hence the energy dissipation in an Ekman-type boundary layer at the surface of the star. The results obtained suggest that if the magnetic field generated by (say) the secondary component of a binary system is strong enough to affect the flow dynamics in the primary, non-magnetized component, the characteristic tidal synchronization time can be significantly reduced.     

Single star evolution I. Massive stars and early evolution of low and intermediate mass stars

We survey the results of those model calculations of the early evolution of single stars that have been obtained over approximately the last decade, and compare some of these results with the observations, concentrating particularly on the comparison between theoretical predictions regarding surface abundances of red giants and Cepheids and abundance estimates obtained by an analysis of spectral data.For massive stars, we discuss the ramifications of the fact that the time scale for mass loss (via stellar winds) during main sequence and red supergiant evolution can be comparable to the nuclear burning timescale, noting in particular the unusual distribution of stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and the probability that significant mass loss is responsible for the chemically highly evolved spectra of Wolf-Rayet stars. finally, we sketch (1) recent progresses in following the evolution of massive stars to the presupernova stage, which is described by a configuration consisting of a core of near-Chandrasekhar mass made up of iron peak elements and a series of “onion”-skin layers of less highly thermonuclearly processed matter and (2) recent progress in understanding the nature of the type II supernova phenomenon.For low and intermediate mass stars, we discuss postulated “extramixing” (beyond convective) processes, which may occur on the main sequence and on the first red giant branch, and continue on to a discussion of asymptotic giant branch evolution, placing considerable emphasis on the character of the thermal pulses that occur in such stars and, in particular, on the nucleosynthesis that occurs in the helium burning convective shells during these pulses and on the dredge-up phenomenon that brings fresh carbon and neutron-rich isotopes to the surface following pulse peak.     

Nonlinear evolution of the r-modes in neutron stars

The evolution of a neutron-star r-mode driven unstable by gravitational radiation is studied here using numerical solutions of the full nonlinear fluid equations. The dimensionless amplitude of the mode grows to order unity before strong shocks develop which quickly damp the mode. In this simulation the star loses about 40% of its initial angular momentum and 50% of its rotational kinetic energy before the mode is damped. The nonlinear evolution causes the fluid to develop strong differential rotation which is concentrated near the surface and poles of the star.     

Pion condensation and dynamics of neutron stars

When the central density of a neutron star reaches the critical value for pion condensation a catastrophic transformation of the star is triggered. In a short time the radius of the superdense core becomes comparable with the stellar radius and performs damped oscillations near the new equilibrium position. Due to the enormous release of energy during this process the envelop may be blown off.     

The final outcome of dissipative collapse in the presence of Λ

We investigate the role played by the cosmological constant during gravitational collapse of a radiating star with vanishing Weyl stresses in the interior. We highlight the role played by the cosmological constant during the latter stages of collapse. The evolution of the temperature of the collapsing body is studied by employing causal heat transport equation. We show that the inclusion of the cosmological constant enhances the temperature within the stellar core.     

On the Tidally Induced Gravitational Collapse of a Particle Cluster

An important issue in the dynamics of neutron star binaries is whether tidal interaction can cause the individual stars to collapse into black holes during inspiral. To understand this issue better, we study the dynamics of a cluster of collisionless particles orbiting a non-rotating black hole, which is part of a widely separated circular binary. The companion body's electric- and magnetic-type tidal fields distort the black hole and perturb the cluster, eventually causing the cluster to collapse into the hole as the companion spirals in under the influence of gravitational radiation reaction. We find that magnetic-type tidal forces do not significantly influence the evolution of the cluster as a whole. However, individual orbits can be strongly affected by these forces. For example, some orbits are destabilized due to the addition of magnetic-type tidal forces. We find that the most stable orbits are close to the companion's orbital plane and retrograde with respect to the companion's orbit.