非球形效应对强声场中次Bjerknes力的影响

考虑了非球形气泡在声场中的形状振动,推导了非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力方程,数值模拟了声场中非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力,并对非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力的影响因素进行了分析讨论.研究结果表明:当驱动声压振幅大于非球形气泡的Black阈值且又能使得非球形气泡稳定振动时,在第一个声驱动周期内,非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡的次Bjerknes力方向差异较大,在大小上是两个球形气泡次Bjerkens力的数倍,且有着更长的作用距离.非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力取决于非球形气泡的形状模态、两个气泡初始半径的比值、驱动声压振幅、气泡间距和两个气泡的相对位置.     

球状泡群内气泡的耦合振动

振动气泡形成辐射场影响其他气泡的运动, 故多气泡体系中气泡处于耦合振动状态. 本文在气泡群振动模型的基础上, 考虑气泡间耦合振动的影响, 得到了均匀球状泡群内振动气泡的动力学方程, 以此为基础分析了气泡的非线性声响应特征. 气泡间的耦合振动增加了系统对每个气泡的约束, 降低了气泡的自然共振频率, 增强了气泡的非线性声响应. 随着气泡数密度的增加, 振动气泡受到的抑制增强; 增加液体静压力同样可抑制泡群内气泡的振动, 且存在静压力敏感区(1–2 atm, 1 atm=1.01325×10⁵ Pa); 驱动声波对气泡振动影响很大, 随着声波频率的增加, 能够形成空化影响的气泡尺度范围变窄. 在同样的声条件、泡群尺寸以及气泡内外环境下, 初始半径小于5 μm 的气泡具有较强的声响应. 气泡耦合振动会削弱单个气泡的空化影响, 但可延长多气泡系统空化泡崩溃发生的时间间隔和增大作用范围, 整体空化效应增强.     

非均匀分布纵向耦合束不稳定性的研究

利用Vlasov方程研究了非均匀分布情形下的纵向多束团不稳定性.当束团均匀分布时,由该方法所得到的结果与ZAP程序给出的结果一致;对于非均匀分布的情形,由该分析解得到的结果与模拟跟踪方法所得到的结果接近.     

黏性液体中单个气泡上升的形状特性

采用基于Level Set方法的直接数值模拟技术对黏性液体中单个气泡的上升运动进行三维模拟.数值模拟采用拟单相流模型处理气泡内外的气液两相流动,应用Level Set方法捕捉运动气泡的变形.针对Eo数从O(0)～O(2),Mo数从O(-11)～O(2)的流动范围,重点研究了上升气泡的形状特性,并与经典的气泡形状图谱进行了比较.模拟结果表明,上升气泡的形状与无量纲参数(Eo、Mo和Re)密切相关.在高Re的扁椭球区域,数值发现了气泡形状的周期性振荡行为.     

漂浮气泡形状的研究

用最小势能原理证明液面上漂浮的足够大气泡呈半球状.     

非球形气泡的超声定量检测

超声是检测不透明液体中气泡的有效方法,声散射模型是超声反演技术的核心.经典气泡散射模型通常是基于球形假设及ka≤1 (a为气泡半径,k为入射波的波数),然而实际应用中这些假设并不总能得到满足.本研究针对非球形气泡及ka偏离假设情况,提出一种超声反演定量方案.建立不受ka约束的球形气泡级数背散射f模型,将其与经典Medwin (ka?1)和Anderson (ka≈1)散射f模型进行对比,发现ka偏离引发的散射截面效应仅体现在散射高阶共振峰位置及大小差异上.据此提出:可通过曲线拟合法解决散射截面σ_bs/(πa²)与ka间的多值问题,同时用当量半径a^*对非球形气泡尺寸进行量化.具体首先利用非球形气泡背散射信号的频域信息测定其散射截面σ_bs,再根据σ_bs与非球形当量半径a^*间拟合曲线进行反演,同时利用回波时域信息勾画气泡形状轮廓.反演结果通过高速摄影定量结果进行检验.结果表明:气泡沿之字形路径上升过程中产生非球形形变,当9≤kr₀≤35时,...     

含气泡液体中气泡振动的研究

研究了含气泡液体中单个气泡在驱动声场一定情况下的振动过程. 让每次驱动声场作用的时间特别短, 使气泡半径发生微小变化后再将其变化反馈到气泡群对驱动声场的散射作用中去, 从而可以得到某单个气泡周围受气泡散射影响后的声场, 接着再让气泡在该声场作用下做短时振动, 如此反复. 通过这样的方法, 研究了液体中单个气泡的振动情况并对其半径变化进行了数值模拟, 结果发现, 在液体中含有大量气泡的情况下, 某单个气泡的振动过程明显区别于液体中只有一个气泡的情况. 由于大量气泡和驱动声场的相互作用, 使气泡半径的变化存在多种不同的振动情况, 在不同的气泡大小和含量的情况下, 半径变化过程分别表现为: 在平衡位置附近振荡的过程; 周期性的空化过程; 一次空化过程后保持某一大小振荡的过程; 增长后维持某一大小振荡的过程等. 所以, 对于含气泡液体中气泡振动的研究, 在驱动声场一定的情况下, 必须考虑气泡含量的因素. 关键词： 含气泡液体 超声空化 散射 数值模拟     

基于Fourier描述子方法的颗粒形状及曳力模型研究

如何准确地描述非球形颗粒的形状是研究这类颗粒的普适性曳力模型的关键.本文引入了FD方法,确切地表征r底面为不同形状的正多边形和圆形的柱状颗粒的形状和相互间的差异,建立了用于改进非球形曳力模型适用性的形状阵列.正多边形系列的沉降关系之间的平均差异与FD方法获得的形状差异之间存在着幂函数关系,表明FD方法获得的形状差异能够...     

相同尺度下气泡与复杂壁面的耦合特性研究

采用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)建立了气液固三相耦合的动力学模型,研究了相同尺度下上浮气泡与复杂壁面的相互耦合作用.首先,基于黏性流体理论,通过构建一组格子Boltzmann(LB)方程来描述气液两相的运动,并以LB离散体积力的形式计入了黏性力、表面张力和重力.同时,采用LBM中的Half-way反弹模型与有限差分格式相结合的方式进行固壁边界的处理.然后,利用本文建立的模型,对不同特征尺寸比条件下,气泡与考虑边缘效应的平面固壁和曲面固壁的耦合特性进行了研究.研究发现固壁边界条件以及特征尺寸比对气泡的运动和拓扑结构的变化都具有明显的非线性影响.最后,研究了流体属性对气泡与复杂壁面耦合规律的影响.     

非平行波导耦合理论研究

利用耦合模理论对非平行波导耦合特性进行了研究，得到了非平行波导的普遍性耦合方程及耦合系数表达式.进一步采用小角度近似，给出了几种情况下的计算结果，并与目前报道的利用其他方法计算的结果做了比较.研究表明，不同方法得到的波导中光功率虽然在远距离处都趋于稳定不变，但稳定功率的大小有明显的差别；另外由新提出方法得到的近距离处光功率随着传输距离的起伏变化更为明显.由于该方法同时考虑了非平行波导中光场相位和振幅对耦合方程和耦合系数的影响，因而所得结果能更全面地反映非平行波导的耦合特性，对实际应用更有意义. 关键词： 非平行波导 耦合方程 耦合系数     

Nonlinear oscillation and acoustic scattering of bubbles

The scattered acoustic pressure and scattered cross section of bubbles is studied using the scattered theory of bubbles. The nonlinear oscillations of bubbles and the scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster are numerically simulated based on the bubble dynamic and fluid dynamic. The influences of the interaction between bubbles on scattering acoustic field of bubbles are researched. The results of numerical simulation show that the oscillation phases of bubbles are delayed to a certain extent at different positions in the bubble cluster, but the radii of bubbles during oscillation do not differ too much at different positions. Furthermore, directivity of the acoustic scattering of bubbles is obvious. The scattered acoustic pressures of bubbles are different at the different positions inside and outside of the bubble cluster. The scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster depend on the driving pressure amplitude, driving frequency, the equilibrium radii of bubbles, bubble number and the radius of the spherical bubble cluster. These theoretical predictions provide a further understanding of physics behind ultrasonic technique and should be useful for guiding ultrasonic application.     

Effects of vapour bubbles on acoustic and temperature distributions of therapeutic ultrasound

This paper describes the evolution of vapour bubbles and its effect on nonlinear ultrasound propagation and temperature rise through tissues for therapeutic ultrasound. An acoustic-thermo coupling algorithm incorporating nonlinearity, diffraction, and temperature-dependent tissue properties, is employed to describe nonlinear ultrasound propagation and thermal effect. Results demonstrate that an obvious migration of peak pressure toward transducer surface is observed while the position of peak temperature changes little in liver tissue before the generation of vapour bubbles, and that the boiling region enlarges towards the surface of transducer in axial direction but increases slowly in radial direction after the generation of vapour bubbles.     

Investigations on dynamics of interacting cavitation bubbles in strong acoustic fields

Given its importance to the dynamics of cavitation bubbles, the mutual interaction between bubbles was carefully investigated in this work. The cavitation noises emitted in different sonication conditions were recorded to study the dynamical behavior of the bubbles. The frequency spectra of the noises suggest that the dispersing state of the bubbles severely influence the oscillations of bubbles, and that the nonlinear feature of the dynamics of cavitation bubbles, imposed by the mutual bubble-bubble interaction, gradually develops with the decrease of the dispersing height. Theoretical analysis shows that the size difference between the interacting bubbles should be responsible for the increase of nonlinearity of the oscillation, and that the decrease of the distance between them could effectively enhance the nonlinear feature of the oscillation of the bubble, both of which agree well with the experimental observation.     

The size of active bubbles for the production of hydrogen in sonochemical reaction field

The sonication of aqueous solution generates microscopic cavitation bubbles that may growth and violently collapse to produce highly reactive species (i.e. OH, HO₂ and H₂O₂), hydrogen and emit light, sonoluminescence. The bubble size is a key parameter that influences the chemical activity of the system. This wok aims to study theoretically the size of active bubbles for the production of hydrogen in ultrasonic cavitation field in water using a single bubble sonochemistry model. The effect of several parameters such as frequency of ultrasound, acoustic intensity and liquid temperature on the range of sonochemically active bubbles for the production of hydrogen was clarified. The numerical simulation results showed that the size of active bubbles is an interval which includes an optimum value at which the production rate of H₂ is maximal. It was shown that the range of ambient radius for an active bubble as well as the optimum bubble radius for the production of hydrogen increased with increasing acoustic intensity and decreased with increasing ultrasound frequency and bulk liquid temperature. It was found that the range of ambient bubble radius dependence of the operational conditions followed the same trend as those reported experimentally for sonoluminescing bubbles. Comparison with literature data showed a good agreement between the theoretical determined optimum bubble sizes for the production of hydrogen and the experimental reported sizes for sonoluminescing bubbles.     

双泡模型共振频率的超声空化动力学研究

该研究旨在研究双泡模型的自然共振频率对超声空化的影响,通过理论计算研究了自然共振频率的影响因素,以及单频超声和双频超声与自然共振频率的关系。研究结果表明：气泡初始半径是影响自然共振频率的主要因素;低频驱动下的非线性波动程度会比高频的更加剧烈,当驱动频率等于气泡自然共振频率时,超声空化的效果更好;双频超声取气泡自然共振频率时超声空化效果远远优于单频超声驱动。该研究在超声医学和理解超声空化特性方面有着重要的意义。     

An alternative technique for determining the number density of acoustic cavitation bubbles in sonochemical reactors

The present paper introduces a novel semi-empirical technique for the determination of active bubbles’ number in sonicated solutions. This method links the chemistry of a single bubble to that taking place over the whole sonochemical reactor (solution). The probe compound is CCl₄, where its eliminated amount within a single bubble (though pyrolysis) is determined via a cavitation model which takes into account the non-equilibrium condensation/evaporation of water vapor and heat exchange across the bubble wall, reactions heats and liquid compressibility and viscosity, all along the bubble oscillation under the temporal perturbation of the ultrasonic wave. The CCl₄ degradation data in aqueous solution (available in literature) are used to determine the number density through dividing the degradation yield of CCl₄ to that predicted by a single bubble model (at the same experimental condition of the aqueous data). The impact of ultrasonic frequency on the number density of bubbles is shown and compared with data from the literature, where a high level of consistency is found.     

Comparing cleaning effects of gas and vapor bubbles in ultrasonic fields

The dynamic actions of cavitation bubbles in ultrasonic fields can clean surfaces. Gas and vapor cavitation bubbles exhibit different dynamic behaviors in ultrasonic fields, yet little attention has been given to the distinctive cleaning effects of gas and vapor bubbles. We present an experimental investigation of surface cleaning by gas and vapor bubbles in an ultrasonic field. Using high-speed videography, we found that the primary motions of gas and vapor bubbles responsible for surface cleaning differ. Our cleaning tests under different contamination conditions in terms of contaminant adhesion strength and surface wettability reveal that vapor and gas bubbles are more effective at removing contaminants with strong and weak adhesion, respectively, and furthermore that hydrophobic substrates are better cleaned by vapor bubbles. Our study not only provides a better physical understanding of the ultrasonic cleaning process, but also proposes novel techniques to improve ultrasonic cleaning by selectively employing gas and vapor bubbles depending on the characteristics of the surface to be cleaned.