Aggregation of gold nanoparticles followed by methotrexate release enables Raman imaging of drug delivery into cancer cells

A certified reference material, ERM-FD100, for quality assurance and validation of various nanoparticle sizing methods, was developed by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements. The material was prepared from an industrially sourced colloidal silica containing nanoparticles with a nominal equivalent spherical diameter of 20?nm. The homogeneity and stability of the candidate reference material was assessed by means of dynamic light scattering and centrifugal liquid sedimentation. Certification of the candidate reference material was based on a global interlaboratory comparison in which 34 laboratories participated with various analytical methods (DLS, CLS, EM, SAXS, ELS). After scrutinising the interlaboratory comparison data, 4 different certified particle size values, specific for the corresponding analytical method, could be assigned. The good comparability of results allowed the certification of the colloidal silica material for nanoparticle size analysis.     

Challenges in the size analysis of a silica nanoparticle mixture as candidate certified reference material

A new certified reference material for quality control of nanoparticle size analysis methods has been developed and produced by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The material, ERM-FD102, consists of an aqueous suspension of a mixture of silica nanoparticle populations of distinct particle size and origin. The characterisation relied on an interlaboratory comparison study in which 30 laboratories of demonstrated competence participated with a variety of techniques for particle size analysis. After scrutinising the received datasets, certified and indicative values for different method-defined equivalent diameters that are specific for dynamic light scattering (DLS), centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle tracking analysis (PTA) and asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) were assigned. The value assignment was a particular challenge because metrological concepts were not always interpreted uniformly across all participating laboratories. This paper presents the main elements and results of the ERM-FD102 characterisation study and discusses in particular the key issues of measurand definition and the estimation of measurement uncertainty.     

相干态在参数量子相空间的两维正态分布

把量子力学与数理统计的正态分布联系起来进行初步的尝试.用数理统计的观点和有序算符内的积分技术研究相干态,指出在依赖一个实参数k的量子化方案中,相干态|z??z|在相空间呈现出以(q,p)为随机变量的两维正态分布,z=(q+ip)/√2.两个随机变量的相关系数为ik.在k=±1的参数相空间中,|z??z|分别表现出P排序(P在Q左)和Q排序的形式(Q在P左),而在k=0的参数相空间中,|z??z|表现出Weyl排序的形式.在P排序和Q排序的情况下,量子算符|z??z||z=(q+ip)/√2的经典对应函数中随机变量(q,p)是关联的,只有在Weyl对应时,随机变量(q,p)是独立的.也就是说,算符的Weyl排序有利于其经典对应的随机变量解脱关联.     

Striped Periodic Minimizers of a Two-Dimensional Model for Martensitic Phase Transitions

In this paper we consider a simplified two-dimensional scalar model for the formation of mesoscopic domain patterns in martensitic shape-memory alloys at the interface between a region occupied by the parent (austenite) phase and a region occupied by the product (martensite) phase, which can occur in two variants (twins). The model, first proposed by Kohn and Müller (Philos Mag A 66(5):697–715, 1992), is defined by the following functional:

Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact assessment

The International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization (IANH) organises interlaboratory comparisons of methods used to study the potential biological impacts of nanomaterials. The aim of IANH is to identify and reduce or remove sources of variability and irreproducibility in existing protocols. Here, we present results of the first IANH round robin studies into methods to assess the size and surface charge of suspended nanoparticles. The test materials used (suspensions of gold, silica, polystyrene, and ceria nanoparticles, with [primary] particles sizes between 10?nm and 80?nm) were first analysed in repeatability conditions to assess the possible contribution of between-sample heterogeneity to the between-laboratory variability. Reproducibility of the selected methods was investigated in an interlaboratory comparison between ten different laboratories in the USA and Europe. Robust statistical analysis was used to evaluate within- and between-laboratory variability. It is shown that, if detailed shipping, measurement, and reporting protocols are followed, measurement of the hydrodynamic particle diameter of nanoparticles in predispersed monomodal suspensions using the dynamic light scattering method is reproducible. On the other hand, measurements of more polydisperse suspensions of nanoparticle aggregates or agglomerates were not reproducible between laboratories. Ultrasonication, which is commonly used to prepare dispersions before cell exposures, was observed to further increase variability. The variability of the zeta potential values, which were also measured, indicates the need to define better surface charge test protocols and to identify sources of variability.     

On Consistency of the Quantum-Like Representation Algorithm

In this paper we continue to study so-called “inverse Born’s rule problem”: to construct a representation of probabilistic data of any origin by a complex probability amplitude which matches Born’s rule. The corresponding algorithm—quantum-like representation algorithm (QLRA)—was recently proposed by A. Khrennikov (Found. Phys. 35(10):1655–1693, 2005; Physica E 29:226–236, 2005; Dokl. Akad. Nauk 404(1):33–36, 2005; J. Math. Phys. 46(6):062111–062124, 2005; Europhys. Lett. 69(5):678–684, 2005). Formally QLRA depends on the order of conditioning. For two observables (of any origin, e.g., physical or biological) a and b, b|a- and a|b conditional probabilities produce two representations, say in Hilbert spaces H ^b|a and H ^a|b . In this paper we prove that under “natural assumptions” (which hold, e.g., for quantum observables represented by operators with nondegenerate spectra) these two representations are unitary equivalent. This result proves the consistency of QLRA.     

ESR identification of a new N2− defect in X-ray irradiated NaN3

A relatively weak ESR spectrum is observed in single crystals of NaN₃ after X-ray irradiation at 77 K. This spectrum, which has an anisotropic g value and exhibits a resolved 5-line hyperfine structure with components in the ratio 1:2:3:2:1, corresponds to a single unpaired electron interacting symmetrically with two spin-one nuclei, in three inequivalent sites. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters are: g_x = 2.0054 ± 0.0005, g_y = 2.0045 ± 0.0005, g_z = 1.9688 ± 0.0005, |A_x| = 4.0 ± 0.2 G, |A_y| = 20.0 ± 0.2 G, and |A_z| = 4.9 ± 0.2 G, c-axis, and y is perpendicular to the c-axis. This spectrum, which is clearly different from that of substitutional N₂^?reported by Gelerinter and Silsbee, is attributed to interstitial N₂^?.     

Magnetic field dependence ofT c and temperature dependence ofH c2 in layered superconductors with open normal state Fermi surface

A theoretical framework for treating the effects of magnetic fieldH on the pairing theory of superconductivity is considered, where the field is taken in an arbitrary direction with respect to crystal axes. This is applicable to closed, as well as open normal state Fermi surface (FS), including simple layered metals. The orbital effects of the magnetic field are treated semiclassically while retaining the full anisotropic paramagnetic contribution. Explicit calculations are presented in the limits |H| → |H _c2(T)|,T ∼ 0 andT →T _c(|H|), |H| ∼ 0. Effects of weak nonmagnetic impurity scattering, without vertex corrections, have also been taken into account in a phenomenological way. The final results for the case of open FS and layered materials are found to differ considerably from those of the closed FS. For example, an important parameter,h(T=0)=|H_c2(0)|/[-Tδ|H _c2 T|δT]_T{s0} for the case of a FS open ink _z-direction with thek _z-bandwidth, 4t ₃, very small compared to the Fermi energy,E _F, is close to 0.5906, compared to 0.7273 for the closed FS, in the clean limit. Analytical results are given for the magnetic field dependence ofT _c and the temperature dependence of H _c2 for a model of layered superconductors with widely open FS. For a set of band structure parameters for YBa₂Cu₃O₇ used elsewhere, we find reasonable values for the upper critical fieldH _c2(0), the slope (dH _c2/dT)_{T c0}, anisotropic coherence lengths ζ_i(T=0),i=x, y, z, and (dT _c/d|H|)_{|H| → 0}.     

Optically detected E.P.R. and low-field ENDOR of triplet benzophenone

The ENDOR spectrum of ¹³C substituted (carbonyl carbon) triplet excited benzophenone was studied at ca. 100 G applied magnetic field by means of optical detection. The benzophenone was substitutionally dissolved in dibromodiphenylether (DDE). The ENDOR transitions and the E.P.R. transitions were studied as a function of applied field direction in the ab and bc crystal planes. The angle ? between the line joining the phenyl group centres and a principal axis of the fine structure tensor was found to be 23·6° ± 0·02° (standard deviation limited to one set of measurements). The principal axes of the ¹³C hyperfine tensor were within experimental error (±10°) coincident with the fine structure axes. The principal values of the hyperfine tensor were found to be : |A_xx /h| = 43·16 ± 1·84, |A_yy /th| = 22·66 ± 2·50, |A_zz /h| = 10·25 ± 1·30 MHz. The low-field ENDOR does not provide an indication of the signs of these tensor elements, so the value of the isotropic coupling constant cannot be measured. Two values of the anisotropic (dipole) hyperfine tensor elements were deduced on the assumption that the transitions frequencies are mainly determined by interactions between the nuclear spin and electron density on the carbonyl carbon atom. These values were (i) A _xx / ^d /h = 17·82, A_yy /h = -22·68, A_zz /h = -15·14 MHz and (ii) A_xx /h = 39·73, A_yy /h = -26·09, A_zz /h = -13·63 MHz. Set (ii) is consistent with recent calculations of the spin density distribution in triplet benzophenone in which the orbital spin densities are 0·64 for the carbonyl carbon π-orbital, 0·17 for the oxygen π-orbital, and 0·88 for the non-bonding orbital on oxygen (all expressed as fractions of one electron).

Isotope effects on the fine structure constants of triplet benzophenone were measured and found to be consistent with the changes occurring in the spin-orbit coupling with the ground state.

The kinetic parameters for the excitation and de-excitation of the triplet substates were deduced from transient ODMR studies of benzophenone in DDE. The T_z spin state is mainly populated (85–88 per cent) and this is also the most strongly radiative state (k_z ^r = 0·88). The steady-state populations of the three triplet levels are similar.     

Limitations of absolute current densities derived from the Semel &; Skumanich method

Semel and Skumanich proposed a method to obtain the absolute electric current density, |J _z |, without disambiguation of 180° in the transverse field directions. The advantage of the method is that the uncertainty in the determination of the ambiguity in the magnetic azimuth is removed. Here, we investigate the limits of the calculation when applied to a numerical MHD model. We have found that the combination of changes in the magnetic azimuth with vanishing horizontal field component leads to errors, where electric current densities are often strong. Where errors occur, the calculation gives |J _z | too small by factors typically 1.2–2.0.     

Renormalization of a Hard-Core Guest Charge Immersed in a Two-Dimensional Electrolyte

This paper is a continuation of a previous one [L. Šamaj, J. Stat. Phys. 120:125 (2005)] dealing with the renormalization of a guest charge immersed in a two-dimensional logarithmic Coulomb gas of pointlike ± unit charges, the latter system being in the stability-against-collapse regime of reduced inverse temperatures 0 ≤ β < 2. In the previous work, using a sine-Gordon representation of the Coulomb gas, an exact renormalized-charge formula was derived for the special case of the pointlike guest charge Q, in its stability regime β |Q| < 2. In the present paper, we extend the renormalized-charge treatment to the guest charge with a hard core of radius σ, which allows us to go beyond the stability border β|Q| = 2. In the limit of the hard-core radius much smaller than the correlation length of the Coulomb-gas species and at a strictly finite temperature, due to the counterion condensation in the extended region β|Q| > 2, the renormalized charge Q _ren turns out to be a periodic function of the bare charge Q with period 1. The renormalized charge therefore does not saturate at a specific finite value as |Q| →∞, but oscillates between two extreme values. In the high-temperature Poisson-Boltzmann scaling regime of limits β→ 0 and Q→∞ with the product β Q being finite, one reproduces the Manning-Oosawa type of counterion condensation with the uniform saturation of β Q _ren at the value 4/π in the region β|Q| ≥ 2. The obtained results disprove the “regularization hypothesis” of the previous work about the possibility of an analytic continuation of the formula for Q _ren from the stability region β |Q| < 2 to β |Q| ≥ 2.     

Fermilab top mass and modified Fritzsch mass matrices

Fritzsch like mass matrices with non-zero 22-elements both in U sector and D sector have been investigated in the context of latest data regardingm _t ^phys , |V _ub|, |V _cb|, |V _td| and |V _ts|. Unlike several other phenomenological models, the present model not only accommodates the value ofm _t ^phys in the range 150–240 GeV, encompassing the CDF and D0 values, but is also able to reproduce |V _cb| ≊0.040 and |V _ub/V_cb| = 0.08±0.02 and |V _td| is predicted to lie in the range 0.005–0.014. Further, the angles of the unitarity triangle, related to the CP-violating asymmetries, are calculated to be in the ranges −1.0⩽sin2α⩽−0.1, 0.6 ⩽sin2α⩽1.0 and 0.48⩽sin2β⩽0.56, which are in agreement with other recent calculations.     

Effect of solvent nature on spin exchange in rigid nitroxide biradicals

Intramolecular electron spin exchange as a function of temperature and solvent viscosity and polarity has been studied by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in two rigid nitroxide biradicals existing in one spatial conformation only. Temperature variations of the isotropic hyperfine splitting constanta and exchange integral value |J/a| were measured from EPR spectra and subsequently analyzed. The interaction of polar solvent molecules with >N-O fragments of nitroxide groups led to a slight decrease of the |J/a| value with the increase of temperatureT. In contrast, the interaction of polar solvent molecules with functional groups inside the bridge resulted in a noticeable increase of |J/a| vs.T. In the last case, a coverse relationship between the values of |J/a| and the hyperfine splitting constanta has been observed for solvents with different polarity.     

Quantum mechanical version of classical Liouville theorem

In terms of the coherent state evolution in phase space, we present a quantum mechanical version of the classical Liouville theorem. The evolution of coherent state from |z〉to |sz-rz^*〉angle corresponds to the motion from a point z(q,p) to another point sz-rz^* with |s|²-|r|²=1. The evolution is governed by the so-called Fresnel operator U(s,r) recently proposed in quantum optics theory, which classically corresponds to the matrix optics law and the optical Fresnel transformation and obeys the group product rules. In another word, we can recapitulate the Liouville theorem in the context of quantum mechanics by virtue of coherent state evolution in phase space, which seems to be a combination of quantum statistics and quantum optics.     

| m | Partial wave treatment for two-dimensional Coulomb-scattering and Regge pole

The symmetry and |m| partial-wave analysis for two-dimensional (2D) Coulomb-scattering is investigated. As a function of energyE, the |m| partial-wave scattering amplitudef _|m|(θ) is analytically continuated to the, negativeE (complexk) plane, and it is found that the bound state energy eigenvalues (E<0) are just located at the poles off _|m|(θ) on the positive imaginaryk axis as is expected. In addition, as a function of |m|,f _|m|(θ) is analytically continuated to the complex |m| plane, the bound state energy eigenvalues are just located at the poles off _|m|(θ) on the positive real |m| axis.     

Momentum analysis of kaon and pion pairs produced from time-like photons at 1.6 GeV energy

We present results for the total cross section of e⁺e^? annihilation into two hadrons at 1.6 GeV: σ_ππ = σ_KK = (1.8 ± 1.1) × 10^-33 cm².From these values we obtain the time-like electromagnetic form factors these mesons: |F_π|² = 0.24 ± 0.14 and |F_K|² = 0.46 ± 0.26.     

Entangled Husimi Distribution and Complex Wavelet Transformation

Similar in spirit to the preceding work (Int. J. Theor. Phys. 48:1539, 2009) where the relationship between wavelet transformation and Husimi distribution function is revealed, we study this kind of relationship to the entangled case. We find that the optical complex wavelet transformation can be used to study the entangled Husimi distribution function in phase space theory of quantum optics. We prove that, up to a Gaussian function, the entangled Husimi distribution function of a two-mode quantum state |ψ〉 is just the modulus square of the complex wavelet transform of e^-|h|2/2e^{-\vert \eta \vert ^{2}/2} with ψ(η) being the mother wavelet.     

Characterization of the Weyl solutions

For the Weyl solutions(z, x) of the Schrödinger and Dirac equations, asymptotics for |z| are obtained. This gives a possibility of selecting Weyl solutions by their behaviour when |z| . Some applications are given.     

Measuring sub nanometre sizes using dynamic light scattering

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measures time-dependent fluctuations in the scattering intensity arising from particles undergoing random Brownian motion. Diffusion coefficient and particle size information can be obtained from the analysis of these fluctuations. This paper discusses the factors which will influence the lower size limit of DLS and reports the use of sucrose as a test sample to probe this lower limit of the technique. Hydrodynamic diameter values of less than 1 nm are obtained by the use of 173° backscatter detection that is applied to increase the sensitivity of DLS. The peak means (with standard deviations) obtained for the intensity and volume data from a series of sucrose concentrations, ranging from 5 to 35% w/v, were measured as D_I,Mean = 0.82 nm (0.11 nm) and D_V,Mean = 0.62 nm (0.05 nm), respectively. These sucrose results suggest that sub nanometer measurements are achievable with a precision of 0.1 nm. Evidence to support these size results for sucrose is discussed.     

Remarks on the relation between quantum and classical entropy as proposed by A. Wehrl

Using an inequality of Lieb one can compute a probability distribution which is less mixed than any (z|ωz)dz, where z labels the points of phase space, w is a density matrix, and (z| the appropriate coherent state.