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1.
The association of bis (p-chlorophenyl) phosphoric acid with various organic solvents as well as its dimerization in these solvents was investigated. In inert solvents like kerosene, carbon tetrachloride and benzene, dimerization is very high and decreases with increasing polarity of the solvent. In polar solvents like alcohols and ketones, a strong association between HA and solvent molecules exists. The association constants were determined; the values may be regarded as a measure for the basicity of the solvents in question. The following order of the increasing basicity of the solvents was established: hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons < ethers < ketones < alcohols. 相似文献
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在涂渍气相色谱固定液时,选用易挥发,低粘度溶剂(如正己烷,丙酮等).担体与溶剂按一定比例混合,溶剂恰好湿润担体,无多余溶剂,涂渍过程不需搅拌、加热等程序,不需旋转蒸发器、水浴、红外灯等设备.此方法具有操作简单,涂渍快速,操作人员中毒少,担体破碎少等优点,而且保证固定液涂渍均匀.本文给出了常用固定液所用易挥发溶剂及常用担体在用本方法涂渍时固定液与溶剂的比例. 相似文献
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New gelators for urea-containing triazine derivatives were synthesised, and their gelation potential was examined using different organic solvents. These compounds were found to form the organogels with a variety of organic solvents, such as hexane and other solvents. The elongated alkyl tails of the gelators displayed an obvious decrease in the critical gelation concentrations of apolar solvents and an increase in the compatibility of gelation in polar solvents. The resulting thermo-reversible gels were characterised by using the dropping ball method and a number of other instruments. The melting temperature (Tm) of the gels in decalin and CCl4 increased with the gelator concentrations. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding of gelation in different organic solvents was observed using an FT-IR spectrometer. Temperature-dependent UV–vis and fluorescence analysis showed that the organogels displayed diverse aggregations and various fluorescence effects in different organic solvents. Blue fluorescence and J-aggregation in decalin and the quenched effect and π–π stacking in CCl4 were observed. Further, the morphological self-assembled feature in different organic solvents was studied with a scanning electron microscope, and the morphological features demonstrated that there were different aggregations in different solvents. In conductivity electrolyte experiments, the organogel electrolytes exhibited high conductivity (σ) compared with the corresponding tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP)/THF solution. The conductivity of the gel electrolytes increased with the concentration of the electrolyte salts and temperature. When the sol–gel temperature was achieved, a high ion conductivity was observed compared with the corresponding TBAP/THF solution. When the ratio of the added electrolyte salts exceeded 5%, gelation was inhibited. Furthermore, the effect of the electrolyte salts on the Tm of the gel was confirmed. The added electrolyte salts affected the gelation ability, but did not affect the sol–gel temperature. 相似文献
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Mengying Zhang Ze Zhang Zarmina Gul Mengfei Tian Junling Wang Kaili Zheng Chunjian Zhao Chunying Li 《Journal of separation science》2023,46(15):2300098
In recent years, it has been found that changing ambient conditions (CO2/N2, temperature, pH) can trigger a switchable phase transition of deep eutectic solvents, and such solvents are known as responsive deep eutectic solvents. In this work, we present the development history, properties, and preparation of responsive deep eutectic solvents, followed by the application of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds are presented. Importantly, the mechanism of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds is discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds are proposed. Responsive deep eutectic solvents are considered green and efficient solvents. Some methods for extraction and separation of bioactive compounds by responsive deep eutectic solvents can increase the possibility of recycling the deep eutectic solvents, and provide higher efficiency in the extraction and separation field. It is hoped that this will provide a reference for the green and sustainable extraction and separation of various bioactive compounds. 相似文献
7.
《液相色谱法及相关技术杂志》2012,35(16-17):3213-3239
Abstract A new combination of four organic solvents is proposed for the optimization of TLC separations of basic drugs and alkaloids. The solvents are diethylamine (DEA), methanol (MeOH), chloroform (CHCl3) and ethylacetate (EtAc). They were selected from a collection of ten solvents used in Normal Phase TLC mobile phases recommended for the separation of alkaloids and basic drugs in the literature. The selection was based on the classification of solvents according to selectivity and solubility parameters. Excluded were apolar and weak solvents that show no selective (polar) properties and are used only for the adjustment of the solvent strength. Polar solvents from different selectivity groups were selected to combine as many as possible selective effects in one solvent system. The final choice was made considering the displacement theory for Liquid Solid Chromatography. 相似文献
8.
R. Buter Y. Y. Tan G. Challa 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1973,11(11):2975-2989
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized by radical initiation at 25°C or 35°C in various solvents in the presence of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The occurrence of stereospecific replica polymerization appeared to be related to the capability of stereoassociation of isotactic and syndiotactic PMMA. The solvents can be roughly divided into three types. Type A solvents are polar solvents, which promote stereoassociation resulting in gelation and precipitation. Examples are dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetone. Type B solvents are nonpolar aromatic solvents like benzene and toluene, wherein stereoassociation is weaker but still leads to gelation. Type C solvents are very good solvents, in which stereoassociation does not occur. Chloroform and dichloromethane belong to this class. In solvents of type A as well as type B, polymerization in the presence of i-PMMA as a polymer matrix was syndiospecific. However, in the presence of s-PMMA as a polymer matrix the polymerization was isospecific only in type A solvents. The syndiotactic or isotactic triad contents of the polymer formed could be as high as ca. 90% at low conversions. In solvents of type C, polymerization in the presence of stereoregular PMMA proceeds according to a normal radical mechanism. Syndiotacticity was always less than 70%. Stereocomplexes formed in situ during replica polymerization were partly crystalline as detected by x-ray diffraction. The highest crystallinity was detected in those formed in type A solvents. 相似文献
9.
Vokin A. I. Shulunova A. M. Aksamentova T. N. Es'kova L. A. Elokhina V. N. Lopyrev V. A. Turchaninov V. K. 《Russian Journal of General Chemistry》2001,71(1):137-142
The effect of nonspecific solvation on the long-wave absorption band in the UV spectra of isomeric nitropyrazoles was studied. The aprotic inert and aprotic protophilic solvents exert different spectroscopic effects. In the former solvents, the solvatochromism is mainly governed by orientation interactions, and in the latter solvents, along with the orientation interactions, the UV spectrum is appreciably influenced by the induction, polarization, and dispersion interactions, which is due to the presence of readily polarizable nonbonding electron pairs and/or a pi-electron system in molecules of such solvents. 相似文献
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Makitra R. G. Zaglad'ko E. A. Turovskii A. A. Zaikov G. E. 《Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry》2004,77(2):323-326
Relationship between the swellabilities of butyl rubber and polybutadiene in organic solvents and the physicochemical characteristics of solvents, including their capability for nonspecific and specific solvation, was studied. 相似文献
11.
Deep eutectic solvents, as an alternative to ionic liquids, have greener credentials than ionic liquids, and have attracted considerable attention in related chemical research. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted increasing attention in chemistry for the extraction and separation of various target compounds from natural products. This review highlights the preparation of deep eutectic solvents, unique properties of deep eutectic solvents, and synthesis of deep‐eutectic‐solvent‐based materials. On the other hand, application in the extraction and separation of deep eutectic solvents is also included in this report. In this paper, the available data and references in this field are reviewed to summarize the applications and developments of deep eutectic solvents. Based on the development of deep eutectic solvents, an exploitation of new deep eutectic solvents and deep eutectic solvents‐based materials is expected to diversify into extraction and separation. 相似文献
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羟丙基甲基纤维素溶致液晶的临界浓度与溶剂溶度参数关系的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
羟丙基甲基纤维素溶致液晶的临界浓度与溶剂溶度参数关系的研究董炎明,洪肇昭(厦门大学化学系,厦门,361005)关键词 羟丙基甲基纤维素,溶致性液晶,临界浓度,溶解度参数,链刚性溶致液晶的阀值或临界浓度是在一定温度下恰能形成液晶相的最低浓度,高分子链刚... 相似文献
13.
Wang B Han B Jiang T Zhang Z Xie Y Li W Wu W 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2005,109(50):24203-24210
The reaction rate of the Diels-Alder reaction between N-ethylmaleimide and 9-hydroxymethylanthrance in CO2 + ethanol and CO2 + hexane mixed solvents of different compositions were determined by in situ UV/vis spectroscopy at 318.15 K and different pressures. The density of the mixed solvents at different pressures was also determined and the isothermal compressibility was calculated using the density data. The activation volume of the reaction was calculated based on the dependence of rate constant (kc) on pressure. It was demonstrated that the kc was very sensitive to the pressure in the mixed solvents near the critical region and the kc increased dramatically as pressure approached dew points, critical point, and bubble points of the mixed solvents. However, the kc in the mixed solvents outside the critical region or in pure CO2 was not sensitive to pressure. At suitable conditions, kc could be 40 times larger than that in acetonitrile. The activation volume of the reaction was nearly independent of pressure as the pressure was much higher than the phase separation pressure of the mixed solvents, while it increased considerably as pressure approached the bubble points, critical point, and dew points from high pressure. The clustering of the solvent molecules with the reactants and the activated complex in the reaction systems near the phase boundary in the critical region may be the main reason for the interesting phenomena observed. This work also shows that, using pure CO2 as the solvent, the reaction cannot be carried out in the critical region of the solvent due to the limitations of the reactants, while it can be conducted in the critical region of mixed solvents of suitable compositions, where the solvents are highly compressible and the reaction rate can be tuned effectively by pressure. 相似文献
14.
Saeed Nojavan Tayebeh Gorji Saied Saeed Hosseiny Davarani Amin Morteza-Najarian 《Analytica chimica acta》2014
There are numerous published reports about dispersive liquid phase microextraction of the wide range of substances, however, till now no broadly accepted systematic and purpose oriented selection of extraction solvent has been proposed. Most works deal with the optimization of available solvents without adequate pre-consideration of properness. In this study, it is tried to compare the performances of low- and high-density solvents at the same conditions by means of novel type of extraction vessel with head and bottom conical shape. Extraction efficiencies of seven basic pharmaceutical compounds using eighteen common organic solvents were studied in this work. It was much easier to work with high-density solvents and they mostly showed better performances. This work shows that although exact predicting the performance of the solvents is multifaceted case but the pre-consideration of initial selection of solvents with attention to the physiochemical properties of the desired analytes is feasible and promising. Finally, the practicality of the method for extraction from urine and plasma samples was investigated. 相似文献
15.
Cloransulam-methyl was extracted from soil samples with supercritical CO2, subcritical water and conventional organic solvents. Supercritical CO2 was less efficient than conventional organic solvents; polarity modifiers had no impact on extraction efficiency. Extraction with supercritical CO2 exhibited a strong temperature dependence. Water was as effective as strong organic solvents for the extraction of cloransulam-methyl; however cloransulam-methyl hydrolyzed when extracted at 150 degrees C. Extraction temperature was the most important variable in increasing the efficiency and rate of extraction, while extraction pressure was not a significant variable. 相似文献
16.
低共熔溶剂及其应用研究进展 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
作为一类新型的绿色溶剂,低共熔溶剂具有蒸汽压低、无毒性、可生物降解、溶解性和导电性优良、电化学稳定窗口宽等独特的物理化学性质,并且可以通过选择合适的组成和配比来调节其性能,在很多领域中有着诱人的应用前景.本文从低共熔溶剂的组成、性质及其应用等3个方面综述了近年来低共熔溶剂的研究进展,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行了讨论. 相似文献
17.
Yoshio Iwakura Fujio Toda Kenjiro Hattori 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1968,6(6):1643-1653
A kinetic approach to the polymer reaction, with KOH as catalyst, between ethanol and poly(p-vinylphenyldimethylsilane) containing silicon–hydrogen as a functional group on the side chain was carried out. The rate equation was obtained by measuring the initial rate of the model reaction as v = k[KOH] [SiH] [EtOH] in benzene and v = k[KOH] [SiH] in methyl ethyl ketone. It was observed that the rate of reaction was affected by the polarity of the solvents. In the polymer reaction the rate constant decreased markedly with increasing ethanol concentration. A change of viscosity of the polymer in various solvents was observed to have a good correlation with the decrease in reaction rate in corresponding solvents. In mixed solvents, consisting of both good and poor solvents for the polymers, the reaction rate depended upon two factors, the entanglement of the polymer chain and the polarity of the solvents. The equivalent globular model of the polymer chain is suggested for study of the polymer reaction. A schematic local-distribution curve of the reaction species is proposed. 相似文献
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Crystal M. Schneck Adam J. Poncheri John T. Jennings Deanna L. Snyder Jill L. Worlinsky Swarna Basu 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2010,75(2):624-628
The interaction between 9-fluorenone, various indoles and solvents has been studied using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. It was determined that polar protic solvents such as methanol and ethanol significantly quenched the fluorescence of 9-fluorenone but various indoles reversed the solvent quenching. The effect of various solvents on the 9-fluorenone carbonyl vibration was investigated using infrared spectroscopy. Ab initio calculations using Gaussian03 were also carried out in order to determine the minimum energy conformations of these systems along with binding energies. 相似文献
20.
Dvorko G. F. Koshchii I. V. Ponomareva E. A. 《Russian Journal of General Chemistry》2003,73(2):204-212
The kinetics of heterolysis of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane in 9 protic and 25 aprotic solvents at 25°C were studied by the verdazyl method. The kinetic equation is v = k[RCl] (E1 mechanism). The heterolysis rate of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane in protic solvents is two orders of magnitude lower than that of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclopentane, whereas in low-polarity and nonpolar aprotic solvents the rates are close. A correlation analysis was made to reveal the solvation effects in heterolysis of both chlorides in a set of 9 protic and 25 aprotic solvents, and separately in protic and aprotic solvents. 相似文献