Measurements of thermally stratified pipe flow using image-processing techniques

The cross-correlation technique and Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) have been adopted to measure the time-dependent and two-dimensional velocity and temperature fields of a stably thermal-stratified pipe flow. One thousand instantaneous and simultaneous velocity and temperature maps were obtained at overall Richardson numberRi = 0 and 2.5, from which two-dimensional vorticity, Reynolds stress and turbulent heat flux vector were evaluated. The quasi-periodic inclined vortices (which connected to the crest) were revealed from successive instantaneous maps and temporal variation of vorticity and temperature. It has been recognized that these vortices are associated with the crest and valley in the roll-up motion.List of symbols A Fraction of the available light collected - C Concentration of fluorescence - D Pipe diameter - I Fluorescence intensity - L Sampling length along the incident beam - I ₀ Intensity of an excitation beam - I _c (T) Calibration curve between temperature and fluorescence intensity - I _ref Reference intensity of fluorescence radiation - Re _b Reynolds number based on bulk velocity,U _b D/v - Ri Overall Richardson number based on velocity difference,gDT/U ² - t Time - t Time interval between the reference and corresponding matrix - T Temperature - T ₁,T ₂ Temperature of lower and upper layer - T ^* Normalized temperature, (T–T ₁)/T - T _c (I) Inverse function of temperature as a function ofI _c - T _ref Reference temperature - T Temperature difference between upper and lower flow,T ₂ –T ₁ - U ₁ Velocity of lower stream - U ₂ Velocity of upper stream - U _b Bulk velocity - U _c Streamwise mean velocity atY/D=0 - U Streamwise velocity difference between upper and lower flow,U ₁–U ₂ - u, v, T Fluctuating component ofU, V, T - U, V Velocity component of X, Y direction - X Streamwise distance from the splitter plate - Y Transverse distance from the centerline of the pipe - Z Spanwise distance from the centerline of the pipe - Quantum yield - Absorptivity - vorticity calculated from a circulation - Kinematic viscosity - circulation     

Experimental unsteady flow study in a patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm model

The velocity field in a patient-specific abdominal aneurysm model including the aorto–iliac bifurcation was measured by 2D PIV. Phase-averaged velocities obtained in 14 planes reveal details of the flow evolution during a cycle. The aneurysm expanding asymmetrically toward the anterior side of the aorta causes the generation of a vortex at its entrance, covering the entire aneurysm bulge progressively before flow peak. The fluid entering the aneurysm impinges on the left side of its distal end, following the axis of the upstream aorta segment, causing an increased flow rate in the left (compared to the right) common iliac artery. High shear stresses appear at the aneurysm inlet and outlet as well as along the posterior wall, varying proportionally to the flow rate. At the same regions, elevated flow disturbances are observed, being intensified at flow peak and during the deceleration phase. Low shear stresses are present in the recirculation region, being two orders of magnitude smaller than the previous ones. At flow peak and during the deceleration phase, a clockwise swirling motion (viewed from the inlet) is present in the aneurysm due to the out of plane curvature of the aorta.     

Experimental study on the transition between stratified and non-stratified horizontal oil-water flow

The effect of oil and water velocities, pipe diameter and oil viscosity on the transition from stratified to non-stratified patterns was studied experimentally in horizontal oil-water flow. The investigations were carried out in a horizontal acrylic test section with 25.4 and 19 mm ID with water and two oil viscosities (6.4 and 12 cP) as test fluids. A high-speed video camera was used to study the flow structures and the transition. At certain oil velocity, stratified flow was found to transform into bubbly and dual continuous flows as superficial water velocity increased for both pipe diameters using the 12 cP oil viscosity. The transition to bubbly flow was found to disappear when the 6.4 cP oil viscosity was used in the 25.4 mm pipe. This was due to the low E?tv?s number. Transition to dual continuous flow occurred at lower water velocity for oil velocity up 0.21 m/s when 6.4 cP oil was used in the 25.4 mm ID pipe, while for U_so > 0.21 m/s, the transition appeared at lower water velocity with the 12 cP oil.The effect of pipe diameter was also found to influence the transition between stratified and non-stratified flows. At certain superficial oil velocity, the water velocity required to form bubbly flow increased as the pipe diameter increased while the water velocity required for drop formation decreased as the pipe diameter increased. The maximum wave amplitude was found to grow exponentially with respect to the mixture velocity. The experimental maximum amplitudes at the transition to non-stratified flow agreed reasonably well with the critical amplitude model. Finally, it was found that none of the available models were able to predict the present experimental data at the transition from stratified to non-stratified flow.     

Hybrid-analytical investigation of unsteady forced convection in parallel-plate channels for thermally developing flow

A theoretical study of unsteady laminar forced convection for a thermally developing flow between parallel plates is presented. A general boundary condition of the fifth kind is used and the flow is subjected to a periodic variation of inlet temperature. To provide hybrid analytical-numerical solution, the generalized integral transform technique is used. The periodic analysis is performed by using two coupled similar problems.     

STABILITY STUDY OF AN UNSTEADY OSCILLATION FLOW

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An investigation of thermally stratified turbulent channel flow with temperature oscillation on the bottom wall by large eddy simulation

Thermally stratified shear turbulent channel flow with temperature oscillation on the bottom wall of the channel is calculated to investigate the behavior of turbulent flow and heat transfer by use of large eddy simulation (LES) approach coupled with dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models. The objective of this study is to deal with the effect of the temperature oscillation on turbulent behavior of thermally stratified turbulent channel flow and to examine the effectiveness of the LES technique for predicting statistically unsteady turbulent flow driven by time-varying buoyancy force. To validate the present calculation, thermally stratified shear turbulent channel flow is computed and compared with available data obtained by direct numerical simulation (DNS), which confirm that the present approach can be used to predict thermally stratified turbulent channel flow satisfactorily. Further, to illustrate the effect of the temperature oscillation with different Richardson numbers and periods of the oscillation on turbulence characteristics, the phase-averaged mean value and fluctuation of the resolved velocities and temperature, and instantaneous velocity fluctuation structures are analyzed.     

Natural convection flow from a continuously moving vertical surface immersed in a thermally stratified medium

 Natural convection boundary layer flow over a continuously moving isothermal vertical surface immersed in a thermally stratified medium has been investigated here. The non-linear coupled partial differential equations governing the non-similar flow have been solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme. For small values of the streamwise distance the partial differential equations are solved by using a perturbation expansion procedure and also using the Shanks transformation. The results indicate that the thermal stratification significantly affects both the surface shear stress and the surface heat transfer. The buoyancy parameter and the Prandtl number increase significantly, both the surface shear stress and heat transfer. Also the buoyancy force gives rise to an overshoot in the velocity profile. Received on 1 February 2000     

Experimental study of turbulence in isothermal and stably stratified homogeneous shear flows: Mean flow measurements

The evolution of freestream turbulence under the combined action of linear shear and stable linear temperature profile is investigated. The experiment is carried out in a small, open circuit, low-speed test cell that uses air as working fluid. The temperature gradient formed at the entrance to the test section by means of an array of 24 horizontal, differentially heated elements is varied to get a maximum Brunt-Vaisala frequency N_o[=({g/T_m}{∂T/∂y})^1/2] of 3.1⁻¹. Linear velocity profiles are produced using screens of variable mesh size. The Reynolds number Re_M based on centre-line velocity and mesh size is varied from 80 to 175. Isothermal studies are carried out in four different experiments with varying velocity gradients. The effect of inlet turbulence level on growth of turbulence is studied in these flows by keeping the shear parameter Sh (=(x/u)(∂u/∂y)) constant. The range of shear parameters considered is 2.5–7.0. Shear and stratification combined produce a maximum gradient Richardson number Ri_g (= N_o²/(∂u/∂y)²) of 0.0145. Results have been presented in terms of evolution of variance of velocity fluctuations, Reynolds shear stress and temperature fluctuations. Measurements show the following: In isothermal flows the growth rate of turbulence quantities depends on both shear parameter and inlet turbulence level. There are distinct stages in the evolution of the flow and that can be identified by the power-law exponent of growth of turbulence. Shear is seen to promote the growth of turbulence and accelerate it towards a fully developed equilibrium state. Stratification initially suppresses the growth of turbulence and, hence, enhances the degree of underdevelopment. Under these conditions shear becomes active and subsequently enhances the growth rate of turbulence quantities.     

Experimental study of stratified jet by simultaneous measurements of velocity and density fields

Stratified flows with small density difference commonly exist in geophysical and engineering applications, which often involve interaction of turbulence and buoyancy effect. A combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) system is developed to measure the velocity and density fields in a dense jet discharged horizontally into a tank filled with light fluid. The illumination of PIV particles and excitation of PLIF dye are achieved by a dual-head pulsed Nd:YAG laser and two CCD cameras with a set of optical filters. The procedure for matching refractive indexes of two fluids and calibration of the combined system are presented, as well as a quantitative analysis of the measurement uncertainties. The flow structures and mixing dynamics within the central vertical plane are studied by examining the averaged parameters, turbulent kinetic energy budget, and modeling of momentum flux and buoyancy flux. At downstream, profiles of velocity and density display strong asymmetry with respect to its center. This is attributed to the fact that stable stratification reduces mixing and unstable stratification enhances mixing. In stable stratification region, most of turbulence production is consumed by mean-flow convection, whereas in unstable stratification region, turbulence production is nearly balanced by viscous dissipation. Experimental data also indicate that at downstream locations, mixing length model performs better in mixing zone of stable stratification regions, whereas in other regions, eddy viscosity/diffusivity models with static model coefficients represent effectively momentum and buoyancy flux terms. The measured turbulent Prandtl number displays strong spatial variation in the stratified jet.     

Experimental investigations of the unsteady rotating flow field in a cylindrical vessel

The rotating flow field in a cylindrical vessel — the so-called whirlpool — is widely used in food engineering as a method for separating particles out of a suspension (Cup-of-tea-method). However many of these whirlpools do not operate adequately or fail entirely. In order to solve this problem, the first step was to investigate the flow field and its time dependency which has not been sufficiently understood until now.The rotating flow in a cylindrical vessel — induced by a fluid jet during the filling period of this vessel — is slowed down by fluid friction after the closing of the inlet valve. The velocity fields to be found mainly near, and pressure distributions at the bottom of the vessel, are measured during this unsteady flow. The results, especially those which describe vortex systems, are used to improve the separation system. This paper is restricted to the hydrodynamic aspect. Therefore success in industrial applications can only be indicated.     

绕三维水翼云状空化现象的实验研究

为了研究云状空化阶段空穴发展和脱落的机理,采用实验的方法对绕三维水翼云状空化流动进行了研究.实验在高速水洞中进行,采用高速摄像技术研究了不同空化阶段的空穴形态,并测量了翼型所受的升阻力,并对上述数据进行了频谱分析.结果发现:在云状空化阶段,观测到空穴的产生-发展-脱落-溃灭的准周期性变化;并捕捉到空泡脱落时附着在翼型前...     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on the discharge characteristic of stratified two-phase flow

New measurements of the axial velocity profile of gas/liquid stratified mixture have been carried out. The results demonstrated that there are different types of velocity profiles and different maximum velocities inside the gas and the liquid layers. Simple correlation to determine the average velocity was obtained to characterize the very common mixture in typical industrial pipeline systems. The correlation fits the data well, and it is suggested for engineering purposes.     

A study on the unsteady flow in a helical pipe

IntroductionRecently ,theresearchofunsteadyflowincurvedpipesmaintainsclosetiewiththatofbloodflowinbio_mechanics.Sothecharacteristicsofbloodflowinvesselscanbestudiedthroughtheresearchofflowincurvedpipesandthelocationthattheatherosclerosistakeplacecanbeprejudged[1].Theessentialcauseofatherosclerosiscanbeprobedinto ,too .In 1 971 ,Lyne[2 ]successfullysolvedtheproblemofflowinacircularcross_sectioncurvedpipeundertheconditionthattheaxialpressuregradientvariedinaccordwiththecosinelawusingthemethodof…     

An unsteady MHD duct flow

An exact solution is presented for unsteady laminar flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid between nonconducting, parallel, flat plates. A constant magnetic field is suddenly applied perpendicular to the plates and the motion is modified by the induced current. Numerical results are given which show how the velocity profile changes from the parabolic profile of hydrodynamics to the Hartmann profile of magnetohydrodynamics.     

An unsteady MHD duct flow

An exact solution is presented for unsteady laminar flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid between nonconducting, parallel, flat plates. A constant magnetic field is suddenly applied perpendicular to the plates and the motion is modified by the induced current. Numerical results are given which show how the velocity profile changes from the parabolic profile of hydrodynamics to the Hartmann profile of magnetohydrodynamics.     

平面突扩流动非稳定性的大涡模拟

用ＴＧ有限元法求解二维大涡模拟的非定常Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟了平面突扩流动，计算结果展示了回流区内流动的多涡结构及其不稳定的周期振荡过程，而该振荡过程的周期时间历程平均，恰好与诸多湍流模型的计算结果及实验结果相吻合，证明了数值模拟的正确性。     

PIV study of flow around unsteady airfoil with dynamic trailing-edge flap deflection

The flow around an oscillating NACA 0015 airfoil with prescheduled trailing-edge flap motion control was investigated by using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Aerodynamic load coefficients, obtained via surface pressure measurements, were also acquired to supplement the PIV results. The results demonstrate that upward flap deflections led to an improved negative peak pitching moment coefficient C _m,peak, mainly as a consequence of the increased suction pressure on the lower surface of the flap. The behavior of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) was largely unaffected. Its strength was, however, reduced slightly compared to that of the uncontrolled airfoil. No trailing-edge vortex was observed. For downward flap deflection, the strength of the LEV was found to be slightly increased. A favorable increase in C _l,max, as a consequence of downward flap-induced positive camber effects, accompanied by a detrimental increase in the nose-down C _m,peak, due to the large pressure increase on the lower surface of the flap, was also observed.     

Experimental study on heat transfer of thermally developing and developed, turbulent, horizontal pipe flow of dilute air-solids suspensions

Heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent, dilute air-solids suspension flow in thermally developing/developed regions were experimentally studied, using a uniformly heated, horizontal 54.5 mm-ID pipe and 43-μm-diameter glass beads. The local heat transfer was measured at 27 locations from the inlet to 120-dia downstream of the heated section over a range of Reynolds numbers 3×10⁴−1.2×10⁵ and solids loading ratio 0–3, and the fully developed profiles of air velocity/temperature and particle mass flux were measured at a location 140-dia downstream of the heated section using specially designed probes, inserted into the suspension flow. The effects of the Reynolds number, solids loading ratio, and azimuthal/longitudinal locations on the heat transfer characteristics and their interactions are discussed through comparison of the present results with the data obtained by other investigators. Received on 14 October 1996     

A numerical study of steady and unsteady viscoelastic flow past bounded cylinders

We consider two-dimensional, inertia-free, flow of a constant-viscosity viscoelastic fluid obeying the FENE-CR equation past a cylinder placed symmetrically in a channel, with a blockage ratio of 0.5. Through numerical simulations we show that the flow becomes unsteady when the Deborah number (using the usual definition) is greater than De ≈ 1.3, for an extensibility parameter of the model of L² = 144. The transition from steady to unsteady flow is characterised by a small pulsating recirculation zone of size approximately equal to 0.15 cylinder radius attached to the downstream face of the cylinder. There is also a rise in drag coefficient, which shows a sinusoidal variation with time. The results suggest a possible triggering mechanism leading to the steady three-dimensional Gortler-type vortical structures, which have been observed in experiments of the flow of a viscoelastic fluid around cylinders. The results reveal that the reason for failure of the search for steady numerical solutions at relatively high Deborah numbers is that the two-dimensional flow separates and eventually becomes unsteady. For a lower extensibility parameter, L² = 100, a similar recirculation is formed given rise to a small standing eddy behind the cylinder which becomes unsteady and pulsates in time for Deborah numbers larger than De ≈ 4.0–4.5.