金鸡纳生物碱电喷雾质谱裂解规律研究

利用电喷雾离子阱质谱（ES-ITMS）技术进行了金鸡纳中4种喹啉类生物碱（奎宁、奎尼定、辛可宁和辛可尼定）的电喷雾质谱研究。在优化的质谱条件下,正离子全扫描时,4种生物碱都易形成带一个质子的分子离子;进一步碰撞诱导解离四种母离子,二级质谱表明羟基丢失、奎宁环断裂及重排为其主要裂解方式。     

单糖衍生物的电喷雾质谱裂解规律研究

以1-(2-萘基)-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(NMP)作单糖标识剂, 经在线串联的LC-ESI-MS建立了单糖衍生物的电喷雾质谱裂解方法.衍生物在质谱裂解中糖类化合物特有的规范信息.借助糖类化合物在ESI-MS条件下表现出的分子离子峰m/z [M H] , 及在ESI-MS/MS条件下呈现出的特征碎片离子峰m/z 473, 可有效地确定出单糖类化合物的组成. 尽管一些脂肪醛和芳香醛也能同时被标识, 然而在质谱条件下不产生m/z 473的特征碎片离子峰, 且它们的洗脱远在糖类组分之后, 因此不干扰糖类化合物的分离和结构确定.通过建立的LC-ESI-MS方法, 对水解蜂花粉中的单糖进行了分析.结果表明: 水解的蜂花粉中含甘露糖(Man)、半乳糖醛酸(GalUA)、葡萄糖醛酸(GlcUA)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡萄糖 (Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、木糖(Xyl)和岩藻糖(Fuc).本方法为环境样品中单糖类化合物的确定提供了准确、可靠的技术手段.     

三磷酸腺苷的电喷雾质谱裂解规律研究

采用电喷雾离子阱质谱仪对正负离子模式下5'-三磷酸腺苷(adenosine 5'-triphosphate,ATP)的各种离子[ATP+H]+、[ATP-nH+(n+1)Na]+(n=0～4)、[ATP-H]-的裂解规律进行了系统研究,并提出可能的裂解过程.实验发现在裂解过程中,ATP脱去γ-磷酸时,不仅是P-O键断裂,还存在三磷酸链上β-P＝O中O先夺去碱基上的氨基或核糖环上的羟基中H、N或O再亲核进攻磷引发结构重排,脱去γ-磷酸得到一系列碎片离子.利用理论计算解释了2种重排途径的可能性与碎片离子的丰度差异.     

4种儿茶素类化合物电喷雾质谱裂解规律的研究

利用离子阱飞行时间质谱仪的高质量精度、高分辨率及多级测定性能, 对儿茶素类化合物(二组对映异构体)质谱裂解进行研究, 并利用氢/氘交换法对裂解方式进行确证. 发现儿茶素对映异构体间具有相同的质谱裂解途径, 多级质谱无明显区别. 在二级质谱中, 表儿茶素/儿茶素(EC/C)丢失的CO₂发生在A环, 丢失的C₂H₂O发生在B环. ^1,4A^-, ^1,3A^-, ^1,2A^-和[M-H-B环]^-4个碎片离子为EC/C特征离子, 通过这4个离子质量数变化, 推测A环上的取代情况. 因表儿茶素没食子酸酯/儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG/CG)结构上都含有没食子酸取代基, 在二级质谱中均可见m/z169特征峰, 此离子可用于ECG/CG和EC/C区分.     

密度泛函理论辅助研究大黄素型蒽醌化合物电喷雾质谱的裂解过程

从红树植物尖瓣海莲(Bruguiera sexangula var.rhynchopetala)来源的一株青霉菌属真菌Penicillium sp.次级代谢产物中,分离鉴定出三个大黄素型蒽醌化合物,分别为:大黄素1,3,8-三-羟基-6-甲基蒽醌(1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone,JGWY-C)、1,3,5,8-四羟基-6甲基蒽醌(1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone,JGWY-D)和1,3,8-三羟基6-羟甲基蒽醌(1,3,8-trihydroxy-6 hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone,JGWY-B).采用电喷雾离子阱质谱技术(ESI-IT-MSn)对三个化合物的裂解过程及碎片离子结构进行研究,并运用密度泛函理论计算方法,优化各碎片离子的稳定几何构型和裂解过程的能量变化,进一步验证裂解途径分析的可靠性.实验结果表明:大黄素型蒽醌化合物中酚羟基具有一定的酸性,更容易在负离子模式下形成氧负离子,A环和B环酚羟基在多级裂解过程中易脱去CO和CO2小分子.这一裂解过程可以作为药物快速检测和药代动力学研究中质谱的特征碎片离子峰.此外,化合物JGWY-B碰撞诱导裂解α位-CH2OH脱去H2形成醛基,这一过程也得到理论计算的支持.该研究为大黄素型蒽醌化合物的结构鉴定和检测提供了有用的质谱依据.     

山奈酚的电喷雾质谱裂解途径

采用电喷雾质谱技术对山奈酚的质谱过程进行了表征,并用量子化学方法对山奈酚的质谱裂解途径进行了理论研究。 依据密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平,对山奈酚的各质谱碎片离子进行了几何结构优化,确定了各碎片的稳定结构;然后,在ROB3LYP/ 6-311++G(2d,2p)水平计算了形成各碎片离子所需的键断裂能,进而推导出了山奈酚的质谱碎裂途径。 计算结果显示,山奈酚主要通过C环碎裂而发生裂解,出现碎片m/z 284.7、256.7、228.7、210.7、184.8、168.7和150.7,其中m/z 210.7的碎片离子键断裂能最小,m/z 150.7的碎片离子键断裂能最大,说明前者很容易由母离子碎片形成,后者较难由母离子碎片形成。     

北豆根生物碱电喷雾质谱电离规律及其特征图谱研究

用电喷雾离子阱质谱(ESI-QITMS)研究了粉防已碱和青藤碱在正离子检测方式下的一级质谱和二级质谱,总结出各自的ESI碎裂规律。依据北豆根对照药材生物碱提取物各组分的二级质谱碎裂特征进行了提取物的初步结构分析。实验发现北豆根提取物中存在曾在北豆根叶中发现的阿克吐明、阿克吐米定、阿克吐明宁3种含氯生物碱。以北豆根中16种已知主要生物碱(其中有一种存在同分异构体)为对象,应用选择离子检测(SIM)模式制作了北豆根对照药材生物碱提取物的特征指纹图谱。     

传统中药甘遂根中二萜类化学成分的电喷雾质谱研究

应用电喷雾多级串联质谱技术对传统中药甘遂根中的弱极性部分化学成分进行了分析鉴定, 根据串联质谱数据, 共鉴定出39个化合物. 其中包括9个新化合物: 分别为3-O-(2,3-二甲基丁酰基)-13,20-O-双十二烷酰基巨大戟萜醇(1)、3-O-(2,3-二甲基丁酰基)-13-O-癸酰基-20-O-十六烷酰基巨大戟萜醇(2)、3-O-(2,3-二甲基丁酰基)-13-O-十二烷酰基-20-O-[(9Z,12Z)-十八烷-9,12-二烯酰基]巨大戟萜醇(3)、3-O-(2,3-二甲基丁酰基)-13-O-十二烷酰基-20-O-(十八烷-9Z-烯酰基)巨大戟萜醇(4)、甘遂素I(5)、甘遂素J(6)、甘遂素K(7)、甘遂素L(8)和甘遂素M(9).     

SNP的电喷雾串联质谱研究

采用电喷雾串联质谱技术对两组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)样品进行了研究,初步研究结果显示应用串联质谱可快速鉴定SNP分型以及确定SNP位点。采用16.3 mmol/L三乙胺(TEA)-400 mmol/L六氟异丙醇(HFIP)缓存溶液,电喷雾负离子模式下,长度为20 bp的寡核苷酸的MS扫描谱图显示其母离子呈较宽的多电荷态分布。选择低电荷态[M-4H]4-母离子,碰撞能为54 eV时,MS/MS扫描得到丰富的碎片离子,通过鉴定特征离子碎片(w和a-B离子系列)可确定其序列。     

合成多肽的电喷雾质谱研究

利用电喷雾多极串联质谱对3种合成多肽进行了系统的鉴定和分析研究。首先通过全扫描模式测定了其分子量，然后选择[M H]^ 或[M 2H]^2 离子通过串联质谱(MS／MS)得到碎片离子，采用y离子和b离子互补的方法测定了多肽序列。利用文献数据对这种方法进行了验证，实验结果表明，该方法简便、快速、实用。     

Alternative procedure for charged derivatization to enhance detection responses of steroids in electrospray ionization-MS

A derivatization procedure has been examined to enhance the electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS detectabilities of steroids that charged derivatization is not suitable for. The derivatization procedure with 2-hydrazinopyridine or isonicotinoyl azide was very effective for the sensitive detection of di-oxosteroids or di-hydroxysteroids, respectively, and the detection limits of the resulting derivatives were as low as about 2 fmol. The derivatives also provided intense characteristic product ions in the MS-MS, which are expected to be usable for the selected reaction monitoring mode.     

High-energy collision-induced dissociation of multiply charged polypeptides produced by electrospray

The recent commercial implementation of an electrospray source on a four-sector mass spectrometer has allowed the study of high-energy collisional activation of multiply charged cations. With this configuration, higher mass-to-charge ratios can be accommodated in both precursor ion selection and fragment ion detection. Good mass accuracy facilitates analysis of fragment ions and allows more reliable mechanistic correlation of these fragments. A convenient scheme was devised to permit the use of kilovolt potentials in both MS-I and MS-II, with precursors of varying charge states. Algorithms were devised to assign masses of different types of multiply charged fragment ions. Nine polypeptides were studied in the mass range 2000–5000 Da. Through this entire mass range, fragment ions were observed to be amply formed by cleavages in both the backbone and side chains, analogous to high-energy collisional activation of singly charged ions. This stands in sharp contrast to the patterns reported with low-energy, multiple collisions. Abundances of sequence ion series are influenced by the positions of basic residues. Analysis of charge distributions in fragment ions also indicates that the charges tend to be spread out across the peptides.     

Determination of five anthraquinones in medicinal plants by capillary zone electrophoresis with beta-cyclodextrin addition

A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of five anthraquinone derivatives including aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, physcoin and rhein in Rheum species and Polygonum cuspidatum was established by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using beta-cyclodextrin (CD) as modifier and urea to enhance its solubility. The apparent binding constants of these derivatives with beta-CD were evaluated. After an optimization study, the best conditions were selected using 35 mM phosphate buffer (pH 11.0) containing 20 mM beta-CD and 2 M urea, applied voltage 20 kV and detection at 254 nm. Under such conditions, all of the five anthraquinones were baseline-separated within a short analysis time of 12 min with symmetrical peaks and high theoretical plate numbers (189,000-314,000). The RSD values of the migration times and peak areas were 0.6-1.1, 1.3-1.9% (intra-day) and 0.6-1.5, 1.3-2.8% (inter-day, for a 5-day period), respectively. The limits of detection for the analytes (S/N = 3) were 0.33-0.62 microg/ml. The recoveries were ranged from 93.37 to 107.69%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of anthraquinones in ethanol extracts of two kinds of Rheum plants (R. palmatum and R. hotaoense) and P. cuspidatum.     

Dissociation of deprotonated microcystin variants by collision-induced dissociation following electrospray ionization

Microcystins (MC) are a family of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by a number of different cyanobacterial species. Considering the recent advances in the characterization of deprotonated peptides by mass spectrometry, the fragmentation behavior of four structurally related microcystin compounds was investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments on an orbitrap mass spectrometer. It is demonstrated in this study that significant structural information can be obtained from the CID spectra of deprotonated microcystins. A predominant ring-opening reaction at the isoMeAsp residue, as well as two major complementary fragmentation pathways, was observed, reducing the complexity of the product ion spectra in comparison with spectra observed from protonated species. This proposed fragmentation behavior was applied to characterize [Leu(1)]MC-LR from a cyanobacterial cell extract. In conclusion, CID spectra of microcystins in the negative ion mode provide rich structurally informative mass spectra which greatly enhance confidence in structural assignments, in particular when combined with complementary positive ion CID spectra.     

Temperature-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of anthraquinones in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei samples

In this article, a novel method termed as temperature-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (TA IL-DLLME) combining high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed for the determination of anthraquinones in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei samples. The ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was used to replace volatile organic solvent as an extraction solvent for the extraction of anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) from Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. Several important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency of TA IL-DLLME such as the type and volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, sample pH, extraction time, extraction temperature, centrifugation time as well as salting-out effects were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the spiked recovery for each analyte was in the range of 95.2-108.5%. The precisions of the proposed method were varied from 1.1% to 4.4% (RSD). All the analytes exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (r²) ranging from 0.9986 to 0.9996. The limits of detection for all target analytes were ranged from 0.50 to 2.02 μg L⁻¹ (S/N = 3). The experimental results indicated that the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of anthraquinones in Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.     

On the detailed mechanisms of collision-induced dissociation experiments performed by electrospray ion trap

The product ion spectra obtained by electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap instruments exhibit a higher number of fragment ions than those achieved by other ion-trap-based systems, indicating the presence of more effective energy deposition mechanisms. This behavior can be attributed to several different reasons, among which different initial internal energy of the precursor ions, pre-activation due to collisions taking place outside the trap, different target gas mixtures inside the trap, and different ion trap geometry were considered. Data obtained from experiments using a triple quadrupole instrument, CI-ion trap, and ESI-ion trap have been compared. The results so achieved seem to indicate that the presence inside the trap of neutral molecules of the solvent employed for the ESI process have a relevant role, promoting high energy deposition in the colliding ions.     

Simultaneous quantification of five anthraquinones in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection (excitation 435 and emission 515 nm) was established and validated for quantification of five anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in rat plasma. Following a single-step liquid-liquid extraction, the analytes and internal standard (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) were separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column with water-phosphoric acid-methanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were 6.5-1300 ng/mL for aloe-emodin, 20-4000 ng/mL for rhein, 40-8000 ng/mL for emodin, 15-3000 ng/mL for chrysophanol and 13-2600 ng/mL for physcion. The lower limit of quantification was 6.5 ng/mL for aloe-emodin, 20 ng/mL for rhein, 40 ng/mL for emodin, 15 ng/mL for chrysophanol and 13 ng/mL for physcion. The mean accuracy was 94.3-105.1% for aloe-emodin, 90.3-108.8% for rhein, 92.6-106.7% for emodin, 95.8-103.8% for chrysophanol and 98.7-101.2% for physcion. The within-batch and between-batch precisions were < or = 5.5% and < or = 13.4%, respectively. This method is suitable for determining the five anthraquinones in plasma simultaneously and thus investigating the pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones from Xiexin decoction in rats.     

Quality control for Coptidis rhizoma through the determination of five alkaloids by HPLC-ELSD coupled with chemometrics

A simple, sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) has been developed for simultaneous determination of five major alkaloids in Coptidis rhizoma. Simultaneous separation of five alkaloids was achieved on a Kromasil C?? analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the isocratic elution of acetonitrile : water (30:70, v/v, the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with 0.2 moL L?1 trichloroacetic acid). The drift tube temperature of the ELSD system was set at 115 °C and the nitrogen flow rate was 2.8 L min?1. All the five calibration curves showed a good linear relationship (r2 > 0.9991) within the test ranges. The limit of detections and quantifications for the five alkaloids in ELSD were less than 0.88 and 2.73 ng, respectively. The established method was successfully applied to quantify the five ingredients in different C. rhizoma samples and evaluate the internal quality of C. rhizoma samples from various sources by analysing the chemical fingerprints using similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which provided a useful basis of overall evaluation of the quality of C. rhizoma.