完备化ANCF薄板单元及在钢板弹簧动力学建模中的应用

绝对节点坐标方法已在多体系统动力学研究中广泛应用,但常用来描述板壳类结构的薄板单元,由于梯度不完备而无法直接用于带有初始弯曲参考构型的柔性体变形描述.为避免全参数板单元建立车辆钢板弹簧模型时存在的严重截面闭锁问题,拟采用薄板单元用于板簧建模.为此,探索了将现有绝对节点坐标薄板单元纳入一般连续介质力学弹性力表达的方法,采用中面上单位法向量作为单元厚度方向的梯度向量,从而得到了完备化的薄板单元及其描述初始弯曲构型时消除初应变的方法.在此基础上通过定义簧片的未变形构型,在钢板弹簧中引入可控的预应力,实现对钢板弹簧装配过程的准确模拟.通过数值算例验证了本方法的正确性.建立了车辆钢板弹簧模型,通过建立在簧片上的局部坐标系实现接触点的跨单元搜索,并采用惩罚函数法和平滑化的库伦摩擦模型施加簧片间的接触力.引入参考节点的概念建立了整合车身与吊耳及其机构运动关系的刚柔耦合模型.     

ANCF索梁单元应变耦合问题与模型解耦

索粱结构在土木工程、航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用.在各类索梁动力学建模方法中,由于绝对节点坐标方法(absolute nodal coordinate formulation,ANCF)能够描述柔性体的大变形和大转动问题,因此非常适合大变形索梁结构的动力学建模.对绝对节点坐标索梁单元的应变进行分析可知,弯曲变形会引起单元内部轴向应变的不均匀分布,即单元轴向应变与弯曲应变相互耦合.这种应变耦合效应使单元产生伪应变能,导致单元刚度增大,造成单元失真.分析不同弯曲角下的单元应变及应变能可知,弯曲变形越大,单元失真越严重.通过构造等效一维杆单元重新描述轴向应变,实现了轴向应变与弯曲应变解耦.在此基础上推导广义弹性力,得到了绝对节点坐标索梁单元的应变解耦模型.对解耦前后的两种梁模型进行静力学和动力学仿真,结果表明;解耦模型消除了单元伪应变,相比原模型表现出更好的收敛性和曲率连续性,在相同单元数目下具有更高的精度.同时由于解耦模型降低了单元刚度,因此相比原模型,速度曲线中不再有高频振动.     

大变形薄板多体系统的动力学建模

基于非线性弹性理论,考虑剪切应变和横向应变,用绝对节点坐标法建立了大变形矩形薄板的动力学变分方程;为了提高非线性刚度阵的计算效率,根据非线性刚度阵与广义坐标阵的函数关系式,在非线性刚度阵中分离出广义坐标阵,从而避免了每个时间步长的单元刚度阵的积分运算。在此基础上,引入运动学约束关系,建立了大变形薄板系统第一类拉格朗日方程,对重力作用下大变形二连板进行数值仿真。计算结果表明:随着薄板的柔度增大,低频的弯曲变形与高频拉伸变形的耦合愈加显著;此外,系统机械能守恒验证了该模型正确性。     

基于变形分解的四边固支单向与双向薄板界定分析

板是工程结构中的常用构件,但需区分单向板和双向板分别进行设计,故对两者的界定研究具有重要意义。本文通过构造8节点正方体单元24种基本位移与变形向量,形成用于变形分解的正方体单元完备正交基矩阵,及均布荷载作用下板的主要基本变形分解图。基于变形分解分析,总结出单向板三大变形特征,即短边弯曲变形为主特征、浅梁变形特征和长边弯曲变形为可略特征;进而确定以长宽比1.50、2.20、2.40作为不同精度下的单、双向薄板类型划分界限。工程设计人员可依据具体工程需求,采用不同的分类方法对任意薄板进行类型判别,进而采用单向薄板或双向薄板理论进行薄板设计。     

含芯拧绞绳非线性弯曲动力学特性分析与研究

建立细长缆索大柔性多体动力学模型时,现实存在的复杂捻制几何构型多不予考虑,而是将柔索简化为材料均匀梁进行描述,致使运动仿真模型与物理实际存在一定差距. 为此,研究一种典型非线性拧绞绳股的大变形等效动力学建模方法,考虑准静态与大范围运动情况下绳股内的线接触,计算了受摩擦力及弯曲曲率影响的绳股可变弯曲刚度,通过等效梁模型避免了绳股精细建模时的大规模计算消耗. 基于连续介质力学与绝对节点坐标方法,建立了拧绞绳惯性广义坐标下的多柔体动力学模型. 为了验证等效模型的可行性,与基于有限段方法建立的精细模型进行对比仿真分析,通过位形验证了等效模型的精度. 进一步地,根据力载作用下的准静态构型,研究了特定构型绳股弯曲刚度沿轴向的分布规律;通过自重力下一端固定柔性绳摆自由运动仿真并与传统均匀梁模型相比,研究了模型弯曲特性的差异. 最后,根据能量守恒原理分析了摩擦耗散系统内各种能量间的相互转化. 拧绞绳大变形等效动力学模型能够提高绳索动力系统运动预测的仿真计算效率,还能为钢丝绳参数与构型设计提供依据.      

含芯拧绞绳非线性弯曲动力学特性分析与研究

建立细长缆索大柔性多体动力学模型时,现实存在的复杂捻制几何构型多不予考虑,而是将柔索简化为材料均匀梁进行描述,致使运动仿真模型与物理实际存在一定差距.为此,研究一种典型非线性拧绞绳股的大变形等效动力学建模方法,考虑准静态与大范围运动情况下绳股内的线接触,计算了受摩擦力及弯曲曲率影响的绳股可变弯曲刚度,通过等效梁模型避免了绳股精细建模时的大规模计算消耗.基于连续介质力学与绝对节点坐标方法,建立了拧绞绳惯性广义坐标下的多柔体动力学模型.为了验证等效模型的可行性,与基于有限段方法建立的精细模型进行对比仿真分析,通过位形验证了等效模型的精度.进一步地,根据力载作用下的准静态构型,研究了特定构型绳股弯曲刚度沿轴向的分布规律;通过自重力下一端固定柔性绳摆自由运动仿真并与传统均匀梁模型相比,研究了模型弯曲特性的差异.最后,根据能量守恒原理分析了摩擦耗散系统内各种能量间的相互转化.拧绞绳大变形等效动力学模型能够提高绳索动力系统运动预测的仿真计算效率,还能为钢丝绳参数与构型设计提供依据.     

基于绝对节点坐标法的平面梁有限变形下变形重构

现有的对有限变形条件下柔性结构变形重构的研究往往单纯基于曲率与应变间的几何关系, 同时忽略了被测体的纵向变形及其与弯曲变形的耦合效应. 为得到一种更加精确且能借助现有的力学工具进行应用方向扩展的变形重构方法, 以平面梁为对象, 借鉴变形重构逆有限元法的思想, 将平面梁的变形重构问题视作一类最优化问题. 首先, 通过引入绝对节点坐标法(absolute nodal coordinate formulation, ANCF)对柔性结构大变形下非线性的平面梁应变?位移关系进行精确描述, 构造了一种逆梯度缩减ANCF平面索梁单元. 然后, 对此逆ANCF单元进行改进, 在简化节点自由度的同时通过引入罚函数确保单元节点处的曲率连续性, 既保证了本问题的适定性, 也提升了最终解的精确性. 最后, 基于该单元利用Newton法构造了平面梁有限变形下变形重构问题的两种求解算法, 即逐单元算法和多单元整体算法, 以实现不同需求下的稳定求解. 数值仿真结果表明, 本方法在大变形条件下的变形重构误差小于1%, 而且在测点较少的情况下依然保持较高的精度, 同时验证了本方法的收敛性与计算效率.      

求解大柔度梁/绳索的ANCF单元及隐式迭代格式

为模拟大柔度梁/绳索结构的变形和大范围运动,基于绝对节点坐标方法ANCF(Absolute nodal coordi-nate formulation)和HHT(Hilber-Hughes-Taylor)积分方法,建立了ANCF单元的隐式动力学迭代格式.得到了简洁的节点等效力向量,且进一步导出了切线刚度矩阵的全部公式,...     

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SPINNING DEPLOYMENT OF A SOLAR SAIL COMPOSED OF VISCOELASTIC MEMBRANES

近年来, 可用于航天器推进的太阳帆自旋展开技术引起人们广泛关注. 这类太阳帆可视为由中心旋转毂轮、若干柔性绳索、太阳帆薄膜和集中质量等组成的刚柔耦合多体系统.为了对系统中的太阳帆薄膜进行建模, 提出了基于绝对节点坐标方法描述的黏弹性薄板单元, 并对其有效性进行了验证.针对简化的"IKAROS"自旋展开太阳帆系统, 采用结合自然坐标方法与绝对节点坐标方法的绝对坐标方法对其进行建模, 采用广义-α方法对大规模系统动力学方程进行求解.研究了黏弹性太阳帆薄膜自旋展开过程的动力学特性, 讨论了薄膜的黏弹性阻尼对自旋展开过程的影响规律.     

三角形截面梁柱构件的三维等效弹簧计算模型

传统有限元在分析梁柱构件时一般采用常应变单元和双线性单元,但此类单元在梁柱构件受弯分析中计算精度不是很高.本文根据梁柱构件的力学性能,在三维连续介质体受到轴向变形和弯曲变形的状态下,利用其轴向变形和弯曲挠度相同,得到具有相同宽度和高度且刚度等效的超静定桁架力学模型.然后,通过桁架杆的截面参数求得弹簧的刚度系数,从而得等效弹簧元模型.本文提出的等效弹簧模型计算方法简单,便于扩展到更为复杂的构件分析中.     

A new curved gradient deficient shell element of absolute nodal coordinate formulation for modeling thin shell structures

A curved gradient deficient shell element for the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF) is proposed for modeling initially thin curved structures. Unlike the fully parameterized elements of ANCF, a full mapping of the gradient vectors between different configurations is not available for gradient deficient elements, therefore it is cumbersome to work in a rectangular coordinate system for an initially curved element. In this study, a curvilinear coordinate system is adopted as the undeformed Lagrangian coordinates, and the Green–Lagrange strain tensor with respect to the curvilinear frame is utilized to characterize the deformation energy of the shell element. As a result, the strain due to the initially curved element shape is eliminated naturally, and the element formulation is obtained in a concise mathematical form with a clear physical interpretation. For thin structures, the simplified formulations for the evaluation of elastic forces are also given. Moreover, an approach to deal with the on-surface slope discontinuity is also proposed for modeling general curved shell structures. Finally, the developed element of ANCF is validated by several numerical examples.     

Topology optimization of a flexible multibody system with variable-length bodies described by ALE–ANCF

Recent years have witnessed the application of topology optimization to flexible multibody systems (FMBS) so as to enhance their dynamic performances. In this study, an explicit topology optimization approach is proposed for an FMBS with variable-length bodies via the moving morphable components (MMC). Using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation, the thin plate elements of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are used to describe the platelike bodies with variable length. For the thin plate element of ALE–ANCF, the elastic force and additional inertial force, as well as their Jacobians, are analytically deduced. In order to account for the variable design domain, the sets of equivalent static loads are reanalyzed by introducing the actual and virtual design domains so as to transform the topology optimization problem of dynamic response into a static one. Finally, the novel MMC-based topology optimization method is employed to solve the corresponding static topology optimization problem by explicitly evolving the shapes and orientations of a set of structural components. The effect of the minimum feature size on the optimization of an FMBS is studied. Three numerical examples are presented to validate the accuracy of the thin plate element of ALE–ANCF and the efficiency of the proposed topology optimization approach, respectively.     

On the formulation of the planar ANCF triangular finite elements

In this paper, new planar isoparametric triangular finite elements (FE) based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are developed. The proposed ANCF elements have six coordinates per node: two position coordinates that define the absolute position vector of the node and four gradient coordinates that define vectors tangent to coordinate lines (parameters) at the same node. To shed light on the importance of the element geometry and to facilitate the development of some of the new elements presented in this paper, two different parametric definitions of the gradient vectors are used. The first parametrization, called area parameterization, is based on coordinate lines along the sides of the element in the reference configuration, while the second parameterization, called Cartesian parameterization, employs coordinate lines defined along the axes of the structure (body) coordinate system. The fundamental differences between the ANCF parameterizations used in this investigation and the parametrizations used for conventional finite elements are highlighted. The Cartesian parameterization serves as a unique standard for the triangular FE assembly. To this end, a transformation matrix that defines the relationship between the area and the Cartesian parameterizations is introduced for each element in order to allow for the use of standard FE assembly procedure and define the structure (body) inertia and elastic forces. Using Bezier geometry and a linear mapping, cubic displacement fields of the new ANCF triangular elements are systematically developed. Specifically, two new ANCF triangular finite elements are developed in this investigation, namely four-node mixed-coordinate and three-node ANCF triangles. The performance of the proposed new ANCF elements is evaluated by comparison with the conventional linear and quadratic triangular elements as well as previously developed ANCF rectangular and triangular elements. The results obtained in this investigation show that in the case of small and large deformations as well as finite rotations, all the elements considered can produce correct results, which are in a good agreement if appropriate mesh sizes are used.     

Contact dynamics of elasto-plastic thin beams simulated via absolute nodal coordinate formulation

Under the frame of multibody dynamics, the contact dynamics of elasto-plastic spatial thin beams is numerically studied by using the spatial thin beam elements of absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). The inter-nal force of the elasto-plastic spatial thin beam element is derived under the assumption that the plastic strain of the beam element depends only on its longitudinal deformation. A new body-fixed local coordinate system is introduced into the spatial thin beam element of ANCF for efficient con-tact detection in the contact dynamics simulation. The linear isotropic hardening constitutive law is used to describe the elasto-plastic deformation of beam material, and the classical return mapping algorithm is adopted to evaluate the plastic strains. A multi-zone contact approach of thin beams previ-ously proposed by the authors is also introduced to detect the multiple contact zones of beams accurately, and the penalty method is used to compute the normal contact force of thin beams in contact. Four numerical examples are given to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the pro-posed elasto-plastic spatial thin beam element of ANCF for flexible multibody system dynamics.     

Fractal patterns from the dynamics of combined polynomial root finding methods

A solid tetrahedral finite element employing the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is presented. In the ANCF, the mass matrix and vector of the generalized gravity forces used in the equations of motion are constant, whereas the vector of the elastic forces is highly nonlinear. The proposed solid element uses translations of nodes as sets of nodal coordinates. The tetrahedral shape of the element makes it suitable for modeling structures with complex shapes, and the small number of the degrees of freedom enables good performance and versatile application to problems of structural dynamics. The accuracy and convergence of the element were investigated using statics and dynamics benchmarks and a practical industry application.     

An improved dynamic model for a silicone material beam with large deformation

Dynamic modeling for incompressible hyperelastic materials with large deformation is an important issue in biomimetic applications. The previously proposed lower-order fully parameterized absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) beam element employs cubic interpolation in the longitudinal direction and linear interpolation in the transverse direction, whereas it cannot accurately describe the large bending deformation. On this account, a novel modeling method for studying the dynamic behavior of nonlinear materials is proposed in this paper. In this formulation, a higher-order beam element characterized by quadratic interpolation in the transverse directions is used in this investigation. Based on the Yeoh model and volumetric energy penalty function, the nonlinear elastic force matrices are derived within the ANCF framework. The feasibility and availability of the Yeoh model are verified through static experiment of nonlinear incompressible materials. Furthermore, dynamic simulation of a silicone cantilever beam under the gravity force is implemented to validate the superiority of the higher-order beam element. The simulation results obtained based on the Yeoh model by employing three different ANCF beam elements are compared with the result achieved from a commercial finite element package as the reference result. It is found that the results acquired utilizing a higher-order beam element are in good agreement with the reference results, while the results obtained using a lower-order beam element are different from the reference results. In addition, the stiffening problem caused by volumetric locking can be resolved effectively by applying a higher-order beam element. It is concluded that the proposed higher-order beam element formulation has satisfying accuracy in simulating dynamic motion process of the silicone beam.     

A triangular plate element 2343 using second-order absolute-nodal-coordinate slopes: numerical computation of shape functions

In this paper, the process by which geometrical and structural matrices of plate finite elements employing absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are constructed is studied. The kinematic and topological properties of an arbitrary plate finite element are described using universal digital code dncm that provides systematic enumeration of finite elements. This code is formed using the element’s dimension d, the number of nodes it possesses n, the number of scalar coordinates per node c, and a multiplier describing the process of transforming a conventional finite element to an ANCF element m. The detailed generation of a new type of triangular plate finite element 2343 using numerical computation of shape functions is also discussed in the paper. The new triangular element employs position vectors and slope vectors up to second-order mixed-derivative slope vector. A detailed derivation of the equations of motion of the element is also provided and examples of its numerical simulation and validation presented.     

Behavior of thin rectangular ANCF shell elements in various mesh configurations

The absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is characterized by being developed specifically for dynamic analysis of large deformation problems. The objective of the study is to investigate how the shape of the initial mesh configuration influences the obtained numerical solution. After a thorough review of three available formulations, they are used in three different convergence studies. Initially a reference study is conducted to determine how the ANCF performs in an uniform and rectangular mesh. Subsequently, the ANCF methods sensitivity to irregular mesh is investigated and finally, the ability of the ANCF method to describe curved structures is evaluated. This study concludes that thin ANCF shell elements are sensitive to both the initial shape and their loading condition. Furthermore, both the initial configuration and the loading condition affect how the ANCF-based models converge. It is suggested that models containing thin ANCF shell elements are subjected to extensive validation studies, before they are used in a design process.     

热-动力学耦合多体系统建模与降阶

在轨运行的卫星天线受到太阳辐射热冲击后容易出现热致振动或指向不准确等问题, 严重时会导致航天器失效. 本文提出了一种基于改进模态综合法的刚柔热耦合多体系统建模与降阶方法. 采用绝对节点坐标法单元形函数对柔性天线的位移场与温度场进行统一离散插值, 避免了两种物理场网格不匹配带来的映射误差与效率问题, 并使用绝对节点坐标参考节点描述中心刚体. 在系统方程中考虑了热流输入和表面自热辐射. 针对绝对节点坐标法切线刚度阵高度非线性的特点, 利用一阶泰勒展开对系统动力学和传热学方程进行了分段线性化, 在线性化区间内切线刚度矩阵为常数矩阵, 避免了每个时间步上的弹性力及其雅克比矩阵的迭代计算, 并使得基于模态的降阶手段得以应用. 利用改进的模态综合方法划分子结构并缩减系统自由度. 相邻子结构之间通过约束方程保证连接精度和连续性. 通过纯导热半圆形薄板、薄板的热膨胀、柔性太阳能电池板和刚柔热耦合抛物线天线四个数值算例验证本文所提出方法的有效性. 结果表明, 本文提出的方法在保证仿真精度的前提下缩减了系统规模, 提高了仿真计算效率.