高邻位高分子量热塑性酚醛树脂研制

改变传统合成工艺,在高温高压无催化剂条件下,合成了无金属杂质的高邻位高分子量热塑性酚醛树脂。考察了苯酚与甲醛加成缩合反应过程中原料种类、原料配比、反应温度及反应压力等因素对酚醛树脂结构性能的影响。通过软化点测试仪、核磁共振谱仪等研究了酚醛树脂合成过程中各个参数对酚醛树脂结构性能的影响。在酚／醛比为1：0．7,210℃、...     

高硫石油焦制备高储气性能天然气吸附剂

以高硫石油焦为原料，KOH为活化剂，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为表面活性剂制备天然气吸附剂，分析了高硫焦基吸附剂的孔结构和孔分布特征，讨论了高硫焦制备吸附剂的活化机理。结果表明，预活化中加入表面活性剂SDBS可提高KOH与原料的混合均匀度，对活化效果有利。最优活化条件下制备的吸附剂样品GSR3和GSR4的微孔容积分别达到1.0985cm3·g－1 和1.3193cm3·g－1，孔径分布集中在0.9nm~1.5nm；在25℃、充放气压力3.5MPa和0.1MPa下，GSR3、GSR4对甲烷的质量吸附量分别达到0.139和0.145，有效体积脱附量达到111和115。粉体高硫焦基吸附剂的性能非常接近于低硫焦基吸附剂。     

高吸水性树脂

综述了国内高吸水性树脂的研究进展,其中包括高吸水性树脂的制备方法、类型、影响其吸水性能的因素以及功能与应用。     

高烯丙基醇和高炔丙基醇的无溶剂合成

在活化锌粉的促进下,通过羰基化合物的烯丙基化和炔丙基化反应,实现了高烯丙基醇和高炔丙基醇的快速无溶剂合成,收率72％～88％。产物的结构经1^H NMR,MS和元素分析确证。     

高热稳定性高有序性中孔Zr-P-Al材料的合成

 以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用水热法合成了中孔氧化锆,依次用磷酸和水合氯化铝溶液对其进行后处理,得到了具有高热稳定性、高有序性的中孔Zr-P-Al材料. 样品的XRD,TEM 和氮气物理吸附测试结果表明,反应凝胶中的水量和陈化条件对样品结构有很大影响. 当反应凝胶配比为Zr(SO4)2:CTAB:H2O＝1:0.27:240时,所得样品具有较规整的六方结构. 此样品经磷酸处理后,有序程度进一步提高. 将磷酸处理过的样品再用水合氯化铝溶液处理,得到的材料具有典型的中孔特征和很高的热稳定性. 最终产物经过700 ℃焙烧后具有416 m2/g 的比表面积,孔容积较大,孔径分布均匀,800 ℃焙烧后其比表面积仍可达到227 m2/g. 样品的高稳定性来源于锆、磷和铝之间的相互作用.     

改善高氯卤化银乳剂的高照度性能

本实验制备了高氯卤化银立方体系列乳剂和高氯卤化银(100)晶面T颗粒乳剂,对高氯卤化银立方体乳剂进行了不同种类掺杂剂的掺杂试验.通过测定以上各乳剂在常规曝光和高照度曝光下的照相性能,表明了在高氯卤化银乳剂中掺杂碘化物、掺杂铱络合物和掺杂浅电子陷阱掺杂剂都可以不同程度地改善乳剂的高照度性能,几种改进措施的结合效果更好.     

高吸水性树脂

高吸水性树脂,可以吸收其本身重量的几百倍水。将水溶性高分子如羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酸钠盐或聚乙烯醇进行轻微的交联可以得到。由于其高吸水性、在压力下的高保水性和高增稠性,被广泛应用于纸尿布、生理巾、土壤保水剂、工业脱水剂、增稠剂等。     

高含水胶

有一种奇特的物质,它不仅不需要通常橡胶那些交联过程,就具有一般大分子弹性体的各种物性,而且含水量高达80—90％。这就是八十年代初日本科学家南部昌生偶尔发现并报道的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶胶,又称高含水弹性体或高含水胶。现在,这种高含水胶特殊的制备方法、结构和性质已引起人们的关注。其发现有助于进一步研究高分子的结构与性能,也有希望开发新一代的医用材料。     

高吸水性聚合物

吸水材料与我们的生活有着密切的关系。长期以来人们一直使用纸、脱脂棉、纱布、海绵等天然材料作吸水剂。由于这些材料是靠纤维间的毛细管作用吸水,随着吸水量的增加,体积就显著增大。因此,吸水效率有限,而且吸水以     

高吸水性树脂

用热力学理论和相转变理论阐明了高吸水性树脂的吸水机理。解释了高分子链上的电荷密度、外界溶液离子强度以及交联度对吸水倍数的影响，并指出了影响吸水速率的因素。介绍了淀粉类、纤维素类、共聚合类、复合类以及可生物降解类高吸水性树脂近30年来的研究状况以及存在的问题，简要介绍了高吸水性树脂的应用。     

Cu@UiO-66衍生的Cu+-ZrO2界面位点用于高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts have demonstrated effective in hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, during which the Cu-ZrO₂ interface plays a key role. Thus, maximizing the number of Cu-ZrO₂ interface active sites is an effective strategy to develop ideal catalysts. This can be achieved by controlling the active metal size and employing porous supports. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are valid candidates because of their rich, open-framework structures and tunable compositions. UiO-66 is a rigid metal-organic skeleton material with excellent hydrothermal and chemical stability that comprises Zr as the metal center and terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as the organic ligand. Herein, porous UiO-66 was chosen as the ZrO₂ precursor, which can confine Cu nanoparticles within its pores/defects. As a result, we constructed a Cu-ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with high activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Many active interfaces could form when the catalysts were calcined at a moderate temperature, and the active interface was optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature and active metal size. Furthermore, the Cu-ZrO₂ interface remained after CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrating the stability of the active interface. The catalyst structure and hydrogenation activity were influenced by the content of the active component and the calcination temperature; therefore, these parameters were explored to obtain an optimized catalyst. At 280 ℃ and 4.5 MPa, the optimized CZ-0.5-400 catalyst gave the highest methanol turnover frequency (TOF) of 13.4 h^-1 with a methanol space-time yield (STY) of 587.8 g·kg^-1·h^-1 (calculated per kilogram of catalyst, the same below), a CO₂ conversion of 12.6%, and a methanol selectivity of 62.4%. In situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of CO adsorption over the optimized catalyst revealed a predominant, unreducible Cu⁺ species that was also identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The favorable activity observed was due to this abundant Cu⁺ species coming from the Cu⁺-ZrO₂ interface that served as the methanol synthesis active center and acted as a bridge for transporting hydrogen from the active Cu species to ZrO₂. In addition, the oxygen vacancies of ZrO₂ promoted the adsorption and activation of CO₂. These vacancies and Cu⁺ trapped in the ZrO₂ lattice are the active sites for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst before and after reaction revealed the stability of its structure, which was further verified by time-on-stream (TOS) tests. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and temperature-programmed surface reaction-mass spectroscopy (TPSR-MS) revealed the reaction mechanism of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which followed an HCOO-intermediated pathway.     

无表面活性剂条件下一锅法制备金属/氧化锌复合材料用于催化二氧化碳加氢制甲醇反应

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol is an important chemical process owing to its contribution in alleviating the impacts of the greenhouse effect and in realizing the requirement for renewable energy sources. Owing to their excellent synergic functionalities and unique optoelectronic as well as catalytic properties, transition metal/ZnO (M/ZnO) nanocomposites have been widely used as catalysts for this reaction in recent years. Development of size-controlled synthesis of metal/oxide complexes is highly desirable. Further, because it is extremely difficult to achieve the strong-metal-support-interaction (SMSI) effect when the M/ZnO nanocomposites are prepared via physical methods, the use of chemical methods is more favorable for the fabrication of multi-component catalysts. However, because of the requirement for an extra H₂ reduction step to obtain the active metallic phase (M) and surfactants to control the size of nanoparticles, most M/ZnO nanocomposites undergo two- or multi-step synthesis, which is disadvantageous for the stable catalytic performance of the M/ZnO nanocomposites. In this work, we demonstrate facile one-pot synthesis of M/ZnO (M = Pd, Au, Ag, and Cu) nanocomposites in refluxed ethylene glycol as a solvent, without using any surfactants. During the synthesis process, Pd and ZnO species can stabilize each other from further aggregation by reducing their individual surface energies, thereby achieving size control of particles. Besides, NaHCO₃ serves as a size-control tool for Pd nanoparticles by adjusting the alkaline conditions. Ethylene glycol serves as a mild reducing agent and solvent owing to its capacity to reduce Pd ions to generate Pd crystals. The nucleation and growth of Pd particles are achieved by thermal reduction, while the ZnO nanocrystals are formed by thermal decomposition of Zn(OAc)₂. X-ray diffraction patterns of the M/ZnO and ZnO were analyzed to study the phase of the nanocomposites, and the results show that no impurity phase was detected. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the morphology and structural properties. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was performed to further confirm the formation of M/ZnO hybrid materials, and the results confirm SMSI between Pd and ZnO. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to check the actual elemental compositions, and the results show that the detected atomic ratios of Pd/Zn were consistent with the values in the theoretical recipe. To investigate the effects of the Pd/Zn molar ratios and the added amount of NaHCO₃ on Pd size, the average sizes of Pd particles were calculated, and the results were confirmed by TEM observation. The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ composite is a widely known catalyst for hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, and other M/ZnO composites are also catalytic for this reaction. Therefore, different M/ZnO hybrids were further studied as catalysts for hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, among which Pd/ZnO (1 : 9) demonstrated the best performance (30% CO₂ conversion, 69% methanol selectivity, and 421.9 g_methanol·(kg catalyst·h)^-1 at 240 ℃ and 5 MPa. The outstanding catalytic performance may be explained by the following two factors: first, Pd is a good catalyst for the dissociation of H₂ to give active H atoms, and second, SMSI between Pd and ZnO favors the formation of surface oxygen vacancies on ZnO. Moreover, most M/ZnO composites exhibit excellent performance in methanol selectivity, especially the Au/ZnO catalyst, which has the highest methanol selectivity (82%) despite having the lowest CO₂ conversion. Hopefully, this work would provide a simple route for synthesis of M/ZnO nanocomposites with clean surfaces for catalysis.     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of 1-Butene to 1,3-Butadiene Using CO2 over Cr-SiO2 Catalysts Prepared by Sol-gel Method

A series of Cr-SiO₂ catalysts with a Cr content(mass fraction) ranging from 0.5% to 9% was prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, EDX elemental mapping, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XPS and H₂-TPR, and their catalytic behavior in the dehydrogenation of 1-butene to 1,3-butadiene(BD) using CO₂ as a soft oxidant was studied. The initial BD yield is well correlated with the amount of Cr⁶⁺ in the fresh catalysts. The highest BD yield of ca. 34% is achieved on the catalysts with 5%-9% Cr at 600℃ and weight hourly space velocity(WHSV) of 4.5 g·g_cat^-1·h^-1. The promoting effect of CO₂ on the BD yield was observed, which can be attributed to the reaction coupling between a simple dehydrogenation of 1-butene and the reverse water-gas shift reaction as well as regaining the oxidation state(lattice oxygen) of reduced Cr³⁺ species due to the mild oxidation ability of CO₂. The Cr-SiO₂ catalyst exhibits higher BD yield than the Cr catalyst supported on SBA-15, which is attributed to the higher amount of Cr⁶⁺ present on the former catalyst.     

In-Co二元金属氧化物上CO2催化加氢反应的选择性转变:催化反应的机理和构效关系

采用催化加氢的方式将CO₂转化为甲醇,既可以减少CO₂排放,又制备了化学品,该反应具有重要的研究意义.氧化铟(In₂O₃)作为CO2加氢制甲醇催化剂,由于其较高的CO₂活化能力和甲醇选择性,被科研工作者广泛研究.其中,将具有良好解离H2能力的过渡金属元素引入In₂O₃(M/In₂O₃)是有效提高催化剂性能的策略之一,然而,M/In₂O₃体系催化CO₂加氢反应机理及活性位点仍不清楚.本文引入Co制备了In-Co二元金属氧化物催化剂应用于CO2加氢制甲醇,结果表明,相较于In₂O₃,In-Co催化剂性能有很大提升,其中In1-Co₄催化剂上甲醇时空产率(9.7 mmol·g_cat^-1 h^-1)是In₂O₃(2.2 mmol·g_cat^-1 h^-1)的近5倍(反应条件:P=4.0 MPa,T=300℃,GHSV=24000 cm³ _STP g_cat^-1 h^-1,H2/CO₂=3).值得注意的是,尽管Co是金属元素的主体,In-Co催化剂中Co催化CO₂甲烷化的活性受到明显抑制.本文还通过多种技术系统研究了催化剂结构与反应选择性转变间的关系.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、粉末X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜等对催化剂结构以及表面性质进行了表征.结果表明,在H₂还原气氛诱导下,In-Co催化剂表面发生重构,形成以CoO为核,以In₂O₃为壳的核壳结构,其在高压反应后仍能保持稳定;更重要的是,该核壳结构可以显著增强In-Co催化剂吸附及活化CO₂的能力.CO₂加氢反应动力学研究表明,Co催化剂上H₂分压对CO₂加氢为零级反应,而H₂分压在In-Co上的反应级数为正数;In-Co催化剂上,CO₂分压的反应级数接近于零,表明CO₂及其衍生物在In-Co的表面吸附饱和,但在纯Co上,则不会发生这种饱和吸附.通过原位DRIFTS研究了催化反应路径和关键中间物种的吸附及反应行为,发现CO₂加氢在纯Co和In-Co上的催化机理均遵循甲酸盐路径.在该催化路径中,CO₂首先加氢为甲酸盐(*HCOO)物种,随后加氢为甲氧基(*CH₃O).*CH₃O在Co催化剂上进一步加氢生成CH₄,而*CH₃O在In-Co催化剂上则会脱附生成CH₃OH.根据表征结果,本文认为,在还原性气氛下,In-Co发生了重构并生成表面富In₂O₃的核壳状结构,显著提高了催化剂对CO₂和含碳物种的吸附能力.Co和In-Co催化剂对CO₂加氢反应选择性的差异归因于催化剂对CO₂和对*HCOO等含碳中间物种的吸附稳定性不同.CO₂及其衍生的含碳中间物种在In-Co催化剂上的吸附能力比在Co催化剂上强,形成了较合适的催化剂表面C/H比,从而使*CH₃O能够脱附为CH₃OH,而不是进一步加氢为CH₄.综上,本文研究为高活性In-Co催化剂体系在CO₂加氢反应中的催化机理及行为提供了解释,为金属-氧化铟(M-In₂O₃)催化剂体系的设计提供了参考.     

In-Co二元金属氧化物上CO2催化加氢反应的选择性转变:催化反应的机理和构效关系

采用催化加氢的方式将CO₂转化为甲醇,既可以减少CO₂排放,又制备了化学品,该反应具有重要的研究意义.氧化铟(In₂O₃)作为CO2加氢制甲醇催化剂,由于其较高的CO₂活化能力和甲醇选择性,被科研工作者广泛研究.其中,将具有良好解离H2能力的过渡金属元素引入In₂O₃(M/In₂O₃)是有效提高催化剂性能的策略之一,然而,M/In₂O₃体系催化CO₂加氢反应机理及活性位点仍不清楚.本文引入Co制备了In-Co二元金属氧化物催化剂应用于CO2加氢制甲醇,结果表明,相较于In₂O₃,In-Co催化剂性能有很大提升,其中In1-Co₄催化剂上甲醇时空产率(9.7 mmol·g_cat^-1 h^-1)是In₂O₃(2.2 mmol·g_cat^-1 h^-1)的近5倍(反应条件:P=4.0 MPa,T=300℃,GHSV=24000 cm³ _STP g_cat^-1 h^-1,H2/CO₂=3).值得注意的是,尽管Co是金属元素的主体,In-Co催化剂中Co催化CO₂甲烷化的活性受到明显抑制.本文还通过多种技术系统研究了催化剂结构与反应选择性转变间的关系.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、粉末X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱和透射电子显微镜等对催化剂结构以及表面性质进行了表征.结果表明,在H₂还原气氛诱导下,In-Co催化剂表面发生重构,形成以CoO为核,以In₂O₃为壳的核壳结构,其在高压反应后仍能保持稳定;更重要的是,该核壳结构可以显著增强In-Co催化剂吸附及活化CO₂的能力.CO₂加氢反应动力学研究表明,Co催化剂上H₂分压对CO₂加氢为零级反应,而H₂分压在In-Co上的反应级数为正数;In-Co催化剂上,CO₂分压的反应级数接近于零,表明CO₂及其衍生物在In-Co的表面吸附饱和,但在纯Co上,则不会发生这种饱和吸附.通过原位DRIFTS研究了催化反应路径和关键中间物种的吸附及反应行为,发现CO₂加氢在纯Co和In-Co上的催化机理均遵循甲酸盐路径.在该催化路径中,CO₂首先加氢为甲酸盐(*HCOO)物种,随后加氢为甲氧基(*CH₃O).*CH₃O在Co催化剂上进一步加氢生成CH₄,而*CH₃O在In-Co催化剂上则会脱附生成CH₃OH.根据表征结果,本文认为,在还原性气氛下,In-Co发生了重构并生成表面富In₂O₃的核壳状结构,显著提高了催化剂对CO₂和含碳物种的吸附能力.Co和In-Co催化剂对CO₂加氢反应选择性的差异归因于催化剂对CO₂和对*HCOO等含碳中间物种的吸附稳定性不同.CO₂及其衍生的含碳中间物种在In-Co催化剂上的吸附能力比在Co催化剂上强,形成了较合适的催化剂表面C/H比,从而使*CH₃O能够脱附为CH₃OH,而不是进一步加氢为CH₄.综上,本文研究为高活性In-Co催化剂体系在CO₂加氢反应中的催化机理及行为提供了解释,为金属-氧化铟(M-In₂O₃)催化剂体系的设计提供了参考.     

ZnO逆修饰小尺寸Cu/SiO2催化剂及其在CO2加氢制甲醇中的应用

Cu-ZnO is broadly used as a catalyst in CO₂ reduction to produce methanol, but fabricating small-sized Cu-ZnO catalysts with strong Cu-ZnO interactions remains a challenge. In this work, a simple, low-cost method is proposed to synthesize small-sized Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ with high activity and controllable Cu-ZnO interactions derived from copper silicate nanotubes. A series of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ samples with different amounts of ZnO were prepared. The activities of the as-prepared catalysts for methanol synthesis were tested, and the results revealed a volcano relationship with the weight fraction of ZnO. At 523 K, the methanol selectivity increased from 20% to 67% when 14% ZnO was added to the Cu/SiO₂ catalyst, while the conversion of CO₂ increased first and then decreased with the addition of ZnO. The optimum space time yield (STY) of 244 g·kg^-1·h^-1 was obtained on C-SiO₂-7%ZnO at 543 K under 4.5 MPa H₂/CO₂. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Cu and ZnO was studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) analyses. The HRTEM images showed that the Cu particles come in contact with ZnO more frequently with increased addition of ZnO, indicating that the catalysts with higher ZnO contents have a greater probability of formation of the Cu-ZnO interface, which promotes the catalytical activity of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂. Meanwhile, the HRTEM images, XRD patterns, and TPR results showed that the addition of excess ZnO leads to an increase in the size of the Cu particles, which in turn decreases the total number of active sites and further degrades the activity of the catalysts. The activation energy (E_a) for methanol synthesis and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) was calculated based on the results of the catalytical test. With the addition of ZnO, E_a for methanol synthesis decreased from 72.5 to 34.8 kJ·mol^-1, while that for RWGS increased from 61.3 to 102.7 kJ·mol^-1, illustrating that ZnO promotes the synergistic effect of Cu-ZnO. The results of XPS and in situ DRIFTS showed that the amount of Cu⁺ species decreases with the addition of ZnO, indicating that the Cu-ZnO interface serves as the active site. The Cu surface area and the turnover frequency (TOF) of methanol were calculated based on the H₂-TPR curves. The TOF of methanol on the Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts at 543 K increased from 1.5 × 10^-3 to 3.9 × 10^-3 s^-1 with the addition of ZnO, which further confirmed the promotion effect of the Cu-ZnO interface on the methanol synthesis. This study provides a method to construct Cu-ZnO interfaces based on copper silicate and to investigate the influence of ZnO on Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts.     

CaO对Cu-ZnO-ZrO_2催化CO_2加H_2合成甲醇性能影响

用CaO作为改性助剂,采用并流共沉淀法制备了CuO∶ZnO∶ZrO_2为5∶4∶1(物质的量比),CaO添加量为0、1%、2%、4%、8%、16%(摩尔分数)的六组催化剂。用X射线衍射(XRD)、微商热重(TG-DTG)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、N2吸附脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、CO_2程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)对催化剂进行了表征。用自制固定床评价了催化剂活性。结果表明,添加CaO后,催化剂路易斯酸性和表面碱性增强;催化剂母体中高温碳酸盐含量增加,热稳定性增强,CuO颗粒粒径变小,Cu-Zn协同作用增强,Cu比表面积增大,分散性变好。催化剂活性受到表面酸碱性、铜比表面积、Cu-Zn协同作用和铜分散性共同影响。当CaO为2%时,铜比表面积为79.3 m2/g、铜分散度为34.8%、CO_2转化率为24.55%、甲醇选择性为19.01%、甲醇收率为0.044 g/(gcat·h),催化剂活性最好。过量CaO占据催化剂孔道和覆盖表面活性位,使催化剂路易斯酸性和表面碱性过强,CuO与H_2有效接触减少,CO_2难以脱附,催化活性下降。因此,适量CaO(2%)添加可促进CO_2加氢反应合成甲醇。     

Cu-Co负载量对Cu-Co基催化剂催化CH4-合成气梯阶转化合成C2+含氧化合物的影响

以TiO₂纳米粒子为载体, 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu-Co双金属催化剂, 考察了不同Cu/Co质量比和不同Cu-Co含量的双金属催化剂对CH₄-合成气梯阶转化直接合成C₂⁺含氧化合物的影响. 在连续式步阶固定床反应装置上进行了催化性能评价. 实验结果表明, 当Cu-Co含量为18%, Cu/Co质量比为2: 1时, Cu-Co/TiO₂的C₂⁺含氧化合物产物的时空收率最大, 为19.92 mg·g_cat^-1·h^-1, 选择性为67.76%. 研究表明, 金属组分之间和载体与金属组分之间的相互作用、 金属组分良好的分散性和还原性是促进活性位的形成和提高催化剂活性的原因; 催化剂表面高度分散的CuO微晶有利于催化加氢和脱氢反应的进行, 对CH₄-合成气转化反应有重要的促进作用. 另外, 弱酸和中强酸有利于CH₄-合成气转化反应, 而强酸对该反应有抑制作用.     

Cu/ZnO催化糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究

通过共沉淀法制备一系列铜锌催化剂,用于固定床上糠醛气相加氢制2-甲基呋喃的研究。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3-程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)表征,分析催化剂中Cu0和ZnO在催化反应中的作用。结果表明,Cu~0是糠醛加氢的活性中心,氧化锌的加入减小了催化剂晶粒粒径、增大了催化剂比表面积、利于催化剂还原和增加催化剂表面弱酸性位。当Cu/Zn物质的量比为1∶2时,Cu_1Zn_2催化剂具有适宜氧化还原活性中心及弱酸位数量,对2-甲基呋喃表现出较高的选择性。Cu_1Zn_2催化剂在常压、反应温度为200℃、氢醛物质的量比为4∶1、糠醛体积空速为0.3 h-1条件下,糠醛转化率100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性最高为93.6%。反应稳定运行200 h后,糠醛转化率仍为100.0%,2-甲基呋喃选择性为80.0%,糠醇选择性为11.4%。     

Pd/C催化剂用于CO2电化学还原生成CO:Pd载量的影响

CO₂电化学还原反应可以将CO₂转化为燃料并同时实现再生能源的有效存储. 目前纳米结构的多相催化剂已经广泛应用于此反应,其中碳负载钯纳米粒子（Pd/C）表现出优异的CO₂电化学还原性能. 本工作研究了钯载量对于Pd/C催化剂结构以及其催化CO₂还原生成CO反应活性和选择性的影响. 不同载量的Pd/C催化剂通过液相还原方法制备,钯纳米粒子均匀地分散在碳载体上,载量并没有明显改变对纳米粒子的粒径. 在优选的电解质（0.1 mol·L^-1 KHCO₃）中,CO法拉第效率与载量呈现火山型曲线关系,-0.89 V时载量为20wt%的Pd/C催化剂达到最高的CO法拉第效率(91.2%). 生成CO的几何电流密度随着钯载量的增加而增加,但CO转换频率具有相反的趋势,载量为2.5wt%的Pd/C催化剂具有最高的转换频率. 这种载量对CO₂电化学还原反应活性和选择性的影响主要由活性位的数量、反应动力学、中间物种的稳定性以及反应物、中间物种和产物的传质过程等共同决定.