The effects that changes in the diaphragm aperture have on the resulting shock tube flow

In a conventional shock tube, the driver and the driven sections have similar (if not identical) cross-sectional area and the diaphragm opened area, upon rupturing, is practically equal to the tube cross-sectional area. Such geometry results in generating a well-formed shock wave in the tube’s driven section. The present experimental work checks the effects that changes in the diaphragm ruptured area have on the generated shock and rarefaction waves. Experiments were conducted in an 80?mm by 80?mm cross section shock tube generating incident shock waves having Mach numbers within the range from 1.06 to 1.25. In each run, pressure histories were recorded along the driven and the driver sections of the shock tube. The recorded pressures reveal that progressive reduction in the diaphragm open space resulted in a weaker shock and both longer time and distance until the compression waves generated close to the diaphragm coalesces into a shock wave. In addition, reducing the open space of the diaphragm resulted in a significant slow down in the high pressure reduction prevailing in the driver section.     

磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12铝的强度测量

高压高应变率加载下材料的强度研究一直是冲击动力学的一个难题,目前动态载荷下材料的高压强度测量主要是基于平板撞击技术,冲击温升和应变率效应对材料强度的影响难以分离. 基于小型磁驱动加载装置CQ-4,开展了磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12 铝的声速和强度测量的实验研究,讨论了考虑加载-卸载过程时磁驱动压缩实验的负载电极设计、实验样品设计、数据处理与分析等内容,并获得了12 GPa 压力范围沿加载-卸载路径的声速变化和峰值压力点的强度数据.      

EXPERIMENTAL 3-D SIMULATION OF THE COMPRESSION WAVE,DUE TO TRAIN–TUNNEL ENTRY

The work presented in this paper concerns the first compression wave generated in a tunnel when a high-speed train enters it. This wave is the first of successive compression and expansion waves which propagate back and forth in the tunnel. Once generated at the tunnel entrance, its amplitude and gradient vary according to the train and tunnel characteristics. These waves provoke: (a) an aural discomfort for train passengers, (b) mechanical stresses on train and tunnel structures, and (c) emission of impulsive noises outside the tunnel. A reduced-scale test method, using low-sound-speed gas mixtures, has been developed and validated by using newly available European full-scale test-results. It can reproduce quite well the three-dimensional effects due to the train geometry and its position in the tunnel. The study also clearly points out that three-dimensional effects on the front of the first compression wave are attenuated with distance from the tunnel entrance and that the wave front can be considered well established and planar for distances larger than four times the tunnel diameter. Characteristics of the planar wave are in good agreement with Japanese results. The reduced-scale train Mach number has been extended up to 0.34 to determine its test domain. Our study clearly shows that, as far as the characteristics of the wave front of well-established planar first compression wave are concerned, axially symmetrical models can advantageously replace three-dimensional models, provided that the longitudinal cross-sectional area profile is the same for both configurations. This feature yields the following train nose design procedure: first determine the cross-sectional profile of a train nose against train–tunnel interactions by means of axially symmetrical configuration, then give a three-dimensional shape for drag and stability optimisation.     

紫藤萝复叶气动特性的风洞实验研究

树叶的形状重构和减阻能力在太阳能帆板、机翼结构、仿生天线设计和新型发电技术等方面具有应用价值.紫藤萝羽状复叶垂直悬挂于风洞中,在风速0~25m/s范围内进行正面和反面迎风测试.发现存在前期稳定、中间过渡和后期稳定3个阶段以及5个临界风速.在前期阶段叶轴随风速弯曲变化剧烈,出现小叶分层飞翼和分层多形状稳定.过渡阶段出现叶轴大幅低频振动和部分小叶小幅高频振动两种不稳定形式.后期出现两层或单一整体稳定,横截面形状分为锥形、楔形和U形.随着风速增大,复叶宽度减小,小叶层数逐步减少,直至出现流线形单一整体.随着雷诺数增大,复叶阻力系数先是快速下降,后又缓慢地趋于常数.复叶Vogel负指数绝对值$\vert \alpha \vert$随小叶数目的增大而增大.反面迎风时$|\alpha|$比正面迎风时大,但随着小叶数目增加两者趋于一致.当复叶旋涡脱落频率与叶轴固有频率接近时,叶轴出现大幅振动.理论分析得到叶轴振动的第二临界风速$V_2/\sqrt{E/\rho}$是$b/l$和$d/l$的函数,其中$E$,$\rho$,$d$和$l$分别为叶轴弹性模量、密度、直径和长度,$b$为变形后的复叶宽度,并由实验数据得到了其变化图.      

Shapes of the fastest fish and optimal underwater and floating hulls

A streamlined shape of the best swimmers removes the boundary-layer separation and ensures a laminar flow pattern. The fastest fish have a very sharp convex nose (rostrum), the purpose of which remains unclear. The bodies of revolution similar to their shapes are analyzed in steady underwater and floating motion. The sources and sinks were located on the axis of symmetry and above the water surface to estimate the pressure on the body and the vertical velocities on the water surface. It was shown that the flow patterns on a special shaped body with concave nose has no stagnation points and ensure small values of the water surface elevation. These fact allow diminishing the maximum pressure on the surface and wave drag. Special shapes with the sharp concave nose and negative pressure gradients on their surface could be parts of the low drag underwater and floating hulls.     

Design of a tunnel-entrance hood with multiple windows and variable cross-section

A theory is proposed for the design of a uniform tunnel-entrance hood whose cross-sectional area exceeds the tunnel area . A train entering the tunnel produces a low-frequency compression wave that can be subject to nonlinear steepening in a long tunnel. An optimized hood of length ℓ_h increases the initial thickness of the compression wave front from R/M to ℓ_h/M, where Rℓ_h is the nominal radius of the tunnel and M is the train Mach number. In addition, the pressure rise should be linear across the wave front to obtain an overall minimum value of the subjectively important pressure gradient. This is achieved in a uniform hood by distributing windows along the hood wall to vent away high-pressure air displaced by the train. We consider the problem of determining the distribution and sizes of these windows and the magnitude of the area ratio to ensure that the hood behaves optimally at low-train Mach numbers (M<0.2), when the hood can be regarded as being acoustically compact. At the projected higher Mach numbers of advanced high-speed trains (0.4, say) recent analysis for hoods of uniform cross-section by Howe in 2003 indicates that a hood optimized for low Mach number operations continues to produce an essentially linear pressure rise across a compression wave of thickness ℓ_h/M except for a low-amplitude oscillation at the very front of the wave.     

Experimental and numerical study of developing turbulent flow and heat transfer in convergent/divergent square ducts

 The work reported in this paper is a systematic experimental and numerical study of friction and heat transfer characteristics of divergent/convergent square ducts with an inclination angle of 1^∘ in the two direction at cross section. The ratio of duct length to average hydraulic diameter is 10. For the comparison purpose, measurement and simulation are also conducted for a square duct with constant cross section area, which equals to the average cross section area of the convergent/divergent duct. In the numerical simulation the flow is modeled as being three-dimensional and fully elliptic by using the body-fitted finite volume method and the kɛ turbulence model. The uniform heat flux boundary condition is specified to simulate the electrical heating used in the experiments. The heat transfer performance of the divergent/convergent ducts is compared with the duct with uniform cross section under three constraints (identical mass flow rate, pumping power and pressure drop). The agreement of the experimental and numerical results is quite good except at the duct inlet. Results show that for the three ducts studied there is a weak secondary flow at the cross section, and the circumference distribution of the local heat transfer coefficient is not uniform, with an appreciable reduction in the four corner regions. In addition, the acceleration/deceleration caused by the cross section variation has a profound effect on the turbulent heat transfer: compared with the duct of constant cross section area, the divergent duct generally shows enhanced heat transfer behavior, while the convergent duct has an appreciable reduction in heat transfer performance. Received on 18 September 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

初始几何缺陷对网壳截面优化结果影响研究

单层网壳结构是缺陷敏感结构,初始几何缺陷不同对"网壳截面优化结果"有显著影响,该文研究了网壳杆件截面取值与缺陷分布、结构极限承载力之间的关系.结果表明:经截面优化设计的网壳结构最不利应力最早并且一直出现在初始几何缺陷较大处;优化寻优结果与初始几何缺陷分布有直接关系,增大缺陷较大处杆件截面能显著提高结构承载力;由于缺陷随机分布,经截面优化设计的网壳结构须校核其在不同缺陷下的稳定承载力以确保结构安全.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE GROWTH PROCESS OF SECONDARY AEROSOL IN THE FOG

雾环境气溶胶之间的碰撞和凝并是气溶胶迁移、生长的动力学基础. 基于颗粒群平衡方程和多重蒙特卡洛方法,针对雾环境中二次液态气溶胶生长过程开展数值研究,着重分析了湍流和布朗作用机制对单分散和指数分布的二次气溶胶碰撞凝并的影响. 结果表明:雾环境气溶胶之间的碰撞凝并使得颗粒的总数目减少,颗粒平均体积逐渐增大. 对于初始尺度为自由分子区、单分散的气溶胶,布朗运动时间为600 s时,二次气溶胶平均尺度增大至初始的202.7倍左右,数目降至初始的0.006. 对于湍流作用下有布朗运动的二次气溶胶,在较短的时间内(如100 s)气溶胶尺度增至初始的163倍,颗粒数目降至初始的0.025倍, 说明雾环境流场的湍流运动引起二次气溶胶较强的输运和聚集,导致颗粒碰撞凝并概率增加,颗粒尺度增大.     

Stretching of a fine cylindrical fluid filament having lengthwise viscosity variation

The stretching of a fine cylindrical filament of power-law fluids having arbitrary lengthwise variations in viscosity was studied analytically. A very simple analytical solution expressing the cross-sectional area profile along the filament is available in Lagrangian coordinates for any arbitrary initial viscosity profile. Variation in cross-sectional area caused by a 1% variation in viscosity is independent of the wave length of the viscosity variation and increases monotonically with increasing average stretch ratio.     

On the cross section of minimum stress concentration in the Saint-Venant theory of torsion

A lower bound is derived for the maximum stress in the torsion of cylindrical solids of simply-connected cross section. This bound, which is expressed in terms of the applied torque and the cross-sectional area, is isoperimetric in that it coincides with the maximum stress when the cross section is circular. It confirms the notion that given the applied torque and the area of the cross section, the least maximum stress occurs when the section is circular. Related isoperimetric upper bounds are derived for the minimum value of the stress at boundary points.     

冲击荷载下钢筋混凝土梁的性能及损伤评估

基于落锤冲击试验,通过数值模拟研究钢筋混凝土梁在冲击荷载下的抗冲击性能和损伤机理。针对冲击荷载局部效应明显和持时短暂等特点,提出基于截面损伤因子的损伤评估方法;采用参数分析方法研究了箍筋间距、边界条件、冲头形状和面积以及冲击位置对钢筋混凝土梁的动态响应和损伤程度的影响。结果表明:基于截面的损伤评估方法能够比较直观地描述梁体损伤沿长度方向的分布;端部的固支约束可以有效地改变钢筋混凝土梁的耗能机制,并能提高梁的抗冲击承载潜力;冲击位置会直接影响梁体的裂缝分布和破坏模式;碰撞接触面积和冲头形状也对梁的损伤分布具有一定的影响。     

Advances in detonation driving techniques for a shock tube/tunnel

Early works on the detonation driven shock tube are reviewed briefly. High initial pressure detonable mixture can be used in backward-detonation driver when the buffer tube is attached to the end of the driver for eliminating the excessive reflected peak pressure. Experimental data showed that an improvement on attenuation of the incident shock wave generated by the forward driver can be obtained, provided the diameter of the driver is larger than that of the driven section and an abrupt reduction of cross-section area is placed just beyond the diaphragm. Also, it is clearly verified by a numerical analysis. An additional backward-detonation driver is proposed to attach to the primary detonation driver and on condition that the ratios of initial pressure in the additional driver to that in the primary driver exceed the threshold value, the Taylor wave behind detonation wave in the primary detonation driver can be eliminated completely.     

DYNAMICAL BEHAVIORS OF DOUBLE CAVITATION BUBBLES UNDER ULTRASONIC HONING

为了探讨超声珩磨作用下磨削区的空化机理,基于速度势叠加原理,考虑超声珩磨速度和珩磨压力,建立了磨削区两空化泡的动力学模型. 数值模拟了磨削区空化泡初始半径、两空化泡间距、超声声压幅值、珩磨压力、珩磨头转速对磨削区两空化泡动力学特性的影响. 研究表明,考虑两空化泡之间的相互作用时,要想获得良好的空化效果,可将两空化泡初始半径之比控制在3 倍以内;选择较高的超声波声压幅值与较低的珩磨压力,并且使超声波声压幅值与珩磨压力和液体静压力之差介于0.66~1.89MPa 之间;增大珩磨头转速空化泡溃灭也略有加速;通过试验测量材料表面粗糙度的方法间接验证了理论分析的合理性.     

基于CN自由基的火星再入流场温度测量

利用氰自由基（CN）B2Σ+→X2Σ+ 电子带系的发射光谱温度测量技术诊断模拟火星再入流场高温气体的温度. 以双原子分子光谱理论为基础,通过确定CN 自由基B2Σ+→X2Σ+ 电子带系中 Δv = 0 振动带系发射光谱的跃迁波数、Einstein 跃迁几率以及不同振转能级粒子数等参数,得到了任意转动温度和振动温度下的理论光谱强度分布,结合经窄线宽半导体激光器标定的仪器展宽（Lorentz 线型,半宽度FWHM 为0.154 nm）,为CN自由基B2Σ+→X2Σ+ 电子带系发射光谱测温技术提供理论依据. 利用激波管模拟火星再入流场环境,通过分析激波波后不同时刻处高时间、空间分辨率的CN 自由基发射光谱,得到了激波波后高温气体不同时刻处的转动温度和振动温度,并根据得到的温度信息给出了激波诱导时间和弛豫时间.      

Propagation of a long wave in a curved duct (I) basic analysis of long wave propagation in a curved duct with variable cross section

The propagation of a long wave in a three-dimensional curved duct with variable cross section is studied in this paper. It is shown that a three-dimensional Helmholtz equation can be decomposed into a two-dimensional Laplace (or Poisson) equation and a one-dimensional Webster equation by the curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system, non-dimensionization of reduced wave equation and regular perturbation with small parameterka, wherek is the wave number anda is the characteristic radius of the duct. The influences of the duct's geometric parameters (the area variation of the cross section, the curvature and torsion of the central line) on the asymptotic expansion of the solution are analysed. It is concluded that the effects of the variation of the cross sectional area first appear in the first term of the asymptotic expansion, and when the cross section shape has certain symmetric properties, the effects of the curvature and torsion of the central line first appear in the third and the fourth terms, respectively. An example of long wave propagation in a curved circular duct is also given at the end of this paper.     

THE EFFECT OF THE CHUTE ON THE PARTICLE SIZE SEGREGATION IN A BELL-LESS TOP BLAST FURNACE

为研究溜槽对高炉无料钟布料偏析的影响,采用离散元方法模拟了无料钟卸料过程,得到了溜槽上颗粒的速度分布,布料结果的径向、周向粒度分布,并分析了溜槽内表面的键槽、截面形状和倾角对粒度偏析的影响规律,结果表明:(1) 溜槽上的键槽会引起布料结果周向偏析;(2) 溜槽方形截面较圆形截面更有利于精确的径向布料;(3) 不同溜槽倾角下,径向偏析不同, 结果为高炉布料工艺的设计及炉料分布的精确控制提供科学依据.     

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL SLENDER ROD DURING ITS TOPPLING

研究了细长垂直结构从开始倾倒到接触地面前这一短暂时间内的力学行为。采用解析方法,推导了实心、空心、变截面和加重物情况下细长杆倾倒过程的数学模型,设计了相应实验对该模型开展实验验证,通过测试细长垂直杆自由倾倒过程中应变沿杆轴线方向的分布和随时间的变化规律,并与理论模型得到的曲线对比,两者具有良好的相符性,由此验证了该文提出模型的正确性,并总结出多种细长垂直结构倾倒过程的应力应变演化和分布规律。     

激波管双爆轰驱动段性能的数值模拟研究

采用频散可控的耗散格式(DCD),求解Euler方程和一种改进的二阶段化学反应模型, 对氢氧反向-正向双爆轰驱动段激波管进行了数值模拟. 计算结果表明：当辅驱动段与主驱动 段初始压力比小于临界值时,Taylor波仍会出现,但波扇夹角较单一前向爆轰驱动段小,入 射激波马赫数衰减率变小;当初始压力比等于临界值时,主驱动段中的Taylor波完全被消除, 入射激波马赫数不再衰减. 当初始压力比大于临界值时,在主驱动段中能产生过驱动爆轰波, 不仅Taylor波被完全消除,而且驱动能力较单一前向爆轰驱动段强.     

On the treatment of transient area variation in 1D discontinuous Galerkin simulations of train‐induced pressure waves in tunnels

To simulate the pressure wave generated by a train travelling through a tunnel, we implement a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for the solution of the one‐dimensional equations of variable area flow. This formulation uses a spatial discretisation via Legendre polynomials of arbitrary degree, and the resulting semi‐discrete system is integrated using an explicit Runge–Kutta scheme. A simulation of subsonic steady flow in a nozzle shows that the scheme produces stable solutions, without the need for artificial dissipation, and that its performance is optimal for polynomial degrees between 5 and 7. However, when dealing with an unsteady area, we report the presence of numerical oscillations that are not due to the steep pressure fronts in the flow but rather to the projection of a moving area, with piecewise continuous derivatives onto a fixed grid. We propose a reformulation of the DG method to eliminate these oscillations that, put in simple terms, amount to splitting the integrals where the derivatives of the cross‐sectional area are discontinuous into subintegrals where they are continuous. The resulting method does not exhibit oscillations, and it is applied here to two practical cases involving train‐induced pressure waves in a tunnel. The first application is a validation of the DG method through comparison of its computational results with pressure data measured during transit at the Patchway tunnel near Bristol (UK). The second application is a study of the influence of the nose shape and length on the pressure wave gradients responsible for sonic boom at tunnel exit portals to show that the proposed modification is able to deal with realistic train shapes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.