Characterization and storage stability analysis of bio-oil

对松木和玉米芯快速热解制取的生物油进行储存稳定性实验,经过储存老化后的生物油黏度增大,水分含量和固体颗粒物含量增加,pH值、热值、密度无明显变化.通过GC-MS对储存前后生物油中主要组分进行定量分析表明,生物油经过储存后,羟基丙酮、乙酸、糠醛等主要组分的含量明显下降,而2-甲氧基苯酚、4-甲基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、4-甲基-苯酚的含量有所上升.核磁共振的碳谱分析表明,经过储存后生物油中甲氧基碳和双氧-烷基碳的含量降低,而芳基碳和不饱和碳的含量增大,生物油的芳香度有所提高.     

生物油储存稳定性实验研究

对松木和玉米芯快速热解制取的生物油进行储存稳定性实验,经过储存老化后的生物油黏度增大,水分含量和固体颗粒物含量增加,pH值、热值、密度无明显变化。通过GC-MS对储存前后生物油中主要组分进行定量分析表明,生物油经过储存后,羟基丙酮、乙酸、糠醛等主要组分的含量明显下降,而2-甲氧基苯酚、4-甲基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、4-甲基-苯酚的含量有所上升。核磁共振的碳谱分析表明,经过储存后生物油中甲氧基碳和双氧-烷基碳的含量降低,而芳基碳和不饱和碳的含量增大,生物油的芳香度有所提高。     

生物油酸性组分分离精制研究

生物油因水分含量高和呈酸性未能作为高品位能源直接规模化应用。利用分子蒸馏技术将生物油水分与酸性组分作为整体对象进行分离,既得到生物油酸性组分富集馏分,又获得了水分含量低、酸性较弱与热值较高的精制生物油Ⅰ（蒸馏重质馏分）与精制生物油Ⅱ（常温冷凝馏分）。同时,具体考察了精制前后生物油的pH值、热值和水分等参数的变化规律。研究表明,生物油的水分与酸性组分得到有效分离,精制生物油Ⅰ和Ⅱ的低级羧酸含量从原始生物油的18.85%分别降低至0.96%和2.2%     

添加乙酸乙酯对生物油稳定性的影响

以稻草秸秆快速热裂解生物油为样品,选取乙酸乙酯作为添加剂,按不同质量分数(分别为1%、6%、11%、16%和21%)添加到生物油中,考察原始生物油(空白组)及乙酸乙酯组生物油理化特性随贮存时间的变化规律。结果表明,随着乙酸乙酯添加质量分数增大,各乙酸乙酯组(1%、6%、11%、16%和21%)生物油最终pH值比空白组分别提高0.66%、2.33%、3.65%、4.32%和6.31%;最终含水率比空白组分别降低10.90%、20.17%、28.19%、30.27%和35.10%;最终运动黏度比空白组分别降低13.69%、39.08%、57.99%、66.00%和73.58%。FT-IR和GC-MS分析结果表明,添加乙酸乙酯能抑制生物油老化反应。此外,GC-MS分析结果还证实乙酸乙酯可以减少生物油内有机酸含量。     

CaO伴随生物质热裂解制油同时脱氧的小型流化床实验研究

在小型流化床反应器中,对CaO伴随生物质快速热裂解制油过程中的直接脱氧效果进行了研究。当反应温度为520℃、载气流量8000L/h时,在纯白松粉末和CaO伴随条件下分别制出了生物油样品。实验结果表明,当采用纯白松与CaO/白松质量比分别为1、2、4时,生物油样品中有机组分的含氧量依次为39.38%、39.15%、39.04%和32.29%;在CaO/白松质量比为4时,生物油有机组分含氧量的下降幅度达18.0%（相对变化）。GC-MS分析结果表明,CaO加入后左旋葡聚糖和甲酸、乙酸等高含氧量物质相对含量明显下降,证实了CaO伴随生物质热裂解过程中“富氧中间体”固氧路径的存在;与此同时,糠醛类等主要来源于脱水反应的产物相对含量上升,说明CaO的加入也促进了脱水反应的发生。     

N-叔丁基-α-苯基硝酮对纤维素超临界乙醇液化产物分布的影响

以N-叔丁基-α-苯基硝酮(PBN)为自由基结合剂,采用间歇式高温高压反应釜对玉米秸秆纤维素进行超临界乙醇液化,考察PBN用量(浓度)和反应温度(活性)对纤维素液化产物及生物油中主要化合物分布的影响。结果表明,在320℃,仅有超临界乙醇作用,生物油收率为37.17%,挥发分收率高达50.08%;随着PBN用量增加到0.4 g,生物油收率最高提升至48.35%,挥发分最低下降到35.65%。在超临界乙醇和PBN作用下,随着反应温度从250℃升高至340℃,纤维素转化率从23.10%急剧增加至88.92%,生物油收率从19.18%上升到最高48.35%(320℃)后略有下降,挥发分也从6.03%急剧上升至50.28%。GC-M S结果显示,酯类、酮类、烃类、醇类、酸类及苯类化合物是生物油的主要成分,各组分的最高相对含量分别为27.91%、15.77%、13.44%、12.42%、16.07%、19.81%。实验结果证实了PBN对纤维素超临界乙醇液化产物及生物油组分分布产生了较明显的影响,尤其能通过与含苯基、乙基等活性碎片结合促进挥发分与生物油之间的转化,且PBN用量及液化温度的改变可以促使生物油中主要化合物发生不同程度的相互转化。     

乙醇含量对黄酒挥发性组分检测的影响

黄酒是风味独特的发酵酒,酒中组分复杂,且不同种类黄酒中乙醇含量差异较大。通过顶空-气相色谱法(HS-GC)测量不同乙醇含量的黄酒中挥发性组分色谱峰面积的变化,分析了乙醇引起的基质效应对不同挥发性组分定量检测的影响。在乙醇含量为10%～19%vol(酒精度)的黄酒中,16种挥发性组分(仲丁醇、正丙醇、异丁醇、正丁醇、异戊醇、β-苯乙醇、乙醛、异戊醛、苯甲醛、甲酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯)的峰面积与乙醇含量呈线性负相关。酒中乙醇含量的升高改变了其他大部分微量挥发性组分的气液平衡。乙缩醛的峰面积与乙醇含量呈线性正相关,两者在乙醇浓度变化过程中发生化学反应。甲醇、糠醛和乙酸的峰面积受乙醇含量的影响较小。色谱峰面积受乙醇含量的影响系数为-12.4%～4.9%,不同挥发性组分的蒸汽压及气液平衡受到乙醇基质效应的影响程度不同。将不同黄酒样品调整至同一酒精度后,不同样品中挥发性组分在溶液中的含量与色谱峰总面积成正比,乙醇引起的基质效应对检测结果的干扰得到有效降低。研究人员在使用基于气液平衡等原理的前处理方法开展风味组分定量检测时,应将不同黄酒样品调整至相...     

熔盐热裂解大豆油的特性研究

以大豆油为原料,在ZnCl₂-KCl熔融盐体系中考察了进料速量、载气流量、反应温度及进料量对其热裂解的影响。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)表征生物油组成。结果表明,进料速量和载气流量主要通过改变大豆油的反应停留时间影响裂解效果。当进料速率为1.2 g/min及不通载气时,大豆油停留时间较长,裂解较充分;随着温度升高,生物油得率增大,含氧化合物含量及酸值上升;随着进料量增大,生物油得率稳定在70%左右,但脱羧效果有所下降。经过催化加氢,生物油性质得到了明显的改善,组分分布与0^#柴油分布大体相似。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定废旧印刷线路板真空热解油的组分

采用气相色谱-质谱法从废旧印刷线路板的真空热解油中分离并确认出21种化合物,与红外光谱分析所推断的结果相一致,并用峰面积归一化法得出各化合物的相对含量.结果表明:热解油组分经过DB-5非极性柱可以实现分离,油中相对含量较高的主要成分为苯酚(30.17%)、对异丙基苯酚(10.29%)、对苯基苯酚(13.93%)、对异丙烯基苯酚(8.21%)和双酚A(15.46%).     

芬顿预处理对木质素快速热解甲氧基脱除规律研究

采用不同H₂O₂含量的芬顿溶液对碱木质素进行预处理，并结合快速热解，探究轻质生物油中含甲氧基化合物含量的变化规律，同时研究了芬顿溶液对木质素结构的影响规律。结果表明，轻质生物油中含甲氧基团的酚类化合物峰面积从AL（未处理碱木质素）的7.3×10⁹下降至13-FML（H₂O₂含量为13 mL/g芬顿溶液预处理碱木质素）的5.2×10⁹，减少了0.29倍。而含甲基团和乙基团的酚类化合物峰面积从AL的3.9×10⁹上升到13-FML的7.2×10⁹，增加了0.85倍。同时，轻质生物油产率从22.4%提高到28.7%。通过FT-IR、¹H NMR和¹³C NMR分析发现，芬顿预处理使木质素凝缩性结构单元减少，甲氧基含量降低，为后续快速热解产生低甲氧基含量的生物油提供了有利条件。     

酸性离子交换树脂催化酯化改质生物油的研究

以磺酸型离子交换树脂为催化剂, 在模型反应的基础上, 探讨了该催化剂在稻壳裂解油及其轻质馏分的催化酯化改质过程中的活性和效果, 并通过气-质联用仪对酯化前后的生物油进行了成分分析. 结果表明, 酯化过程中采用的催化剂可以方便地分离和循环使用; 生物油中的有机酸顺利地转化为相应的酯类(主要为乙酸乙酯). 通过催化酯化改质后, 两种生物油的理化特性均得到了有效改善, 热值分别由16.80和12.76 MJ/kg提高到20.08和18.33 MJ/kg, 相应提高了19.5%和43.6%; 黏度分别由11.83和1.42 mm²/s, 下降到3.77和1.12 mm²/s; 水分分别为23.7%和28.4%, 流动性明显增强, 理化特性得到了明显提高. 为生物油的精制加工提供了一种有效方法.     

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass: Catalysts to improve product selectivity

This study was intended to evaluate the effects of catalysts on product selectivity of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover and aspen wood. Metal oxides, salts, and acids including K₂Cr₂O₇, Al₂O₃, KAc, H₃BO₃, Na₂HPO₄, MgCl₂, AlCl₃, CoCl₂, and ZnCl₂ were pre-mixed with corn stover or aspen wood pellets prior to pyrolysis using microwave heating. The thermal process produced three product fractions, namely bio-oil, gas, and charcoal. The effects of the catalysts on the fractional yields were studied. KAc, Al₂O₃, MgCl₂, H₃BO₃, and Na₂HPO₄ were found to increase the bio-oil yield by either suppressing charcoal yield or gas yield or both. These catalysts may function as a microwave absorbent to speed up heating or participate in so-called “in situ upgrading” of pyrolytic vapors during the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass. GC–MS analysis of the bio-oils found that chloride salts promoted a few reactions while suppressing most of the other reactions observed for the control samples. At 8 g MgCl₂/100 biomass level, the GC–MS total ion chromatograms of the bio-oils from the treated corn stover or aspen show only one major furfural peak accounting for about 80% of the area under the spectrum. We conclude that some catalysts improve bio-oil yields, and chloride salts in particular simplify the chemical compositions of the resultant bio-oils and therefore improve the product selectivity of the pyrolysis process.     

蒸馏温度对核桃壳生物油馏分组分分布的影响

通过改变蒸馏温度对生物油进行常压蒸馏并将馏分分为油水两相，研究了馏分的组分分布变化。结果表明，在120-300℃随着蒸馏温度的升高，生物油馏出率不断增加；蒸馏温度低于240℃的油相馏分中萘、甲苯等芳烃类化合物和乙酸等羧酸类化合物明显富集，以120℃油相馏分为例，芳烃类和羧酸类化合物的相对含量是生物油原油的13.86倍和3.15倍；当蒸馏温度高于240℃时苯酚、愈创木酚等酚类化合物大量馏出，使得油相馏分的产率明显增加；同时，所获水相馏分中的水分含量皆高于60%，水分的富集效果明显；在馏分中检测到了2-乙基乙酸丁酯和环戊酮等原油中未检测到的组分并且馏分中水分总量高于生物油原油，这些都表明生物油在蒸馏过程中发生了酯化、缩聚等化学反应。通过对油相馏分的组分分布进行分析，发现改变蒸馏温度可以有效富集生物油中的高价值化合物，如苯酚、愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、4-乙基愈创木酚和4-丙基愈创木酚的相对含量在300℃的油相馏分中分别比生物油提高了109%、160%、84%、53%和444%。     

Physical and chemical properties of bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis of corn stover

This study was aimed to understand the physical and chemical properties of pyrolytic bio-oils produced from microwave pyrolysis of corn stover regarding their potential use as gas turbine and home heating fuels. The ash content, solids content, pH, heating value, minerals, elemental ratio, moisture content, and viscosity of the bio-oils were determined. The water content was approx 15.2 wt%, solids content 0.22 wt%, alkali metal content 12 parts per million, dynamic viscosity 185 mPa.s at 40 degrees C, and gross high heating value 17.5 MJ/kg for a typical bio-oil produced. Our aging tests showed that the viscosity and water content increased and phase separation occurred during the storage at different temperatures. Adding methanol and/or ethanol to the bio-oils reduced the viscosity and slowed down the increase in viscosity and water content during the storage. Blending of methanol or ethanol with the bio-oils may be a simple and cost-effective approach to making the pyrolytic bio-oils into a stable gas turbine or home heating fuels.     

碱处理HZSM-5分子筛在线催化提质生物油

采用NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,利用XRD、SEM、BET、Py-FTIR四种方法表征改性HZSM-5分子筛,对生物原油有机相、未改性HZSM-5制得生物油有机相与改性HZSM-5制得生物油有机相进行理化特性及成分分析,研究了碱处理HZSM-5分子筛对生物油有机相产物的影响;对使用了120 min的三种失活催化剂进行了热重分析,并对焦炭峰面积进行了积分计算。结果表明,经过碱处理后的HZSM-5分子筛保留了典型的MFI拓扑结构,形成了一定数量的介孔;同时,经碱处理1 h的HZSM-5分子筛催化制得的生物油有机相产物的产率有所增加且理化特性得到提高,其产物中烃类物质的含量显著增加,达到了37.67%,且以单环芳香烃为主;同时改性HZSM-5分子筛对生物油有机相中的酸、醛及酮类物质均有较好的脱除效果,有效地降低了生物油的腐蚀性并提升了生物油的稳定性,热值达到了35.32 MJ/kg;经1 h碱处理的HZSM-5分子筛的总结焦量明显降低。     

Aromatics and phenols from catalytic pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellets in microwave with ZSM-5 as a catalyst

Microwave assisted catalytic pyrolysis was investigated to convert Douglas fir pellets to bio-oils by a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimize the catalytic pyrolysis process. The effects of reaction time, temperature and catalyst to biomass ratio on the bio-oil, syngas, and biochar yields were determined. GC/MS analysis results showed that the bio-oil contained a series of important and useful chemical compounds. Phenols, guaiacols, and aromatic hydrocarbons were the most abundant compounds which were about 50–82% in bio-oil depending on the pyrolysis conditions. Comparison between the bio-oils from microwave pyrolysis with and without catalyst showed that the catalyst increased the content of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols. A reaction pathway was proposed for microwave assisted catalyst pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellets.     

Scale-up of microwave heating process for the production of bio-oil from sewage sludge

A pilot-scale microwave heating apparatus was constructed for the production of bio-oil from sewage sludge, and the effects of important microwave processing parameters and chemical additives on the quality and yield of bio-oils were investigated. It was found that bio-oil was mainly formed at the pyrolysis temperature range of 200–400 °C. A higher heating rate (faster pyrolysis) not only increased the yield of bio-oil, but also improved the quality of bio-oil according to the elemental composition and calorific values. The maximum bio-oil yield was 30.4% of organic fraction, obtained from the pyrolysis of original sewage sludge at microwave radiation power of 8.8 kW and final pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C. All of five simple additives (KOH, H₂SO₄, H₃BO₃, ZnCl₂, and FeSO₄) reduced the bio-oil yield, but the composition and property of bio-oil varied with the additive types greatly. KOH, H₂SO₄, H₃BO₃ and FeSO₄ were found to improve the quality of bio-oils remarkably according to the calorific value, density, viscosity and carbon content of bio-oils, but ZnCl₂ treatment went against that. GC–MS analysis of the bio-oils showed that, alkali treatment promoted the formation of alkanes and monoaromatics, while acid treatment favored the formation of heterocyclics, ketones, alcohols and nitriles. Compared with sulfate slat FeSO₄, chloride salt ZnCl₂ was a better catalyst for selective catalytic pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The addition of ZnCl₂ only promoted the formation reactions of a few kinds of nitriles and ketones remarkably. It is technologically feasible to produce bio-oil form microwave-induced pyrolysis of sewage sludge by optimizing pyrolysis conditions and selecting appropriate additives.     

添加丙酮与乙酸乙酯对生物油稳定性的影响

为了探究丙酮与乙酸乙酯对生物油储存特性的影响,将不同质量分数（3%、6%、9%、12%、15%）的丙酮和乙酸乙酯分别加入到生物油中,考察各组生物油理化特性随储存时间的变化。结果表明,添加丙酮和乙酸乙酯降低了生物油的含水率,且乙酸乙酯对生物油水分的降低效果优于丙酮。储存35 d后,15%乙酸乙酯组生物油的含水率为13.41%,比空白组（16.32%）降低了17.8%。加入添加剂后各组生物油的运动黏度均显著下降,与乙酸乙酯相比,丙酮对运动黏度影响较大。随着添加剂添加比例的增加,生物油运动黏度降低。储存35 d后,添加丙酮质量分数为3%、6%、9%、12%、15%的实验组生物油的运动黏度比空白组分别降低了37.20%、57.78%、71.92%、79.79%、84.67%。两种添加剂均能使生物油的pH值略微增大。红外光谱分析和气相色谱质谱联用分析显示,丙酮和乙酸乙酯抑制了生物油的老化反应。