木屑在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床中气化特性的对比研究

对木屑在内径分别为0.3m×0.3m的鼓泡流化床气化炉（BFBG）和内径0.4m的循环流化床气化炉(CFBG)中的气化特征进行了对比,重点考察了当量比对生物质气化特性的影响。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下,由于CFBG操作气速明显高于BFBG,床内强烈的气固传热传质,使得CFBG可以获得较高的热解速率,同时可以使 CFBG在较高温度下运行。较高的运行温度不仅有利于二次裂解气化反应,使可燃气体质量明显好于BFBG,同时也减少了燃气中焦油的量。在较低气化当量比下(ER≤0.28),CFBG比BFBG可以获得更高的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率;在较高当量比下,(ER＞0.28),CFBG和BFBG的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率则相差不大。     

粉粒流化床中松木生物质热解特性的研究

通过冷模实验考察了双颗粒流化床的流化特性。结果表明,在适宜的气速范围内,双颗粒流化床层内部可保持较好的流化状态。松木生物质在粉粒流化床反应器中的热解和催化热解实验结果表明,生物质热解时挥发分的释放存在一个最快的温度区域,生物质中约92%的挥发分在723 K时即可释放完全。773 K时,生物质热解产物中的无机气体(IOG)、低碳烃气体(HCG)和碳氢化合物液体(HCL)的收率之和只有3.1%。随着热解温度的升高,IOG、HCG和HCL的收率均逐渐增加,1 173 K时,其收率之和达到58.7%,且产物主要以CO为主。CoMo-B催化剂可有效促进生物质催化加氢热解产物的二次气相反应,在863 K下可得到6.3%,轻质芳烃化合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘)是1 173 K下非催化过程的两倍。     

Pyrolysis characteristics of pine biomass in a powder-particle fluidized bed

通过冷模实验考察了双颗粒流化床的流化特性.结果表明,在适宜的气速范围内,双颗粒流化床层内部可保持较好的流化状态.松木生物质在粉粒流化床反应器中的热解和催化热解实验结果表明,生物质热解时挥发分的释放存在一个最快的温度区域,生物质中约92％的挥发分在723K时即可释放完全.773K时,生物质热解产物中的无机气体(IOG)、低碳烃气体(HCG)和碳氢化合物液体(HCL)的收率之和只有3.1％.随着热解温度的升高,IOG、HCG和HCL的收率均逐渐增加,1173K时,其收率之和达到58.7％,且产物主要以CO为主.CoMo-B催化剂可有效促进生物质催化加氢热解产物的二次气相反应,在863K下可得到6.3％,轻质芳烃化合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘)是1173K下非催化过程的两倍.     

Thermal decomposition of meat and bone meal

A series of runs has been performed to study the thermal behavior of meat and bone meal (MBM) both in inert and reactive atmosphere. Although they are actually burned, the thermal decomposition of such MBM wastes has not been studied from a scientific point of view until now. The aim of this work is to present and discuss the thermogravimetric behavior of MBM both in nitrogen and air atmospheres. A thermobalance has been used to carry out the study at three different heating rates. A kinetic scheme able to correlate simultaneously (with no variation of the kinetic constants) the runs performed at different heating rates and different atmospheres of reaction is presented.     

循环流化床生物质气化炉内计算流体动力学模拟——鼓泡流化床内改进的颗粒床模型（英文）

采用改进颗粒床模型的CFD方法模拟了实验室规模冷模装置内鼓泡床的流体流动时空特性。模拟结果表明表观气速是影响气固动态特征和压力波动的主要因素之一：随表观气速的增大，气泡数目增加，气泡体积增大，压力波动增强；气速越高时均压降越大；在内循环鼓泡流化床内固体颗粒呈“单室”流型。上述与实验观察相吻合的模拟结果将有助于放大和设计商业化的内循环流化床生物质气化炉。     

模拟城市生活垃圾热处理过程中Cd与Pb挥发特性研究

以Cd与Pb为研究对象,在流化床反应器上对模拟城市生活垃圾Al₂O₃热处理过程中重金属的动力学挥发特性进行了研究。分析了氧化还原条件、H₂O、HCl、SO₂及基体Al₂O₃对重金属的挥发特性影响。研究结果表明,Cd具有较强的挥发性,尤其是在通入HCl的情况下,而Pb的挥发程度则较低,同时氧浓度的增加会降低重金属的挥发。Al₂O₃颗粒中重金属的物理化学吸附以及重金属的扩散效应则同样在一定程度上抵制了重金属的释放,而SO₂的通入则在一定程度上促进了Cd与Pb的释放。     

Detection of bovine meat and bone meal in animal feed at a level of 0.1%

For the control of the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle via feedstuff, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with ruminant-specific Bov-B SINE primers, SYBR Green fluorescence detection, and melting curve analysis. In formulated cattle and chicken feed samples spiked with pure bovine and sheep meat and bone meal heated at 133 degrees C for 20 min, a contamination level of 0.1% was detected.     

生物质流化床氧气-水蒸气气化实验研究

在小型流化床气化装置上进行了氧气-水蒸气气化实验,考察了原料、当量比、水蒸气配比、温度、二次风和床料对气化特性的影响。结果表明,原料中C和H含量越高,气化气中H₂和CO含量越高,焦油含量越低;当量比为0.27和水蒸气配比为0.6时,H₂含量达到最大值;温度的升高可提高H₂含量,在840 ℃以上,可提高CO含量;二次风从进料口偏上且二次风比率为15%通入,气体组分变化较明显,二次风通入点位置越高,焦油含量降低幅度越大;白云石和石灰石裂解焦油和提高H₂含量的活性高于橄榄石,但同时明显提高了气体中的灰分含量。     

Pyrolysis of meat-meal and bone-meal blends in a mechanically fluidized reactor

Nowadays, meat and bone meal produced in animal slaughterhouses and farms has become an important waste. Landfilling this residue means that its energy is lost. The pyrolysis of meat and bone meal produces a solid fraction which can be used as a fuel or as solid adsorbent, a liquid fraction with possible chemical applications and a low heating value gas.In this work, meat and bone meal has been pyrolyzed with a new technology, a mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR). This MFR is a stainless steel cylinder with 7.7 cm i.d., and an internal height of 15.6 cm. The meat and bone meal pyrolysis was carried out at 500 °C of temperature. The effect of several factors (mixer speed, heating rate and feed composition) on the product yields, bio-oil phases yield, bio-oil heating value and char heating value was studied. The amount of pure meat meal in the feed had a strong impact on product yields and compositions. The liquid yield, which has two phases, varies from 22 wt% to 52 wt% when the raw material fed changed from pure bone meal to pure meat meal.     

PVC塑料流化床气化试验研究

为开发城市生活垃圾低污染流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融技术,研究了垃圾中广泛存在的PVC塑料在流化床内的气化特性与污染物生成机理。不同温度和过量空气系数下进行了流化床PVC气化试验,分析了不同工况对PVC中Cl转化为HCl的影响。实验结果表明,反应高于600 ℃、过量空气系数大约0.4时,Cl转化为HCl的选择性达到95％以上;气化效率达到22％～25％,气化气热值达到2 000 kJ/m3～2 300 kJ/m3。反应高于700 ℃,PVC流化床气化生烟量明显减少,过量空气系数0.6时,生烟量减少到PVC质量的10％左右。提出的HCl析出与生烟机理较好地解释了试验结果,为城市生活垃圾气化熔融技术提供了相关基础数据与污染物生成及控制方法。     

Transferability study of a near-infrared microscopic method for the detection of banned meat and bone meal in feedingstuffs

Near-infrared microscopy (NIRM) has been proved to be a powerful tool for the detection of banned meat and bone meal (MBM) in feed. The identification of MBM traces and its ability to differentiate animal from vegetable feed ingredients is based on the evaluation of near-infrared spectra obtained from individual particles present in the sample. This evaluation is supported by appropriate decision rules for the absorbances at specific wavelengths. Here we show that the method and the corresponding decision rules can be successfully transferred from the laboratory which constructed the decision rules to two independent laboratories that were not involved in the calibration process of the method. The analytical results from blind feed samples containing MBM (positive samples) and feed samples without MBM (negative samples) revealed a very good agreement between the three laboratories, thus demonstrating the transferability of the method.     

Determination of embutramide and pentobarbital in meat and bone meal by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

An analytical procedure, consisting of multiple steps, was developed for the analysis of meat and bone meal for two veterinary drugs, embutramide and pentobarbital, used for euthanasia. After a combined extraction, embutramide was converted to its trimethylsilylether derivative and pentobarbital was methylated. Both analytes were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron impact or chemical ionisation mode. Limits of determination and identification were between 50 and 100 micrograms kg-1 depending on the compound and the ionisation technique applied. Particular attention was focused on the identification of the analytes.     

Flash pyrolysis of grape residues into biofuel in a bubbling fluid bed

The pyrolysis of two grape residues (grape skins and the mixture of grape skins and seeds) has been carried out in a pilot bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer operating under a range of temperature from 300 to 600 °C and three vapor residence time (2.5, 5, and 20 s), with the aim of determining their pyrolysis behavior including products yields and heat requirements. The composition of the product gases was determined, from which their heating value was calculated. The liquid bio-oil was recovered with cyclonic condensers and separated into two phases, an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The chemical composition of these liquid phases was characterized. In addition, the environmental parameters of the distilled fraction (85–115 °C) of the aqueous phase were tested, while the heating value of the organic phase was determined. Furthermore, the thermal sustainability of the pyrolysis process was estimated by considering the energy contribution of the product gases and of the liquid bio-oil in relation to the pyrolysis heat requirements. The optimum pyrolysis temperatures were identified in terms of maximizing the liquid yield, maximizing the energy from the product bio-oil, and maximizing the net energy from the product bio-oil after ensuring a self-sustainable process by utilizing the product gases and bio-oil as heat sources.     

Determination of processed animal proteins, including meat and bone meal, in animal feed

An intercomparison study was conducted to determine the presence of processed animal proteins (PAPs), including meat and bone meal (MBM) from various species, in animal feed. The performances of different methods, such as microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoassays, and a protocol based on iquid chromatography (LC), were compared. Laboratories were asked to analyze for PAPs from all terrestrial animals and fish (total PAPs); mammalian PAPs; ruminant PAPs; and porcine PAPs. They were free to use their method of choice. In addition, laboratories using microscopy were asked to determine the presence of PAPs from terrestrial animals, which is applicable only to microscopy. For total PAPs microscopy, LC and some immunoassays showed sufficient results at a concentration as low as 0.1% MBM in the feed. In contrast, PCR was not fit for purpose. In differentiating between MBM from terrestrial animals and fishmeal, microscopy detected 0.5% of terrestrial MBM in feed in the presence of 5% fishmeal, but was less successful when the concentration of MBM from terrestrial animals was 0.1%. The animal-specific determination of MBM from mammals or, more specifically from either ruminants or pigs, by PCR showed poor results, as indicated by a high number of false-positive and false-negative results. The only PCR method that scored quite well was applied by a member of the organizer team of the study. Immunoassays scored much better than PCR, showing sufficient sensitivity but some deficiency in terms of specificity. The results also demonstrated that the reliable determination of MBM from ruminants has not been resolved, especially for low concentrations of MBM (0.1%) in feed. Comparison of the results for mammalian MBM from all methods indicated that, for control purposes, the immunoassay method, especially when applied as dipsticks, could be used as a rapid screening method combined with microscopy to confirm the positive samples. However, implementation of such a system would require that the immunoassays were previously validated to demonstrate that this approach is fit for purpose. The determination of ruminant or porcine PAPs by immunoassays was more difficult, partly because the MBM in this study contained about 50% bovine and porcine material, thereby reducing the target concentration level to 0.05%.     

Numerical simulation of carbon dioxide sorption circulating fluidized bed used in solid oxide fuel cell

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Today world people are aware of the negative effect of carbon dioxide on climate and life quality. Enormous researches are performed to reduce carbon...     

RDF流化床燃烧过程NOx生成比较研究

随着中国经济的迅速发展和城市化进程的加快,由此带来的负作用凸现：各种资源的消耗不断增加;同时这种传统的高消耗、低产出、高污染的经济发展带来的环境污染也非常严重。据不完全统计,2003年中国城市生活垃圾总量为1．9亿t,并以每年8％～10％的速度递增,对垃圾进行简单填埋、焚烧不但污染土壤和地下水,     

Fluidization characteristics of sawdust in a cold flow fluidized bed

India has abundance of biomass such as rice husk, bagasse, wheat straw, sawdust etc. which is used as a main or auxiliary fuel in the fluidized bed combustor, gasifier and pyrolizer. Design of such fluidized bed equipments require the knowledge of minimum fluidization velocity (U_mf), complete fluidization velocity (U_cf) and transport disengagement height (TDH). The present work reports the fluidization characteristic, U_mf, U_cf and TDH of the individual size groups of sawdust and mixture thereof. The results indicate that the U_mf and U_cf have a tendency to increase with increase in particle diameter, however the TDH shows the reverse trend. The sawdust particle size of 925 and 1200 ​μm showed significant difference between their U_mf and U_cf, an essential parameter for controlled fluidization. Based on the experimental work new correlations for the prediction of U_mf, U_cf and TDH for sawdust sample are proposed. The proposed correlations of U_mf, U_cf and TDH are in good agreement with experimental values and the deviations found within the range of nearly ±10% for all the samples.     

气固流化床内射流特性的研究

采用Brandani等的数学模型模拟了中心射流宽度为0.01m的二维气固流化床(高1.6m、宽0.3m)内鼓泡和射流的瞬态及时均流体动力学特性。一种典型的Geldart B颗粒――砂子(粒径为500mm、密度为2660kg/m3)作为研究的模拟物料。瞬态结果表明，床内射流产生和发展、射流崩塌后所形成气泡尺寸以及全床内的气体速度场和空隙率均存在明显的非对称性，但是由压力信号功率谱密度得到的时均压力特性则有较好的对称性。因此，对于商业化稳定运转的射流床，可以用半床模拟结果近似解释整床特性；然而，在考察射流床的瞬态特性时，半床模拟结果与整床结果存在明显偏差。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉分布分离结构的模拟研究

通过CFD双欧拉模型模拟了灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气体、固体颗粒于不同气体分布器、灰分离器结构下的流动行为,阐明了不同中心射流气速下的气体、固体流动循环状况;环管内气流分布与扩管张角的关系以及对颗粒运动的影响。研究结果为认识和改善气化炉煤灰的结渣、团聚、分离等过程提供了一定的理论基础。     

Performance of fixed and fluidized bed reactors with immobilized enzyme

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Saccharification of α-amylase liquefied cassava starch was carried out at pH 4.5 and 45?C, in both fixed and fluidized bed reactors, using...