有机废弃物在水热-热解耦合过程中NOx前驱物的释放机制研究

以城市污泥(SS)、中药药渣(HTW)和硅藻(DT)为对象,在水平管式反应器上对比研究了水热处理前后样品在热解过程中NO_x前驱物的生成特征,并结合热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征分析了该耦合过程对NO_x前驱物的影响机制。结果表明,在240℃下进行水热预处理能直接或间接地影响样品燃料N在不同热解阶段时的转化路径,从而在整体层面上降低NO_x前驱物的释放量,例如当热解温度为900℃时,源于水热焦燃料N的NO_x前驱物为55.0%(SS_(240))、48.1%(HTW_(240))和51.2%(DT_(240)),比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少9.5%(SS)、6.0%(HTW)和15.4%(DT),但若以原料燃料N为基准,源于水热焦的NO_x前驱物则比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少90.1%(SS)、41.9%(HTW)和59.8%(DT),并且对NH_3的抑制效果高于HCN。进一步根据热失重曲线及其半焦N官能团的演变规律可以推测,水热预处理对NO_x前驱物的两条影响机制,即含N官能团的脱除(对于初次反应的NH_3释放)与含N官能团的稳定化(对于二次反应的HCN释放),可为废弃物的清洁利用提供理论参考。     

Formation of aromatics during the pyrolysis of oligocyclic naphthenes: Indications for a mechanistic alternative

It is known that aromatics are formed in much higher yields in the pyrolysis of di- and oligocyclic naphthenes than in that of alkanes and monocyclic naphthenes. To study the mechanisms of the formation of aromatics from naphthenes, the thermal decomposition of dicyclohexyl, decalin, dodecahydrofluorene, tetradecahydroanthracene, hexadecahydropyrene and [9,10-¹⁴C]tetradecahydroanthracene was studied in different laboratory tubular furnaces from 800 to 850°C. The reaction products were analysed by conventional and radio gas chromatography. As an important consequence of the results, a new hypothesis for the formation of aromatics via acyclic, multiply unsaturated hydrocarbon species as precursors is presented.     

Formation of the main degradation compounds from arabinose,xylose, mannose and arabinitol during pyrolysis

The thermochemical behaviour of sugars (D- and DL-arabinose, D- and DL-xylose and D-mannose) and sugar alcohol (D- and DL-arabinitol) was investigated by TG and pyrolysis-gas chromatography with mass-selective detection (Py-GC/MSD). The temperature of pyrolysis was 500 and 550°C. The TG-curves were measured both in air and nitrogen atmospheres, from 25 to 700°C with the heating rate of 2°C min^-1. In each case, the main pyrolysis products were classified into the following compound groups: (i) furanes, (ii) pyranes, (iii) cyclopentanes, (iv) cyclohexanes, (v) anhydroglucopyranoses, (vi) dianhydroglucopyranoses and (vii) saturated fatty acids. For example, the main peaks of the chromatograms of pentoses (arabinose, xylose), hexose (mannose) and sugar alcohols (arabinitols) were different. The greatest peak of pentoses in gas-chromatogram was 2-furancarboxaldehyde and that of hexose was (2H)-furan-3-one. The greatest peak of arabinitols at pyrolysis temperature of 500°C was furan methanol and at 550°C a-angeligalactone. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furan carboxaldehyde was found only in the pyrolysis of D-mannose (hexose). The former study showed that it was not found in pyrolysis of pentoses. The amount of CO₂ and H₂O was not determined. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of the porous structure development of chars from pyrolysis of rice straw: Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate

The effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on the porous structure characteristics of rice straw chars were investigated. The pyrolysis was done at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C under low heating rate (LHR) and high heating rates (HHR) conditions. The chars were characterized by ultimate analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), helium density measurement and N₂ physisorption method. The results showed that temperature had obvious influence on the char porous characteristics. The char yield decreased by approximately 16% with increasing temperature from 600 to 1000 °C. The carbon structure shrinkage and pore narrowing occurred above 600 °C. The shrinkage of carbon skeleton increased by more than 22% with temperatures rising from 600 to 1000 °C. At HHR condition, progressive increases in porosity development with increasing pyrolysis temperature occurred, whereas a maximum porosity development appeared at 900 °C. The total surface area (S_total) and micropore surface area (S_micro) reached maximum values of 30.94 and 21.81 m²/g at 900 °C and decreased slightly at higher temperatures. The influence of heating rate on S_total and S_micro was less significant than that of pyrolysis temperature. The pore surface fractal dimension and average pore diameter showed a good linear relationship.     

Formation of phenoxy and cyclopentadienyl radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of phenol

The formation of radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of phenol over a temperature range of 400-1000 degrees C was studied using the technique of low temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance (LTMI EPR). Cooling the reactor effluent in a CO2 carrier gas to 77 K produces a cryogenic matrix that exhibits complex EPR spectra. However, annealing by slowly raising the matrix temperature yielded well-resolved, identifiable spectra. All annealed spectra over the temperature range of 700-1000 degrees C resulted in the generation of EPR spectra with six lines, hyperfine splitting constant approximately 6.0 G, g = 2.00430, and peak-to-peak width approximately 3 G that was readily assignable, based on comparison with the literature and theoretical calculations, as that of cyclopentadienyl radical. Annihilation procedures along with microwave power saturation experiments helped to clearly identify phenoxy radicals in the same temperature region. Conclusive identifications of cyclopentadienyl and phenoxy radicals were based on pure spectra of these radicals under the same experimental conditions generated from suitable precursors. Cyclopentadienyl is clearly the dominant radical at temperatures above 700 degrees C and is observed at temperatures as low as 400 degrees C. The low-temperature formation is attributed to heterogeneous initiation of phenol decomposition under very low pressure conditions. The high cyclopentadienyl to phenoxy ratio was consistent with the results of reaction kinetic modeling calculations using the CHEMKIN kinetic package and a phenol pyrolysis model adapted from the literature.     

Formation of a pyrazopyrazolone by the pyrolysis of antipyrine diazonium fluoroborate

The pyrolysis of antipyrine 4-dizaonium fluoroborate gave an antipyrylazopyrazopyrazolone instead of the desired 4-fluoroantipyrine. This compound was formed by intermolecular and intramolecular coupling of the diazo compound at elevated temperatures. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 14, 1107 (1977)     

Formation of naphthalene, indene, and benzene from cyclopentadiene pyrolysis: a DFT study

Four new reaction pathways for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth from cyclopentadiene pyrolysis are proposed and investigated using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. These pathways allow for the production of indene, naphthalene, and benzene through intramolecular addition, C-H beta-scission, and C-C beta-scission reaction mechanisms, respectively. Results show that the intramolecular addition channel is favored at low temperatures, and the C-H beta-scission channel and the newly identified C-C beta-scission pathway become significant when the temperature increases. These results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results previously obtained by this research group indicating that the main product at low temperature is indene, while benzene and naphthalene production dominate at the high-temperature end.     

Formation of C7-species pyrolysis products from ethylene-propylene heterosequences of poly(ethylene-co-propylene)

Properties of ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM) are determined by ethylene/propylene ratio and degree of block and random sequences. EPM was pyrolyzed and the pyrolysis products were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to examine pyrolysis products formed from the ethylene-propylene heterosequences. Pyrolysis products formed from EPM were compared with those formed from polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) to determine the pyrolysis products formed from ethylene-propylene heterosequences of EPM. Principal pyrolysis products formed from ethylene-propylene heterosequences were 3-methyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-hexene, 2-methyl-1-hexene, and 2-heptene. Order of the relative intensity of the pyrolysis products was 2-methyl-1-hexene > 4-methyl-1-hexene > 3-methyl-1-hexene > 2-heptene. The relative abundances of the pyrolysis products decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Relative abundances of the specific pyrolysis products formed from ethylene-propylene heterosequences may be used for determination of the relative degree of random sequences of EPM as well as ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM).     

Formation of the main gas compounds during thermal analysis and pyrolysis: Betaine and betaine monohydrate

The thermochemical behaviour of betaine and betaine monohydrate was investigated under two degradation conditions. Betaine was heated up to 700°C at 10°C min^–1 in air and nitrogen flows and the evolved gas was analysed with the combined TG-FTRIR system. The evolved gas from betaine pyrolysis at 350 and 400°C was analysed by gas chromatography using mass-selective detection (Py-GC/MSD). In addition, the electron impact mass spectra of betaine and betaine monohydrate were measured.Esterification is one of the most important pyrolytic processes involving beta- ines. Even glycine betaine can change to dimethylglycine methyl ester via intermolecular transalkylation by heating. Trimethylamine, CO₂, and glycine esters were the main degradation products. Small amounts of ester type compounds evolved both in pyrolysis and with TG-FTIR. The monohydrate lost water between 35 and 260°C while the main decomposition took place at 245-360°C. The residual carbon burnt in air to CO₂ up to a temperature 570°C.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蒸馏温度对核桃壳生物油馏分组分分布的影响

通过改变蒸馏温度对生物油进行常压蒸馏并将馏分分为油水两相，研究了馏分的组分分布变化。结果表明，在120-300℃随着蒸馏温度的升高，生物油馏出率不断增加；蒸馏温度低于240℃的油相馏分中萘、甲苯等芳烃类化合物和乙酸等羧酸类化合物明显富集，以120℃油相馏分为例，芳烃类和羧酸类化合物的相对含量是生物油原油的13.86倍和3.15倍；当蒸馏温度高于240℃时苯酚、愈创木酚等酚类化合物大量馏出，使得油相馏分的产率明显增加；同时，所获水相馏分中的水分含量皆高于60%，水分的富集效果明显；在馏分中检测到了2-乙基乙酸丁酯和环戊酮等原油中未检测到的组分并且馏分中水分总量高于生物油原油，这些都表明生物油在蒸馏过程中发生了酯化、缩聚等化学反应。通过对油相馏分的组分分布进行分析，发现改变蒸馏温度可以有效富集生物油中的高价值化合物，如苯酚、愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、4-乙基愈创木酚和4-丙基愈创木酚的相对含量在300℃的油相馏分中分别比生物油提高了109%、160%、84%、53%和444%。     

The molecular and electronic structure of the Mo12S24 macromolecule as a model of the active component of a hydrodesulfurization catalyst

The density functional theory (DFT) with the B3P86 hybrid exchange-correlation functional was used to calculate the molecular and electronic structure of the Mo₁₂S₂₄ macromolecule as a single MoS₂ layered structure slab. Calculations with geometry optimization are indicative of insignificant relaxation of the coordinatively unsaturated Mo and S atoms, which corresponds with the literature DFT data on the MoS₂ single slab obtained with periodic boundary conditions. The calculated forbidden band width (0.85–0.98 eV) is comparable with its experimental value (1.30 eV) and the results of DFT calculations of MoS₂ with periodic boundary conditions (0.89 eV). An analysis of the electronic state of the surface Mo centers in the Mo₁₂S₂₄ macromolecule showed that these centers were reduced to a greater degree than the Mo(IV) atoms in the bulk. The adsorption complex between the Mo₁₂S₂₄ macromolecule and six H₂S molecules was calculated to characterize the adsorption ability of the coordinatively unsaturated Mo centers. The structure and energy characteristics of the adsorption complex corresponded to weak donor-acceptor interaction between the π lone pair of H₂S and the surface (reduced) Mo centers. The suggestion was made that the active center of the catalytic cycle of thiophene hydrodesulfurization should induce the oxidative addition of H₂ followed by the occlusion of hydrogen into the MoS₂ matrix.     

Polymer crystallization and reorganization during heating: Simulation with the sadler/gilmer model

Polymer crystallization and melting under nonisothermal conditions are investigated by means of an extended version of the two-dimensional Sadler / Gilmer pinning model. In particular, the case of a constant heating rate is simulated. Lamellar thickening and eventual melting are studied for a range of heating rates and initial temperatures. An approach to equilibrium (i.e. infinite thickness at T^o_m) by slowing down the heating rate is found to be more than exponentially suppressed. Similarities with heating experiments on polyethylene and PEEK are demonstrated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

富氮生物质原料热解过程中NO_x前驱物释放特性研究

利用热重分析-傅里叶红外光谱联用(TG-FTIR)和水平管式炉-X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了两种富氮生物质原料(大豆秸秆(SBS)和纤维板(FB))热解过程中NO_x前驱物(NH_3、HCN和HNCO)的释放特性,考察温度、升温速率及燃料含N物质结构对其NO_x前驱物释放行为的影响。结果表明,燃料中的N来源不同(天然固有与人工添加)造成其转化差异:SBS释放的NO_x前驱物主要为NH_3而FB为NH_3、HCN(快速)和HNCO(慢速);FB气相N主要随挥发分析出,而SBS则相反,在二次反应阶段析出;两种燃料中N的转化随温度变化,低温下富集于半焦N,600℃以上时更多向非半焦N转移,NO_x前驱物以NH_3为主,高温及高升温速率利于HCN生成,若以减排NO_x为目的,热解温度控制在600℃为佳;两种燃料中N的结构均为胺类N(N-A),热解时部分N-A向半焦中杂环N转化,同时伴随杂环N分解;高温下吡啶N和吡咯N分解分别主要产生HCN和NH_3。     

Use of circular variance to quantify the deviation of a macromolecule from the spherical shape

It is shown that the extent of deviation of a molecular shape from spherical can be characterized by comparing the distribution of the circular variances, a measure originally proposed to quantify angular spread, of the vectors from each atom to the rest of the molecule to the circular variance of a collection of atoms filling the unit sphere. Different measures for quantifying the difference between distribution are proposed and compared.     

SANS analysis of the microstructural evolution during the aging of pyrolysis oils from biomass

In this paper, we report for the first time a microstructural characterization of pyrolysis oils obtained from biomass. Bio crude oils (BCOs) are good candidates as substitutes for mineral oils as fuels. By using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we show that BCOs are nanostructured fluids constituted by a complex continuous phase and nanoparticles mainly formed by the association of units of pyrolytic lignins. The aggregation of these units during the time produces branched structures with fractal dimension D(f) between 1.4 and 1.5, which are responsible for BCO aging. SANS results fully support the recently formulated thermal ejection theory, accounting for the mechanism of formation of the lignin fraction in oils obtained from fast pyrolysis of biomass.     

高有机硫炼焦煤分选组分中硫的赋存形态及其热变迁行为研究

利用重介质分选法分别将两种高有机硫炼焦煤分选为密度范围不同的五个组分。采用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、核磁共振波谱仪（¹³C NMR）和热解质谱联用技术（Py-MS）探究不同分选组分中硫的赋存形态及其热变迁行为。结果表明,不同分选组分中硫的分布、赋存形态及其所处化学环境存在显著差异。有机硫主要分布在低密度组分（D1）中,且以噻吩硫的形式存在;无机硫作为矿物质组分主要分布于高密度组分（D5）中。随着分选组分密度的增大,其脂肪碳的比例降低,芳香碳的比例增加,D1中硫醇、硫醚等硫化物的含量明显增加。热解过程中脂肪碳结构裂解生成的挥发分促进含硫气体的释放,进而提高了D1的脱硫效率,D5中硫的热变迁行为则主要受煤中矿物质的影响。     

CFB煤燃烧/热解双反应器中热解室对立管内气固流动特性的影响

考察了循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器系统中热解室的存在对立管内的压力分布及气固流动状况的影响。提升管的内径100 mm、高6 m，立管的内径44 mm、高3 m，热解室的截面积200 mm×200 mm、高770 mm。结果表明，随着提升管内表观气速Ur的增加，有无热解室立管内均为负压差流动，负压差梯度随着Ur的增加而减小。有热解室时，热解室内要保持一定的料位高度，整个立管内固体颗粒的流动为负压差移动床流动；没有热解室时，立管内为稀相流动和移动床流动同时存在，立管内平衡料柱高度随Ur的增加而升高。随着循环量Gs的增加，两种类型的立管内负压差梯度均随之增大，也存在着流动形态的差别。循环量Gs的增加会引起立管内平衡料柱高度的降低。立管内气固相对滑移速度也随着循环量Gs的增加而增大。