Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic Performance of a Train with a Crosswind for Different Embankment Heights

A numerical study using improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) was used to investigate the influence of the embankment height on the aerodynamic performance of a high-speed train travelling under the influence of a crosswind. The results of the flow predictions were used to explore both the instantaneous and the time-averaged flows and the resulting aerodynamic forces, moments and slipstreams. An increase of the aerodynamic drag and side forces as well as the lift force of the head and middle cars were observed with rising embankment height. While the lift force of the tail car decreased with the increasing embankment height. Furthermore, the height of the embankment was found to have a strong influence on the slipstream on the leeward side of the train. The correlation between the embankment height and the slipstream velocity on the windward side, was rather small. The flow structures in the near-wake of the leeward side of the train, responsible for the aerodynamic properties of the train were analyzed, showing strong dependency on the embankment height.

     

侧风风场特征对高速列车交会的影响研究

为了准确预测侧风环境下列车交会时的气动性能,考虑均匀风和大气底层速度边界型侧风,通过计算流体力学方法对比研究高速列车交会压力波特性和气动力特性. 结果表明,两种风场下交会压力波有所不同,但幅值差异不明显;采用均匀风场评估列车侧风环境下交会会高估列车所受气动力. 本文对高速列车行驶安全性评估和复杂运行场景的复杂流场的认识具有参考价值.     

A numerical and experimental hybrid approach for the investigation of aerodynamic forces on stay cables suffering from rain-wind induced vibration

The aerodynamic forces on a stay cable under a rain-wind induced vibration (RWIV) are difficult to measure directly in a wind tunnel test. This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines an experiment with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the investigation on aerodynamic forces of a stay cable under a RWIV. The stay cable and flow field were considered as two substructures of the system. The oscillation of the stay cable was first measured by using a wind tunnel test of a RWIV under an artificial rainfall condition. The oscillation of the cable was treated as a previously known moving boundary condition and applied to the flow field. Only the flow field with the known moving cable boundary was then numerically simulated by using a CFD method (such as Fluent 6.3). The transient aerodynamic forces of the stay cable with a predetermined cable oscillation were obtained from numerical calculations. The characteristics of the aerodynamic forces in the time domain and frequency domain were then analysed for various cases. To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed hybrid approach, the transient aerodynamic forces were applied to a single-degree-of-freedom model (SDOF) of the stay cable to calculate the RWIV of the cable. A comparison was performed between the oscillation responses of the stay cable obtained from the calculated (SDOF model) and experimental results, and the results indicate that the hybrid approach accurately simulates the transient aerodynamic forces of the stay cable. The equivalent damping ratios induced by the aerodynamic forces were obtained for various wind speeds. Furthermore, a nonlinear model of the aerodynamic force is proposed based on the calculation results, and the coefficients in the model were identified by a nonlinear least-squares technique.     

Influences of aerodynamic loads on hunting stability of high-speed railway vehicles and parameter studies

The influences of steady aerodynamic loads on hunting stability of high-speed railway vehicles were investigated in this study.A mechanism is suggested to explain the change of hunting behavior due to actions of aerodynamic loads：the aerodynamic loads can change the position of vehicle system（consequently the contact relations）,the wheel/rail normal contact forces,the gravitational restoring forces/moments and the creep forces/moments.A mathematical model for hunting stability incorporating such influences was developed.A computer program capable of incorporating the effects of aerodynamic loads based on the model was written,and the critical speeds were calculated using this program.The dependences of linear and nonlinear critical speeds on suspension parameters considering aerodynamic loads were analyzed by using the orthogonal test method,the results were also compared with the situations without aerodynamic loads.It is shown that the most dominant factors a ff ecting linear and nonlinear critical speeds are different whether the aerodynamic loads considered or not.The damping of yaw damper is the most dominant influencing factor for linear critical speeds,while the damping of lateral damper is most dominant for nonlinear ones.When the influences of aerodynamic loads are considered,the linear critical speeds decrease with the rise of cross wind velocity,whereas it is not the case for the nonlinear critical speeds.The variation trends of critical speeds with suspension parameters can be significantly changed by aerodynamic loads.Combined actions of aerodynamic loads and suspension parameters also a ff ect the critical speeds.The effects of such joint action are more obvious for nonlinear critical speeds.     

Influences of affiliated components and train length on the train wind

The induced airflow from passing trains, which is recognized as train wind, usually has adverse impacts on people in the surroundings, i.e., the aerodynamic forces generated by a high-speed train’s wind may act on the human body and endanger the safety of pedestrians or roadside workers. In this paper, an improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method is used to study train wind. The effects of the affiliated components and train length on train wind are analyzed. The results indicate that the affiliated components and train length have no effect on train wind in the area in front of the leading nose. In the downstream and wake regions, the longitudinal train wind becomes stronger as the length of the train increases, while the transverse train wind is not affected. The presence of affiliated components strengthens the train wind in the near field of the train because of strong flow solid interactions but has limited effects on train wind in the far field.     

Extracting micro air vehicles aerodynamic forces and coefficients in free flight using visual motion tracking techniques

This paper describes a methodology to extract aerial vehicles’ aerodynamic characteristics from visually tracked trajectory data. The technique is being developed to study the aerodynamics of centimeter-scale aircraft and develop flight simulation models. Centimeter-scale aircraft remains a largely unstudied domain of aerodynamics, for which traditional techniques like wind tunnels and computational fluid dynamics have not yet been fully adapted and validated. The methodology takes advantage of recent progress in commercial, vision-based, motion-tracking systems. This system dispenses from on-board navigation sensors and enables indoor flight testing under controlled atmospheric conditions. Given the configuration of retro-reflective markers affixed onto the aerial vehicle, the vehicle’s six degrees-of-freedom motion can be determined in real time. Under disturbance-free conditions, the aerodynamic forces and moments can be determined from the vehicle’s inertial acceleration, and furthermore, for a fixed-wing vehicle, the aerodynamic angles can be plotted from the vehicle’s kinematics. By combining this information, we can determine the temporal evolution of the aerodynamic coefficients, as they change throughout a trajectory. An attractive feature of this technique is that trajectories are not limited to equilibrium conditions but can include non-equilibrium, maneuvering flight. Whereas in traditional wind-tunnel experiments, the operating conditions are set by the experimenter, here, the aerodynamic conditions are driven by the vehicle’s own dynamics. As a result, this methodology could be useful for characterizing the unsteady aerodynamics effects and their coupling with the aircraft flight dynamics, providing insight into aerodynamic phenomena taking place at centimeter scale flight.     

随机风速下高速列车的运行安全可靠性

基于可靠性理论提出了随机风速作用下高速列车风致安全分析的新方法, 这种方法可以对随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性进行有效评估.首先基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速, 建立随机风速作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法, 并通过数值仿真得到气动载荷系数的标准差随侧偏角的变化规律. 然后建立高速列车车辆系统动力学模型, 并对计算模型的正确性进行验证.最后以随机风速、侧力系数、升力系数、侧滚力矩系数、摇头力矩系数和点头力矩系数为基本随机变量, 研究随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性和可靠性灵敏度, 给出随机风速作用下高速列车的概率特征风速曲线.研究结果表明:随着车速和风速的增大, 系统的失效概率增大;通过可靠性灵敏度分析发现侧力系数和侧滚力矩系数对高速列车的运行安全影响最大, 应该特别注意这两个参数的变化对高速列车运行安全性的影响;传统确定性方法得到的高速列车的安全域曲线偏于保守, 基于可靠性的方法可得到更合理的安全域曲线.     

The influence of strong crosswinds on safety of different types of road vehicles

Strong crosswinds have a great influence on the safety of road vehicles. Different vehicle types may have different behavior under strong crosswinds, thereby leading to different dominant accident modes and accident risks. In order to compare the crosswind stability of road vehicles, a probabilistic method based on reliability analysis has been applied in this paper. The crosswind is simulated as a stochastic gust model with nonstationary wind turbulence. The vehicles are classified into several categories. For each vehicle type, a worst case vehicle model and the corresponding aerodynamic coefficients have been identified. Dominant accident modes and failure probabilities have been computed and are compared. The influence of road conditions (dry/wet) and wind directions on the crosswind stability has been taken investigated. The proposed model makes it possible to compare the effect of crosswind on different vehicle types based on a risk analysis.

     

Further tests validating the adaptation process of the adaptive walls wind tunnel in Naples

The present work reports some experimental results from the adaptive walls wind tunnel in Naples and must be considered a logical step forward in validating the wall adaptation process of this tunnel. Two sets of new tests were made for evaluating the effects of wall adaptation: one on the location of laminar–turbulent transition and turbulent separation points, the other one on the measurement of aerodynamic forces and moments, taken by a strain gage balance. Up to now, aerodynamic forces and moments were evaluated by the integration of pressure distributions on the model surface. All results agree with the theory, and measurement of aerodynamic forces has also been partially validated. Using a balance proved to be a technical shortcoming in the testing device. Received: 5 September 2000/Accepted: 25 January 2001     

斜拉桥三维拉索风雨激振准两自由度模型

拉索风雨激振是当前桥梁工程和风工程界非常关注的研究课题。过去用于测量带人工水线的拉索模型都是二维的，所建立的理论模型也是建立在二维拉索气动力的基础上的。本文基于带人工水线三维拉索模型试验得到的气动力，建立了三维拉索风雨激振的准二自由度运动微分方程，讨论了运动方程中各种参数的取值，采用数值求解方法计算了拉索风雨激振振幅。计算结果和三维拉索人工降雨试验结果的对比表明，本文方法能较好地描述三维拉索风雨激振的特征。     

Large eddy simulation of aircraft wake vortex with self-adaptive grid method

A self-adaptive-grid method is applied to numerical simulation of the evolution of aircraft wake vortex with the large eddy simulation(LES). The Idaho Falls(IDF)measurement of run 9 case is simulated numerically and compared with that of the field experimental data. The comparison shows that the method is reliable in the complex atmospheric environment with crosswind and ground effect. In addition, six cases with different ambient atmospheric turbulences and Brunt V¨ais¨al¨a(BV) frequencies are computed with the LES. The main characteristics of vortex are appropriately simulated by the current method. The onset time of rapid decay and the descending of vortices are in agreement with the previous measurements and the numerical prediction. Also, secondary structures such as baroclinic vorticity and helical structures are also simulated.Only approximately 6 million grid points are needed in computation with the present method, while the number can be as large as 34 million when using a uniform mesh with the same core resolution. The self-adaptive-grid method is proved to be practical in the numerical research of aircraft wake vortex.     

叶轮机中振动叶片非定常气动力的研究

采用“单一叶片振动方法”代替传统的“全部叶片振动方法”，用线性化的方法推导出计算振动叶片非定常气动力（引起叶片弯曲振动）及力矩（引起叶片扭转振动）方程。通过输入叶型及气流参数，它可以方便有效地估计出作用在振动叶片上的非定常气动力和力矩，以及振动叶片不稳定工况发生的条件和范围。并在氟里昂超音速风洞上进行了实验测量，结果表明，理论计算结果与实验测试结果符合较好。     

复杂大气入流下海上风机力学特性研究

随着风能技术的不断进步, 风机叶片逐渐向大型化发展, 这使得真实复杂大气入流对风机运行性能的影响愈发显著. 为研究真实复杂大气入流下海上风机的力学特性响应, 利用基于大涡模拟的域前模拟方法生成复杂大气入流, 并结合致动线模型模拟风机叶片, 对中性复杂大气入流下海上固定式风机进行数值模拟, 重点分析风机的气动性能及转子和叶片根部的力学特性, 并与均匀入流计算工况进行对比. 计算结果表明, 中性复杂大气入流中的大尺度低速气流团使得风机气动功率输出值在较长一段时间处于较低水平, 此外, 中性复杂大气入流的高湍流强度特征使得风机气动功率的变化幅值和标准差较均匀入流工况大幅增加; 风机轴向推力的标准差值增加到均匀入流的53倍, 中性复杂大气入流的来流流场扰动引起偏航力矩的最大值、均方根和标准差分别增加到均匀入流的10、4.4和4.3倍; 速度垂向分布的不均匀性以及轮毂高度附近的大尺度低速羽流结构导致摆振剪力和弯矩的标准差响应值分别为均匀入流的2倍和4.6倍.      

Experimental investigation on aerodynamic performance of a flapping wing vehicle in forward flight

The aerodynamic performance of a flexible membrane flapping wing has been investigated here. For this purpose, a flapping-wing system and an experimental set-up were designed to measure the unsteady aerodynamic forces of the flapping wing motion. A one-component force balance was set up to record the temporal variations of aerodynamic forces. The flapping wing was studied in a large low-speed wind tunnel. The lift and thrust of this mechanism were measured for different flapping frequencies, angles of attack and for various wind tunnel velocities. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the flapping frequency. An increase in the wind tunnel speed and flow angle of attack leads to reduction in the thrust value and increases the lift component. The aerodynamic and performance parameters were nondimensionalized. Appropriate models were introduced which show its aerodynamic performance and may be used in the design process and also optimization of the flapping wing.     

Progresses in application of computational fluid dynamic methods to large scale wind turbine aerodynamics

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are applied to aerodynamic problems for large scale wind turbines. The progresses including the aerodynamic analyses of wind turbine profiles, numerical flow simulation of wind turbine blades, evaluation of aerodynamic performance, and multi-objective blade optimization are discussed. Based on the CFD methods, significant improvements are obtained to predict two/three dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine airfoils and blades, and the vortical structure in their wake flows is accurately captured. Combining with a multi-objective genetic algorithm, a 1.5 MW NH-1500 optimized blade is designed with high efficiency in wind energy conversion.     

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.     

有限长正方形棱柱绕流的双稳态现象

运用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES) 方法对有限长正方形棱柱绕流进行了研究. 棱柱高宽比为5,一端固定于平板上,另一端为自由端. 平板表面边界层厚度可忽略不计. 基于自由流速度和棱柱宽度的雷诺数为3 900. 由计算结果发现,有限长棱柱的尾流在自由端后下扫流的作用下具有显著的三维性. 尾流中会交替出现两种典型的流动状态:一种是柱体两侧所脱落的涡在尾流中形成类似卡门涡街的交错排列状态;另一种是柱体尾流中涡团对称分布且无明显的周期性. 两种典型流动状态的交替出现,对有限长棱柱气动力特性有直接的影响.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of an inclined and yawed circular cylinder with artificial rivulet

Stay cables of cable-stayed bridges often experience vibrations with large amplitudes induced by wind or jointly by both wind and rain. To understand the aerodynamic characteristics of the stay cables and excitation mechanics of rain–wind-induced vibration (RWIV), an inclined and yawed circular cylinder with and without an artificial upper rivulet is studied through a series of wind tunnel tests. The impacts of upper rivulet and axial flow on the aerodynamics of the cylinder are investigated. It is found that for an inclined and yawed cylinder without rivulet there exists a non-zero lift force at large wind angle. Furthermore, the wind pressures and aerodynamic forces acting on both the cylinder and the upper rivulet are obtained, which can be used to develop more rational theoretical models for RWIV of stay cables. Results show that the upper rivulet can both enhance and depress Karman vortex shedding depending on the position of the rivulet. As a result, dramatic variations of the aerodynamic forces acting on the cylinder and the rivulet will occur, which may eventually result in RWIV. Also axial flow may have a noticeable influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of the inclined and yawed cylinder. And the presence of the rivulet can enhance such influence from the axial flow.     

高雷诺数湍流风场大涡模拟的并行直接求解方法

在环境流体力学中,风场是风沙流、风雪流等自然环境特性问题研究的动力源和基础. 通常采用壁湍流模型进行风场大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)计算,但受到计算规模的限制使得 高雷诺数风场的模拟计算难以实现. 并行计算技术是解决大规模高雷诺数风场大涡模拟的关键技术之一. 在不可压湍流风场的LES模拟中,压力泊松方程的并行计算技术是进行规模并行计算的困难点. 根据风场流动模拟计算的特点,采用水平网格等距而垂直于地面网格非等距,在解决规模并行计算中求解压力泊松方程的难点问题时,利用FFT解耦三维泊松方程使其变为垂向的一维三对角方程, 并利用可并行的三对角方程PDD求解技术,可建立三维泊松方程的直接并行求解技术. 结合其它容易并行的动量方程计算,本文建立风场LES模拟的并行直接求解方法(parallel direct method-LES, PDM-LES). 在超级计算机上对新方法进行并行效率测试,并行计算效率达到90${\%}$. 新的方法可用于进行湍流风场大涡模拟的大规模并行计算. 计算结果表明,湍流风场瞬时速度分布近壁面存在条带状的拟序结构,平均场的速度分布符合速度对数律特性,风场湍流特性基本合理.      

飞行器变后掠过程非定常气动特性形成机理

可变体飞行器变后掠过程中的时变气动力与力矩特性对于飞行安全具有重要意义,是亟待深入研究的基础问题.通过风洞实验对其开展了研究,揭示了可变体飞行器变后掠引起的气动特性动态迟滞现象及滞回环大小与方向的影响因素.基于风洞实验结果和力学中一些重要概念,提出了3种物理效应:流场迟滞效应、附加运动效应、固壁牵连效应,以此定性与定量论证了可变体飞行器变后掠过程中非定常气动特性的形成机理.除了能解释实验现象,这一机理研究亦可用于后续可变体飞行器变后掠过程中的气动特性建模.