Image resolution and the properties of optical-wave target detection and imaging by using the NR-PC flat lens

We used the method of two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) to study the characteristics of optical-wave target detection and imaging from negative-refraction photonic crystal (NR-PC) flat lens in the paper. The theory of image resolution was introduced. The results show that there exists a transmission peak, with a value far greater than unit, resulting from the influence of the mini-forbidden bands and resonance excitation effect at resonance frequency. And, the refocusing of backscattered optical wave from the target leads to its image with a sub-wavelength lateral resolution and great amplitude as long as the target is placed at the focus of the NR-PC flat lens. And the application of NR-PC flat lens can be extended in optical area, especially in the detection and imaging of small target.     

Two-square target detection and imaging using NR-PC flat lens

The characteristics of two-target detection and imaging from negative-refraction photonic crystal (NR-PC) flat lens are studied by using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. It is demonstrated that due to the influence of the mini-forbidden band and resonance excitation effect, high transmissivity will appear at the normalized resonance frequency of 0.3068 when the lightwave goes through the NR-PC lens. Meanwhile, the use of the NR-PC lens may introduce at least fourfold improvement of the refocusing resolution, if compared to the directly backscattered lightwave without using the NR-PC lens. In addition, by giving a defination for two-target minimum distinguishable distance, we further investigate the performance of two-target detection and imaging system using the proposed focus-scanning scheme. The results show that the smaller the size of the target pair is, the weeker the interference between the two targets will be, which results in a better performance in the minimum distinguishable distance.     

On the cylinder air holes of NR-PC double flats lens group with active impurities for lightwave target detection and imaging

In the paper, the influence of the cylinder air holes of negative-refraction photonic crystal (NR-PC) double flats lens group with active impurities on the performance of lightwave target detection and imaging are studied with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Firstly, we conclude the focusing imaging circuit diagram of NR-PC flat lens with the Snell extension law and geometrical optics principle. Then we use NR-PC flat lens to detect target with dynamic scanning system according to that. Numerical simulations indicate that significant enhancement of the scattering signal can be obtained due to the use of the NR-PC flat lens. We further research the influence of active impurities on target detecting by using NR-PC double flats lens group with cylinder air holes. We use NR-PC flat with active impurities instead of the perfect ones. By using dynamic scanning scheme, we find that it could improve the lateral resolution of target scanning through introducing appropriate active impurities. In conclusion, our investigation optimized the performance of the small target detection and imaging system, and provided the basis for converting an idealized LHM lens into a physically realizable NR-PC double flats lens group.     

On the use of NR-PC flat lens for square target detection and imaging by lens-combined scanning scheme

In the paper, target detection and imaging from refraction photonic crystal (NR-PC) slab lens is studied by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Numerical simulation shows that, there is a transmission peak with a value far greater than unit, resulting from the mini-forbidden bands and resonance excitation at the resonance frequency of 0.3068 (a/λ). When a target is placed at the focus point (F₂) of the NR-PC lens, its image and great amplitude could be formed in the vicinity of the point source through the focusing of backscattered optical wave from the target. Further investigation demonstrates that the lens-combined scanning scheme provides higher refocusing resolution than lens-fixed and non-dynamic scanning scheme for square target detection and imaging.     

On the defective NR-PC flat lens for lightwave target detection and imaging

Influence of the defective cylinder air holes of negative-refraction photonic crystal (NR-PC) lens on the performance of lightwave target detection and imaging are studied with finite-difference time-domain method in the paper. Numerical simulations indicate that significant enhancement of the scattering signal can be obtained using the NR-PC flat lens; consequently, great improvement of the refocusing gain as well as the imaging resolution will be provided. We further study the effect on target detection and imaging using the defective NR-PC flat lens. Using dynamic scanning scheme, it is found that its focusing resolution is better than the non-defective lens. We can also get better resolution by appropriately decreasing the radius of the defective cylinder (R = 0.3a). In conclusion, appropriate radius of the defective cylinder (R = 0.3a) will provide better image resolution.     

Influence on the resolution of target detection with defective NR-PC flat lens incorporating Al,Cu by dynamic scanning scheme

Based on the defective NR-PC flat lens incorporating Al or Cu, the effects on the resolution for target detection and imaging are studied with dynamic scanning scheme. We use the finite-difference-time-domain method to do this research. Firstly, by using the NR-PC flat lens may improve the refocusing resolution by four times, if compared to the directly backscattered lightwave without using the NR-PC lens. Then, incorporating Al or Cu into the NR-PC flat lens, we find that the dope modes with very high quality factors will occur in the photonic forbidden band. Also the stimulated radiation is enhanced for the character of energy localization of defective photonic crystal. Further studies show that different kinds of metal and structures will result in different dopped modes in the photonic forbidden band, which will lead to the change of the corresponding resolution. Due to the displacement field redistribution, the photonic crystal containing metal ingredients may take on the typical qualities of all-directional reflection, and the resonant tunneling effect may effectively reduce the loss, which provides greatly improvement on the refocusing resolution when using the defective NR-PC flat lens. In conclusion, our investigation provided the basis for converting an idealized LHM lens into a physically realizable NR-PC flat lens. Meanwhile, by impregnating metallic defect into the NR-PC lens, a new method is found out for the improvement of the refocusing resolution, which further optimizes the performance of a detecting and imaging system.     

Subwavelength imaging enhancement through a three-dimensional plasmon superlens with rough surface

In this Letter we investigate the subwavelength imaging of a three-dimensional plasmon superlens based on the full vector wave simulations of optical wave propagation and transmission. The optical transfer functions are computed. Comparisons are made between the results of lenses with flat and periodic/random rough surfaces. We also study the problem of practical imaging system geometry using laser as an illumination source. Results show that the lens with periodic or random roughness can reduce the field interference effects, and provide improved focus on the transmission field and the Poynting flux. We illustrate that the subwavelength roughness in a plasmon lens can enhance the image resolution over a flat lens for both matched and unmatched permittivity conditions. The enhancement of resolution occurs because the introduced subwavelength roughness can amplify the evanescent wave components and suppress the surface plasmon resonance peaks.     

Multi-band imaging and focusing of photonic crystal flat lens with scatterer-size gradient

In this Letter, a photonic crystal(PC) flat lens with a scatterer-size gradient is proposed, which simultaneously achieves imaging of the point source and sub-wavelength focusing of the plane wave in the first, second, and fifth bands. The imaging of the point source breaks through the diffraction limit in the second and fifth bands. The PC flat lens with the scatterer-size gradient is expected to be used in a new multifunctional optical imaging and focusing device, which improves the application potential of a PC flat lens.     

Impacts of Refraction Index Mismatch on Performance of Target Detection and Imaging by Using Flat LHM Lens

Refraction index mismatch between flat left-handed metamaterial (LHM) lens and its surrounding medium generally destroys the focusing of flat LHM lens and degrades the performance of near-field target detection by using flat LHM lens. For LHM lens of refraction index mismatch within ±30%, numerical simulations demonstrate that lenses with large refraction index may suffer less resolution degradation than lenses with small refraction index, and the enhancement of refocused microwave backscattered from target can be subsided by up to approximately 5.5dB. The refraction index mismatch will also shift the target position in the reconstructed image so that theoretical prediction of target position needs to be modified.     

Novel method for high accuracy figure measurement of optical flat

Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD) is a non-contact, high dynamic-range and full-field metrology which becomes a serious competitor to interferometry. However, the accuracy of deflectometry metrology is strongly influenced by the level of the calibrations, including test geometry, imaging pin-hole camera and digital display. In this paper, we propose a novel method that can measure optical flat surface figure to a high accuracy. We first calibrate the camera using a checker pattern shown on a LCD display at six different orientations, and the last orientation is aligned at the same position as the test optical flat. By using this method, lens distortions and the mapping relationship between the CCD pixels and the subaperture coordinates on the test optical flat can be determined at the same time. To further reduce the influence of the calibration errors on measurements, a reference optical flat with a high quality surface is measured, and then the system errors in our PMD setup can be eliminated by subtracting the figure of the reference flat from the figure of the test flat. Although any expensive coordinates measuring machine, such as laser tracker and coordinates measuring machine are not applied in our measurement, our experimental results of optical flat figure from low to high order aberrations still show a good agreement with that from the Fizeau interferometer.     

Detection and jamming experiment of optical surveillance device in night equipment transportation北大核心CSCD

针对装备运输过程中可能遭遇侦拍的风险,结合运输安全需求,分析市面上常见的4类消费级侦拍装置(手机、卡片数码相机、单反相机和数码摄像机)的光电可探测性,并实现对各装置的有效干扰。通过搭建“猫眼”激光探测、激光干扰及回波信号接收系统,重点突破典型小口径侦拍装置的探测与识别,以及“猫眼”探测端与目标端的双向成像等理论和关键技术。在此基础上分析不同距离、干扰波长和孔径情况下可见光波段激光对“猫眼”目标的探测及成像干扰效果,并提出一种图像干扰效果评价标准及不同光学侦拍装置的有效干扰阈值。实验结果表明:典型光学侦拍装置在实验距离内具有良好的光电可探测性,并且可被有效干扰;在激光束完全覆盖镜头通光孔径时,目标与装置距离越近,激光束散角越小,波段越接近人眼敏感程度最大波段(555 nm),激光光束产生的非伤害性成像干扰效果越好。     

Focusing of a Flat Left-Handed Metamaterial Lens in a Heterogeneous and Lossy Medium

For applications such as near-field target detection and tumor hyperthermia with a fiat left-handed metamaterial （LHM） lens, a microwave will be focused in the heterogeneous and lossy medium. Different from the focusing of a fiat LHM lens in vacuum as reported in most previous studies, the medium loss and heterogeneity will affect the focusing performance of the LHM lens. Numerical simulations indicate that the medium loss will degrade the focusing resolution, while the heterogeneity of random variability within ±30% will affect the focusing resolution to a limited extent. Both the loss and heterogeneity of the medium will shift the focal point away from the image plane. When focusing in a medium with different permittivity values, an LHM lens will also have different focusing resolutions due to different electric thicknesses.     

动态目标模拟器用视景仿真镜头光学设计

研究一种基于液晶光阀的动态光学目标模拟器用视景仿真镜头,给出了视景仿真镜头的设计实例。动态光学目标模拟器由内置液晶显示系统、视景仿真镜头、外置投影仪、计算机、电缆、调整机构组成。测试设备将命令发送到计算机,计算机根据接收的指令生成模拟地形图并控制液晶光阀将图像显示出来,液晶光阀位于视景仿真镜头的焦平面位置,视景仿真镜头对液晶光阀成像后形成平行光出射,可在有限距离上产生无限远效果模拟观测结果,光学敏感器接受模拟器的出射光线并成像完成模拟试验,视景仿真镜头采用二次成像的反远结构,同时为保证与液晶光阀出射光相互匹配,采用了远心光路的结构形式。视景仿真镜头的焦距f=-22.447 1 mm,视场角是对角线视场为45,有效视场为301.5301.5;全视场畸边＜1％,在Nyquist频率42.5 lp/mm处MTF＞0.45,系统长度325 mm;视景仿真镜头与敏感器镜头配合后在敏感器像面上的照度均匀性不小于95.4％。最后给出了视景仿真镜头的测试结果。     

Hybrid lens with corrected sphero-chromatic aberration

An optical imaging element is considered, which consists of a plano-convex spherical glass lens and a holographic lens recorded on the flat surface. Such a ‘hybrid lens’ enables one simultaneously to correct spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatism for two given wavelengths. The imaging quality of such an achromatic lens of focal length f = 100 mm and relative aperture 1:10 is evaluated by the ray tracing method. The results ensure that the performance of such a hybrid lens is acceptable for field angles as high as 5:100.     

变焦结构光成像系统的光学设计

为了实现快速低成本改变光学系统焦距,设计了基于液体透镜的变焦结构光三维成像镜头和微透镜阵列。系统采用7片球面玻璃镜片和1片液体透镜结构, F#为3.2,全视场大小为10 mm,总长180 mm,焦距变化范围54 mm~61 mm。结果表明:该系统能实现投影距离227 mm~256 mm调节,调焦过程中目标表面清晰,细节分辨率高,系统在整个变焦区域内,在40 lp/mm时,全视场MTF优于0.2,系统场曲小于0.2,畸变小于0.2%。柱面微透镜阵列整体尺寸为10 mm×10 mm,周期宽度为1 mm,厚度为1 mm。随着投影距离的增长,光学系统成像质量先上升后下降,在237 mm处成像质量最优,随着投影距离的增加,光学系统的放大倍率增大,光学系统整体相对照度不均匀性小于0.2。     

Optimization of the lens-array structure for performance improvement of integral imaging

The seemingly inherent deficiencies of integral imaging systems-in particular, the depth of field limitation-are, in this Letter, partly resolved by using an irregular lens array, where each lens is either rotated or displaced from its original position in the conventional flat lens array. It is shown that having an array of lenses in the integral imaging system has some sort of redundancy that could be exploited to improve the quality of the image formation. The needed rotation or displacement of constituent lenses in the array is found by using a meticulous optimization algorithm, which tries to evenly distribute the optical rays emanating from each of the lenses to form the final image.     

拉曼光谱编码的荧光液相生物芯片检测系统研究

随着医疗诊断需求的增加,生物分子检测技术越来越受到人们的重视,液相生物芯片技术作为一种高通量,多通道的分子检测手段在近几年得到了飞速发展。通过层层自组装方法制备以微片为载体的拉曼光谱编码液相生物芯片,并利用自行搭建的一套高灵敏度、高分辨率的光学系统,实现对液相生物芯片的定性与定量分析。光学系统由拉曼光谱检测系统与荧光显微成像系统耦合而成。在拉曼光谱检测系统中激光器发射出785 nm波长的激光,通过二向色镜,带反反射镜与物镜汇聚到样品上,样品产生的拉曼散射光,经物镜,带反反射镜,二向色镜与拉曼滤波片,最后通过凹透镜聚焦到光谱仪的狭缝上,光谱仪色散实现在线阵CCD上拉曼光谱的获取。荧光显微成像系统应用光学成像原理,通过调节凹透镜与405 nm的激发光之间的距离,使激发光通过物镜均匀的照射到样品之上,样品激发出的荧光,通过物镜,带反反射镜,二向色镜,滤波片与相应的凹透镜,最后成像到面阵CCD上。改进传统便携式拉曼光谱检测系统光路并选用相应波段的带反反射镜与焦距20倍的物镜完成拉曼光谱检测系统与荧光显微成像系统的耦合。为了减少两路系统之间的相互影响选用合适的二向色镜以及滤波片,在提高耦合系统获取数据的准确性中有着重要的作用。该系统通过对反应之后的液相生物芯片进行拉曼光谱检测,以完成对每个编码玻片的定性识别,即解码;同时激发反应后液相生物芯片的荧光并采集荧光强度图,根据每个解码玻片上的荧光强度值完成对目标检测物的定量分析。区别于传统荧光编码液相生物芯片, 拉曼光谱编码具有稳定性更强,光谱分辨率更高等优点。该光学系统集拉曼光谱检测系统与荧光显微成像系统于一体,解决了目前未有基于拉曼编码的液相生物芯片的检测系统的问题,并且可同时对多种目标物进行识别和定量分析,提升了实验结果的准确性。     

电控聚合物分散液晶全息透镜及特性研究

报道位相型电控聚合物分散液晶(H-PDLC)全息衍射透镜的研制及特性研究,理论上,根据耦合波理论,研究了不同的相分离程度系数下,理想位相型电控聚合物分散液晶(H-PDLC)全息衍射透镜在可见光波长(400—800nm)的衍射特性.实验研制了衍射效率最高为70%的电控H-PDLC变焦透镜样品,研究表明H-PDLC透镜具有优良的成像特性,和快速响应的电控开关特性,在光学成像系统,光通信系统中具有良好的应用前景.     

一种用于大气探测的紫外成像仪光学系统设计

提出了一种将全景成像系统应用到大气临边探测的光学系统设计方案。首先考虑到特殊的工作波段以及创新性应用,根据应用技术指标,在传统全景环形透镜的基础上,结合探测器尺寸限制,精细调整四个球面的曲率半径,以便得到最佳光学传递函数。然后基于像差理论设计中继镜组系统,补偿全景环形透镜产生的像差,采用折射率n以及阿贝常数ν不同的双分离的正负透镜组合,负透镜采用熔石英,正透镜采用氟化钙,从而使色差最小。最后运用CODE-V光学设计软件对系统进行优化,列出重要的公差参数,为后续加工装调提出要求。优化结果表明,光学系统在各个视场的光学传递函数均达到了0.7以上,各视场能量集中度为80%的弥散圆直径均小于11 μm,完全满足设计指标要求,也证明了将全景环形成像系统应用到紫外波段大气临边探测的方案是可行的。     

光场多光谱相机像方远心镜头光学设计

光场多光谱成像技术具有能够同时获取目标二维空间信息和光谱信息的能力,利用光谱信息可以实现目标的分类和识别。为了快速、便捷地获取空间目标的完整光谱信息,实现目标表面光谱信息的真实记录,基于光场多光谱成像原理,采用光谱分光滤光片阵列分光实现主透镜系统入瞳孔径的分割,设计了一款应用于光场多光谱相机的像方远心镜头光学系统。光学系统具有宽波段400 nm~1 000 nm,焦距为240 mm,F数为4,全视场15.52°。像质评价与系统公差分析结果表明:设计的光场多光谱相机的像方远心镜头可以满足实际加工以及正常使用要求。