功能化离子液体在Knoevenagel缩合中的研究进展

离子液体具备熔点低、不可燃性、热稳定性好、溶解性好、可设计性及可重复利用性等一系列优点,因此常以催化剂、溶剂的形式应用于有机合成领域中.从离子液体阳离子电荷中心所在位置的不同出发,分别介绍了近年来非环类、环类及负载型功能化离子液体在Knoevenagel缩合反应中的应用进展,并对功能化离子液体的结构特点、催化活性及某些催化剂可能的催化机理等方面展开了论述.     

DNA缩合结构形成过程的研究

本文研究了2700 bp DNA片段在金属离子作用下,折叠缩合为复曲面的形成过程。以电子显微镜术为手段,经大量观测抽提出几种典型中间结构,并计算了各典型结构的尺度分布。作者由此推论,DNA缩合结构的形成过程是DNA链折叠与排列的过程;是无序到有序的转化过程。研究不仅证实缩合是有规则与有方向的,还进一步证实短DNA片段的缩合是多分子的缩合。     

提高接肽缩合率的研究进展

本文针对多肽合成中缩合反应存在"困难肽段"的情况, 反析了影响缩合率的原因,归纳了改善缩合率的措施。 它们对提高经典液相法及固相法肽合成的质量均有实际意义。     

共轭烯酸与聚乙二醇缩合反应研究进展

聚乙二醇不饱和酸酯是一类重要的高聚物单体,其与其他单体接枝共聚也可合成多功能化的高分子聚合物.主要综述了聚乙二醇与丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸等共轭烯酸缩合反应的研究进展,并对其发展进行了展望.     

缩合反应

如果把脱去小分子,H2O,HCI,NH3等叫做缩合反应,那么醋化、消去、硝化等均具有缩合特征。缩合的前提是分(离)子中含有可缩去小分子的“基团”,分(离)子中所含这些“基团”的数目,表明它有几次缩合的机会。先讨论含氧酸的缩合。     

脯氨酸催化不对称羟醛缩合反应机理研究进展

脯氨酸催化不对称直接羟醛缩合反应是近年来不对称合成研究的热点. 综述并讨论了分子内和分子间不对称直接羟醛缩合的反应机理及其微观过程.     

无机化学中的脱水缩合反应

将无机化学中的脱水缩合反应进行分类:发生在无机含氧酸之间的脱水缩合反应;发生在无机含氧酸酸式盐之间的脱水缩合反应和酸化含氧酸盐溶液而发生的脱水缩合反应。介绍了缩合反应及缩合反应产物的应用。     

甲基二氯硅烷缩合反应的研究

由于聚硅烷具有一些特殊的性质及用途,近年来引起了人们的注意。文献报道的多是主链连有烷基、芳基或芳烷基的聚硅烷,而主链连有活性基团的聚硅烷很少。我们曾合成了主链连有硅氢基团的聚硅烷,并研究了其交联反应。通过硅氢键的反应,可在硅一硅主链上引入一些活性基团,赋予聚硅烷新的特性。本文则报道不同反应条件对甲基二氯硅烷缩合的影响。     

羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂的研究进展

概述了羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂的分类、酸碱协同催化作用的主要影响因素并推测了酸碱协同催化反应机理。羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂,按其所提供的酸位和碱位的性质可以分为三类:(1)表面本身兼具酸位和碱位的双功能无机材料,(2)材料本身兼具酸位和碱位的双功能有机材料,(3)通过分别引入酸位和碱位所形成的双功能介孔材料。本文分别对这三类催化剂在羟醛缩合反应中的应用进行了综述;此外,还分析和探讨了酸碱中心的强度匹配、相对位置及空间位阻等因素对酸碱协同催化的影响并推测了酸碱协同催化反应机理;最后,对酸碱双功能催化剂在羟醛缩合反应中的应用前景进行了展望。     

羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂的研究进展

概述了羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂的分类、酸碱协同催化作用的主要影响因素并推测了酸碱协同催化反应机理。羟醛缩合反应中酸碱双功能催化剂,就其所提供的酸位和碱位的性质而言可分为两类：一类是表面本身兼具酸位和碱位的双功能无机材料,另一类是通过分别引入酸位和碱位所形成的双功能介孔材料。分别对这两类催化剂在羟醛缩合反应中的应用进行了综述。此外,还分析和探讨了酸碱中心的强度匹配、相对位置及空间位阻等因素对酸碱协同催化的影响并推测了酸碱协同催化反应机理。最后,对酸碱双功能催化剂在羟醛缩合反应中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Direct Observation of Dynamic Mechanical Regulation of DNA Condensation by Environmental Stimuli

Gene delivery is a promising way to treat hereditary diseases and cancer; however, there is little understanding of DNA:carrier complex mechanical properties, which may be critical for the protection and release of nucleic acids. We applied optical tweezers to directly measure single‐molecule mechanical properties of DNA condensed using 19‐mer poly‐L ‐lysine (PLL) or branched histidine–lysine (HK) peptides. Force–extension profiles indicate that both carriers condense DNA actively, showing force plateaus during stretching and relaxation cycles. As the environment such as carrier concentration, pH, and the presence of zinc ions changes, DNA:HK complexes showed dynamically regulated mechanical properties at multiple force levels. The fundamental knowledge from this study can be applied to design a mechanically tailored complex which may enhance transfection efficiency by controlling the stability of the complex temporally and spatially.     

Efficient DNA Binding and Condensation Using Low Molecular Weight,Low Charge Density Cationic Polymer Amphiphiles

A new class of biodegradable cationic macromolecules for DNA binding and condensation was developed by end‐group‐functionalization of poly(trimethylene carbonate). A series of one‐ and two‐armed structures was synthesized and their interaction with DNA was evaluated. To aid data interpretation, a non‐linear modeling method was applied to show efficient DNA binding that was intimately related to cationic charge density and macromolecular architecture. One‐armed, low charge density structures were consistently found to bind to DNA at lower charge ratios than their two‐armed, high charge density counterparts. This suggests that polymer backbone structure and characteristics are important considerations in the development of efficient cationic polymer systems for DNA condensation and delivery.

     

Knoevenagel缩合反应研究的新进展

综述了近年来Knoevenagel缩合反应研究的新进展, 包括微波、超声波、固相合成、离子液体等新技术新试剂在该反应中的应用.     

金属配合物作为核酸释放的载体

基因治疗是指利用一种载体将健康的基因载入细胞替换致病的基因.由基因缺陷导致的人类疾病达1200多种,最合理的选择是采用基因替换的方法进行治疗.基因治疗的关键问题是解决使用何种载体才能安全有效地将治疗基因载入靶细胞.非病毒基因载体主要是一些有机阳离子物种,一直受到极大重视;近年来,磷酸钙、纳米粒子和金属配合物释放核酸的功能也开始受到关注.本文总结了金属配合物作为非病毒基因载体使用的研究进展,希望由此理解配合物释放核酸的优势和不足之处.     

Multifaceted Studies of the DNA Interactions and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Anticancer Polyaromatic Platinum(II) Complexes

This study reports a detailed biophysical analysis of the DNA binding and cytotoxicity of six platinum complexes (PCs). They are of the type [Pt(P_L)(SS‐dach)]Cl₂, where P_L is a polyaromatic ligand and SS‐dach is 1S,2S‐diaminocyclohexane. The DNA binding of these complexes was investigated using six techniques including ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, linear dichroism, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry and mass spectrometry. This portfolio of techniques has not been extensively used to study the interactions of such complexes previously; each assay provided unique insight. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds was studied in ten cell lines and compared to the effects of their R,R enantiomers; activity was very high in Du145 and SJ‐G2 cells, with some submicromolar IC₅₀ values. In terms of both DNA affinity and cytotoxicity, complexes of 5,6‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline and 2,2′‐bipyridine exhibited the greatest and least activity, respectively, suggesting that there is some correlation between DNA binding and cytotoxicity.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives via Knoevenagel Condensation: A Review

The synthesis of coumarins through Knoevenagel condensation is one of the most important processes in synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Compounds including a coumarin (2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran) backbone have a wide range of application in the pharmaceutical field. Thus, many methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of this important class of compounds. However, some methods are always associated with toxic and corrosive catalysts, longer reaction time, poor yield, less purity, and by-products along with the desired product. Furthermore, some of these processes are not efficient and environmentally friendly. Therefore, mild, efficient, and environmentally friendly protocols have been developed recently by many scientists for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Knoevenagel condensation with good yield and purity. In this review, we have summarized various methods for the synthesis of coumarins via Knoevenagel condensation.     

负载锌催化剂的缩合反应性能的研究

考察了由浸渍法制得的Zn2 + /AC ,Ni2 + /AC ,H+ /AC ,H+ +K+ /AC ,K+ /AC等催化剂存在下 ,由丙二酸二乙酯 (MDE)与原甲酸三乙酯 (OFE)在及少量乙酸或乙酸酐做缩合介质合成乙氧亚甲基丙二酸二乙酯 (EMME) .获得合成EMME较佳工艺条件 :用活性白土作为载体 ,负载 5 %Zn作为催化剂 ,催化剂用量为加入原料MDE的0 .3% (w) ,催化剂具有一定的重复使用性 ,EMME的收率可达到 98% (以MDE计 )     

Construction and DNA Condensation of Cyclodextrin‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles with Anthryl Grafts

The condensation of DNA in a controlled manner is one of the key steps in gene delivery and gene therapy. For this purpose, a water‐soluble supramolecular nanostructure is constructed by coating 14 β‐cyclodextrins onto the surface of a gold nanoparticle, followed by the noncovalent association of different amounts of anthryl‐modified adamantanes with coated β‐cyclodextrins. The strong binding of β‐cyclodextrins with anthryl adamantanes (K_S=8.61×10⁴ M ^?1) efficiently stabilizes the supramolecular nanostructure. Spectrophotometric fluorescence spectra and microscopic studies demonstrated that, with many anthryl grafts that can intercalate in the outer space of the DNA double helix, this supramolecular nanostructure showed good condensation abilities to calf thymus DNA. Significantly, the condensation efficiency of supramolecular nanostructure towards DNA could be conveniently controlled by adjusting the ratio between gold nanoparticles and anthryl adamantane grafts, leading to the formation of DNA condensates of a size that are suitable for the endocytosis of hepatoma cells, which will make it potentially applicable in many fields of medicinal science and biotechnology.     

Efficient DNA Condensation Induced by Ruthenium(II) Complexes of a Bipyridine‐Functionalized Molecular Clip Ligand

Complexes of the type [Ru(bxbg)₂(N‐N)]²⁺, where N‐N denotes 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) ( 1 ), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) ( 2 ), dipyrido[3,2‐d:2′,3‐f] quinoxaline (dpq) ( 3 ), and dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (dppz) ( 4 ), incorporating bis(o‐xylene)bipyridine‐glycoluril (bxbg) as an ancillary “molecular clip” ligand, have been synthesized and characterized. These ruthenium(II) complexes of bis(o‐xylene)bipyridine‐glycoluril self‐associate in water through specific molecular recognition processes to form polycationic arrays. These arrays containing electrostatic binders as well as intercalator ligands at micromolar doses rapidly condense free DNA into globular nanoparticles of various sizes. The DNA condensation induced by these complexes has been investigated by electrophoretic mobility assay, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular uptake of complex–DNA condensates and the low cytotoxicity of these complexes satisfy the requirements of a gene vector.