Analysis of Fabrication Errors and Study of Calibration Method for Multilevel Diffractive Optical Element

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含中心遮拦剪切干涉图的波前重建新方法

在利用剪切干涉测量共轴折返式光学系统波像差时,会得到含中心遮拦的环形剪切干涉图。但是,目前的剪切干涉波前重建方法大多适用于圆形或矩形区域。提出了一种适用于含中心遮拦环形剪切干涉图的波前重建方法。该方法是一种基于Zernike环多项式的模式法。仿真和分析了不同剪切比、单项像差、噪声对重建精度的影响,结果表明:该算法具有较高的重建精度,剪切比小于6%时,相对重建误差小于10%;对像散的重建精度较高,对球差和慧差的重建精度相对较低;具有较好的抗噪性。该方法已应用于实验室开发的交叉光栅横向剪切干涉仪的干涉图像波前重建中。     

小波分析在汽车车灯光源色测量中CCD光谱的消噪平滑处理

本文依据小波变换原理 ,提出利用小波变换技术对汽车车灯光源色测量中实时采集的光源光谱信号进行多分辨分解 ,有效地消除噪声 ,提高了光谱的信噪比。由CCD接收的标准A光源谱进行了多层分解 ,讨论了不同小波基和分解阶次对信号分析结果的影响。选取最佳小波基 ,为光谱信号消噪平滑处理提供了较有效的数据处理方法。通过对CCD接收的光谱信号进行了消噪和平滑处理 ,解决了实时采集光谱信号在分析和数据处理上的困难 ,该研究充分体现了小波变换在数据处理方面的优势 ,在依赖于光谱信号的颜色测量领域中起重要的作用。     

Stripping voltammetry of Pb and Cu using a microcantilever electrode

Microfabricated silicon microcantilevers coated with gold on one side have been used as working electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical arrangement. In addition to electrochemical current, cantilever bending has been used as a signal for monitoring electrode reactions on the cantilever surface. The microcantilever bending was measured by an optical beam deflection method as the surface potential was scanned and electrochemical reactions occurred on the surface. The microcantilever bending due to differential surface stress was used to sense Pb and Cu using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep stripping voltammetry (LSSV).     

Peculiarities of diffusion in gels

An optical method was applied to study the peculiarities of diffusion in gel: this method provides real-time visualization of spreading of solutes brought into the gel. It was shown that spectral characteristics of reflected light give additional information about nature of diffusive spreading of solutes and about state of the gel. Gels with different densities and lifetime were studied. These parameters have strong influence on the velocity of diffusion. The study demonstrated critical differences for diffusion process in gels with true solutions and with solutions with nanoparticles. Experiments discovered the anisotropy in 3D diffusion of solutes in gels; physical explanation of this phenomenon was proposed.     

光交叉连接节点的功能结构

光交叉连接(OXC)是未来波分复用光传送网实现交换与选路功能的核心部件.目前,OXC节点的物理结构得到深入研究,已经提出了一些采用不同光子器件的OXC实现方案.本文从描述光交叉连接功能的角度出发,给出一种分析OXC节点功能结构的模型,并比较各种OXC方案在功能结构上的差异。     

Design considerations for efficient planar-optical systems

Planar integrated free-space optics is well suited for various applications, e.g., in telecommunication, optical interconnects and security application. However the overall efficiency of purely diffractive systems is low, i.e., in the range of a few percent. We show that it is possible to raise the efficiency significantly by integration of refractive optical elements (prisms, wedges) for coupling into the substrate. In this case, the systems design is particularly challenging. We compare the impact of different coupling mechanisms on the optical designs of integrated 4f-imaging systems.     

Optomechanical coupling in a two-dimensional photonic crystal defect cavity

Periodically structured materials can sustain both optical and mechanical modes. Here we investigate and observe experimentally the optomechanical properties of a conventional two-dimensional suspended photonic crystal defect cavity with a mode volume of ~3(λ/n)3. Two families of mechanical modes are observed: flexural modes, associated to the motion of the whole suspended membrane, and localized modes with frequencies in the GHz regime corresponding to localized phonons in the optical defect cavity of diffraction-limited size. We demonstrate direct measurements of the optomechanical vacuum coupling rate using a frequency calibration technique. The highest measured values exceed 80 kHz, demonstrating high coupling of optical and mechanical modes in such structures.     

基于位相分布限制衍射光学元件的散斑抑制方法

根据散斑产生的机理,利用像素点之间干涉的概念,提出了通过限制光场的位相分布范围来抑制投影图像中散斑对比度的方法.在部分发展散斑的条件下,推导了位相均匀分布情况下的散斑对比度公式,揭示了当相位分布范围在0.6π~2π之间时,散斑对比度随相位分布范围的变化而震荡变化,当把相位分布范围限制在0.6π以下时,散斑对比度会随相位分布范围的减小而迅速下降.建立了理想仿真模型和实际仿真模型来验证该方法的正确性和可行性.在理想仿真模型中,当位相分布范围从2π变到0,所得散斑图样对比度从66.44%降到0;在实际仿真模型中,模拟了实际激光投影系统的光路结构,并运用了两片衍射光学元件,一片用于激光整形匀化,一片用于光场的位相分布范围限制,散斑图样对比度从92.78%降低到2.09%.该方法稳定性高、耗能低、使用元件尺寸小,为全息投影显示的散斑抑制提供了参考.     

Scattering differentiates Alzheimer disease in vitro

The molecular bases of Alzheimer disease and related neurodegenerative disorders are becoming better understood, but the means for definitive diagnosis and monitoring in vivo remain lacking. Near-infrared optical spectroscopy offers a potential solution. We acquired transmission and reflectance spectra of thin brain tissue slabs, from which we calculated wavelength-dependent absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from 470-1000 nm. The reduced scattering coefficients in the near infrared clearly differentiated Alzheimer from control specimens. Diffuse reflectance spectra of gross brain tissue in vitro confirmed this observation. These results suggest a means for diagnosing and monitoring Alzheimer disease in vivo, using near-infrared optical spectroscopy.     

Key rotation multiplexing for multiple-image optical encryption in the Fresnel domain

We introduce a key rotation multiplexing method into the double random phase encoding system for multiple-image optical encryption in the Fresnel domain. Each plaintext is encoded into a stationary-white-noise ciphertext by the same only phase mask located at the input plane, and another only phase mask with a certain rotation angle located at the transform plane. All ciphertexts encoded from different plaintexts are added together to produce a final ciphertext, which serves as a single data source for different plaintexts decryption. Thus, the mask located at transform plane can be utilized to decrypt different plaintexts with a certain rotation angle. Also, we perform computer simulations to investigate how the quantization level of decrypted key and CCD, respectively, affect the decrypted quality and the number of images that can be multiplexed.     

Switching from positive to negative absorption with electromagnetically induced transparency in circuit quantum electrodynamics

We present a theoretical study of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in a superconducting quantum circuit with a tunable V-shaped energy spectrum derived from two superconducting Josephson charge qubits coupled with each other through a superconducting quantum interference device. Using the density matrix formalism and the steady-state approximation, we obtain the analytical expressions of the first-order matrix element associated with the absorption and dispersion of the probe field for two different V-type schemes. Our results show that, for this superconducting quantum system, it is possible to realize a remarkable phenomenon that dynamic conversion between EIT and EIT with amplification without population inversion. Such a unique optical feature has potential applications in quantum optical devices and quantum information processing.     

Optical three-dimensional stacked morphological processor module with variable thresholding

A compact stacked integrated module of optical mathematical morphological processor is developed, which consists of a weighted interconnector of the building blocks like calcite and quartz plates and a variable thresholding device. Based on the Boolean decomposition for morphological function and the thresholding for weighted convolution, a simple algorithm with only the programming of threshold levels is developed. Thus, any morphological image processing function can be performed by using a series of different threshold levels.     

基于光反馈半导体激光器的多开关状态检测系统

为了能够同时检测多个开关的状态,提出了一种基于光反馈半导体激光器的多开关状态检测系统.该系统由半导体激光器、多开关传感网络和数据采集与处理单元组成.多开关传感网络包括多个反馈光路,每个光路由耦合器、光纤和强度反射式光开关构成.所有开关都闭合时,系统没有反馈,激光器输出连续光.当有开关被打开时,光反馈使系统工作在混沌状态.根据系统输出信号的自相关曲线中与各开关位置对应处的峰值是否大于预设阈值来判断开关的状态,通过编程令其它位置处的峰值为零来消除干扰峰.搭建了3个开关的实验系统,分别对不同开关状态下的系统进行检测,结果表明该系统可以准确检测单个或多个开关的状态.     

光折变LiNbO_3晶体中单光栅实现波长解复用方案

基于光折变LiNbO3晶体中体光栅的各向异性衍射特性,从理论上分析了利用单个体光栅实现波分解复用技术的方案.在此方案中,采用He-Ne激光束记录一个特定波数的光折变体光栅,就能够实现远程通信波长在1550 nm附近的波长解复用,理论上可以实现的解复用波段范围是从1400 nm到1650 nm.由于采用了各向异性衍射,衍射光和读取光的偏振方向互相正交,提高了信噪比;另外,方案中仅需记录单个光栅就可以实现波分复用,克服了多重光栅复用方案中记录时间复杂性的问题.     

Correction of optical distortions in dry depth profiling with confocal Raman microspectroscopy

We present a generalized approach to obtain improved Raman intensity profiles from in‐depth studies performed by confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) with dry objectives. The approach is based on regularized deconvolution of the as‐measured confocal profile, through a kernel that simulates optical distortions due to diffraction, refraction and collection efficiency on the depth response. No specific shape or restrictions for the recovered profile are imposed. The strategy was tested by probing, under different instrumental conditions, a series of model planar interfaces, generated by the contact of polymeric films of well‐defined thickness with a substrate. Because of the aforementioned optical distortions, the as‐measured confocal response of the films appeared highly distorted and featureless. The signal computed after deconvolution recovers all the films features, matching very closely with the response expected. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and operation of an evanescent optical fiber sensor

Design and operation of an optical fiber sensor based on the intensity modulation is reported in this article. Two distinct mechanisms are considered for the optical power loss and the sensor operation is explained in terms of these effects. The dominant loss mechanism is found to be the evanescent loss and based on this phenomenon the optical fiber sensor is designed. Performance of this sensor is tested as a liquid level sensor for water and the experimental results are reported. The dry and wet signals for this probe are measured for a series of measurements and important factors concerning the design and operation of sensor are described. The precision of measured values, reproducibility of the results, and the stability of sensing operation as a function of time are reported. Variation of the output reading of the sensor system for different launching power is also investigated. The output signal of an optical fiber sensor in general is nonlinear, but both the signal difference (dry minus wet) and diff/dry signal ratio for the reported sensor show linear dependence with the launching power at intensities below threshold. The reported results are promising and verify the successful operation of such a device as an on/off level switch and also as a liquid level sensor.     

Infrared focal plane array with a built-in stationary Fourier-transform spectrometer: basic concepts

A novel configuration of stationary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is presented. Contrary to classic configurations, the interferometer is directly integrated in the focal plane array (FPA) during its process of fabrication. A first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstration of the spectrometric function has been achieved departing from a well-known structure of an HgCdTe photodetector. We show that the obtained FTIR-FPA can be described by intrinsic parameters such as an optical path difference and a so-called spectrometric efficiency. First experimental results are presented.     

Two unstable oscillations in the multimode laser with modulated inversion

We present comprehensive results of numerical studies on the dynamical properties of a multimode ring laser under modulation of the population inversion in the bad-cavity condition. Incoherent properties of unstable oscillations in this system are investigated in detail as a function of two control parameters: the dc component of the population inversion and the modulation amplitude. Two kinds of optical chaos in two limiting regions reported in a previous paper are extensively studied to clarify their different characteristics from deterministic and stochastic points of view. The competition between their different origins is revealed. Statistical properties of their stochasticity are investigated to clarify their non-Gaussian natures. Comparison with analytical results for a single-mode laser with fluctuations is also made.     

云母模板中Cu纳米线的制备及其光学性质研究

利用快重离子辐照的单晶白云母片产生潜径迹,蚀刻得到直径在30—180 nm纳米孔道. 孔道形状依赖于蚀刻时间,蚀刻时间短得到圆柱形孔道,蚀刻时间长得到菱柱形孔道. 从而在云母模板孔道中电化学沉积得到不同直径和形状的Cu纳米线. 通过紫外可见光谱分析,发现铜纳米线的尺寸和形状影响其光学性质. 直径小于60 nm的近似为圆柱状Cu纳米线有一个明显的表面等离子体共振峰和一个微弱的次峰. 随着直径增加,菱柱状的Cu纳米线主峰有明显的红移,次峰逐渐增强. 同时利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射对Cu纳米线的形貌和晶体结构特征进行了表征. 关键词： Cu纳米线 电化学沉积 光学性质 云母模板