Modification of thermal techniques: Derivative,digital filter,Fourier transform

Continued efforts to identify compatible or incompatible blends have demonstrated a need to separate overlapping curves or peaks in a thermal trace. One way to do this is by using the derivatives of these curves. While the function is available on most modern thermal analysis units, its usefulness is often limited by noise in the system. Two techniques which can help to greatly reduce noise are digital filtering and Fourier transformation of the data. Both approaches have been used on identical sets of noisy data. The FT method appears to offer greater potential for producing useful derivatives from noisy composite curves.

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Zusammenfassung Ständige Versuche zur Identifizierung kompatibler und nichtkompatibler Gemische haben die Notwendigkeit mit sich gebracht, sich überlappende Kurven oder Peaks in thermischen Kurvenverläufen zu trennen. Eine Möglichkeit dafür bietet die Registrierung difierenzieller Kurven. Diese können mit den meisten modernen Geräten aufgenommen werden, ihre Brauchbarkeit wird aber oft durch den Geräuschpegel im System limitiert. Der Geräuschpegel kann durch digitale Filterung und durch Fourier-Transformation der Daten herabgesetzt werden. Beide Methoden wurden unter Verwendung identischer Datenserien geprüft. Die FT-Methode scheint bessere Möglichkeiten zu bieten, geeignete Differentialkurven aus starkes Rauschen aufweisenden Kurvenverläufen zu erhalten.

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. . , . , , - . . - .

     

Monooxygenase activity of immobilized iron(III) porphyrins

New silica-immobilized iron(III) porphyrin systems possessing monooxygenase activity in aniline oxidation to p-aminophenol, have been found. The catalytic activity depends on both the porphyrin structure and coordination by an axial ligand. The maximum activity in this reaction is observed for imidazol-coordinated hemin. The hydroxylation in the above system is shown to follow a non-radical mechanism.

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— , -. , , . , . , .

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This term refers to catalysis with the formation of monooxygenated products using dioxygen oxidants     

The multicomponent temperature-programmed desorption technique

After adsorption of 1-butene on NaHY zeolite, the desorbate consists of about twelve different components. The application of the temperature-programmed desorption technique to such a system is shown. As a result a modification of the TPD method, the so-called multicomponent TPD, is proposed.

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-1 NaHY , . - () . , .., .

     

NMR studies of complex formation between H2PtCl4 and SnCl2 in organic solvents

Complex formation of H₂PtCl₄ with SnCl₂ in isopropanol and isopropanol-acetone solutions with the molar ratio [Sn]: [Pt]=1.0 has been studied by using¹⁹⁵Pt and¹¹⁹Sn NMR method.

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¹⁹⁵Pt ¹¹⁹Sn H₂PtCl₄ co SnCl₂ - Sn:Pt=1,0.

     

Determination of the rate constants for chain transfer with the monomer and hydrogen in Ziegler-Natta polymerization

The rate constants of chain transfer with the monomer and hydrogen in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene by the catalyst -TiCl₃. 0.3 AlCl₃+Al(C₂H₅)₃ have been determined. For chain transfer with ethylene and propylene these values are equal to 0.84 l/mol^–1 sec^–1 (80°C) and 0.04 l mol^–1 sec^–1 (70°C), respectively, and for chain transfer with hydrogen they amount to 23 l^1/2mol^–1/2sec^–1 (ethylene polymerization, 80°C) and 6 l^1/2 mol^–1/2sec (propylene polymerization, 70°C).

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-TiCl₃·0.3 AlCl³+Al(C₂H₅)₃. 0,84 ^{–1 –1} (80°) 0,04 ^{–1 –1} (70°), 23 ^{1/2 –1/2 –1} ( , 80°) 6 ^{1/2 –1/2} ( , 70°).

     

Thermal stability of alkali metal bifluorides

The thermal stability and non-isothermal kinetics of the decomposition of alkali metal bifluorides were studied using a derivatograph. The removal of hydrogen fluoride from LiF · HF and NaF · HF takes place before melting and their decomposition occurs in a single stage; however, potassium, rubidium and cesium bifluorides at first undergo polymorphous transformation and melting on heating, and their decomposition proceeds stepwise. The thermal stability of alkali metal bifluorides has been found to increase with increasing ionic radius of the cation, reflecting its correlation with the hydrogen bond strength in these compounds.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die thermische Stabilität und die nichtisotherme Kinetik der Zersetzung der Alkalibifluoride thermogravimetrisch untersucht. HF entweicht aus LiF · HF und NaF · HF vor dem Schmelzen in einer Stufe. Bei den entsprechenden Salzen des Kaliums, Rubidiums und Cäsiums erfolgt zuerst eine polymorphe Umwandlung, danach das Schmelzen, wobei die Zersetzung in mehreren Stufen vor sich geht. Die thermische Stabilität der Verbindungen wächst mit zunehmenden Ionenradien, was auf die entsprechende Stärke der Wasserstoffbindung zurückgeführt werden kann.

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Résumé Etude thermogravimétrique de la stabilité thermique de fluorhydrates de métaux alcalins et de la cinétique de leur décomposition en conditions non isothermes. Dans le cas de LiF · HF et de NaF · HF, le départ de l'acide fluorhydrique se produit avant la fusion et la décomposition s'effectue en une seule étape. Par contre, les fluorhydrates de potassium, rubidium et césium subissent une transition cristalline et une fusion avant de se décomposer. On observe que la stabilité thermique des fluorhydrates de métaux alcalins augmente avec le rayon ionique du cation et l'on montre qu'elle peut être reliée à la force de la liaison hydrogène dans ces composés.

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. LiF · HF NaF · HF , , , . , , .

     

Reactivity of benzoic acid esters towards cumylperoxy radicals

The alkoxy groups of aromatic carboxylic acid esters are attacked by cumylperoxy radicals. The rate constants for the abstraction of a hydrogen atom by cumylperoxy radicals are: for methyl benzoate k₂=(4.28±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp (–20.5±1.5/RT) and for ethyl benzoate k₂=(9.41±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp(–18.5±1.5/RT) l/mol sec. The strengths of the primary and the secondary C–H bonds of these compounds have been estimated.

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, . k₂=(4,28±0,8)·10¹⁰ exp (–20,5±1,5/RT) k₂=(9,41±0,8)·10¹⁰ exp (–18,5±1,5/RT) /·. C–H .

     

Neue τ-Boride

The following -borides have been synthesized: Cr₁₃Ir₁₀B₆, Mn₁₆Ir₇B₆, Fe_10–15.4Ir_13–7.6B₆, Co₁₅Ir₈B₆.

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Mit 1 Abbildung

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Herrn Prof. Dr.A. Knappwost in Freundschaft gewidmet.     

Iodide-promoted uncatalyzed bromate oscillators

Iodide ions—in a rather narrow concentration range—induce some of the uncatalyzed bromate oscillators to a more pronounced oscillatory activity: the number of oscillations increases considerably and the overall rate of the chemical reaction drops about an order of magnitude. Preliminary suggestion is made on the mechanism of iodide-induced oscillatory reactions.

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— — : . - .

     

Reduction of phytotoxicity of nonionic tensides by cyclodextrins

The effect of nonionic tenside nonylphenylnonylglycolate and its -, -, -cyclodextrin, 2,6-di-O-methyl--cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl--cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) complexes was tested on the potassium influx of wheat seedling roots. Tenside alone inhibited strongly the potassium influx. This noxious effect was alleviated by cyclodextrins. The alleviating effect increased with increasing cyclodextrin: tenside molar ratio, in the order: DIMEB>CD>CD>CDTRIMEB.Presented at the Fourth Internatinal Symposium on Inclusion Phenomena and the Third International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, Lancaster, U.K., 20–25 July 1986.     

Ultrasonic study of the molecular encapsulation and the micellization processes of dodecylethyldimethylammonium bromide-water solutions in the presence of β-cyclodextrin or 2,6-di-o-methyl-β-cyclodextrin

Aqueous solutions of -cyclodextrin (-CD) or 2,6-di-o-methyl--cyclodextrin (DM--CD) and dodecylethyldimethylammonium bromide (D₁₂EDMAB) have been studied from speed of sound (u) data at 298.15 K, using a pulse-echo-overlap technique. The molecular encapsulation process of the surfactant monomer into the cyclodextrin cavity and its effect in the micellization process of the surfactant have been analyzed from theu measurements: I) as a function of [D₁₂EDMAB] in the presence of several initial cyclodextrin concentrations (-CD or.DM--CD); II) as a function of [cyclodextrin] (-CD or DM--CD), for an initial micellar solution of D₁₂EDMAB and; III) as a function of the [cyclodextrin]/[surfactant] stoichiometric concentrations. Both inclusion complexes formed (-CDD₁₂EDMAB) and (DM--CDD₁₂EDMAB) have stoichiometries of 11, and their association constantK have been determined using a model proposed in this work, based on the additivity of the different contributions of the involved species to the speed of sound. The apparent critical micellar concentration, cmc^*, of D₁₂EDMAB is found to increase linearly upon the addition of cyclodextrin (-CD or DM--CD). The free surfactant concentration in the micellar region, [D₁₂EDMAB]_f, decreases in the presence of -CD and slightly increases in the presence of DM--CD. The influence of the parcial methylation of the -cyclodextrin (-CDDM--CD) and of the polar head of the surfactant (D₁₂TAB D₁₂EDMAB) on the complextion and micellar parameters are also discussed.Supplementary material available: Tables of speed of sound (14 pages) are available from the authors.     

A novel method for the preparation of extensively dealuminated faujasites

Open structure faujasites may be dealuminated with retention of crystallinity using phosgene (or similar reactants) provided the sample has been made ultrastable in a previous procedure.

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( ) . .

     

A new procedure for the synthesis of arylor hetaryl-substituted conjugated diynes

On treatment with two equivalents of NaNH₂ in liquid ammonia the enyne sulfides RCC–CH=CHSEt (cis-isomers, where R is an aryl or a hetaryl) afford sodium salts of 1,3-diynes. The latter react with ethyl bromide to produce disubstituted diynes RCC–CCEt in high yields.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 348–350, February, 1993.     

Interaction of hydrogen sulfide with molybdophosphoric heteropolyacid

The effect of hydrogen sulfide on P–12Mo heteropolyacid has been studied using ESR, IR spectroscopic and thermal analysis methods. It has been established that hydrogen sulfide can be chemisorbed like water and no entering of sulfur into the anion structure takes place.

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, P–12Mo . , . .

     

The GC separation of C2-naphthalene isomers using cyclodextrins and crown ethers

Summary The twelve structural C₂ isomers of naphthalene are resolved on a single capillary column using , , or cyclodextrin as the stationary phase. A change in elution order is seen upon going from to and then cyclodextrin which can be related to the size of the cyclodextrin cavity and the stereochemical fit of the isomer. A crown-ether column and a liquid-crystal column were found to be unable to separate all of the isomers.     

Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten des Zwischenphasen-Anionenaustausches in Aminsalzsystemen

It has been shown that in particular cases the ion exchange constants, _{x, x i, i} , of the reactions(QA) _x+iBQ_xA_x–iB_i may be calculated from the value of the constant ₁₀₁ referring to the equilibriumQA+BQB+A. The method proposed has been applied in investigating the exchange between methyltrioctyl-ammonium chloride and nitrate ions.     

Microcalorimetric Evaluation of Precipitation in Cu–2Be–0.2Mg

Beryllium precipitation from the Cu-rich matrix in a Cu–2 mass% Be–0.2 mass% Mg alloy homogenized and quenched from 1073 K was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC traces showed two main exothermic effects, A and B, each comprising two subeffects: A₁ and A₂ , and B₁ and B₂ respectively. Effects A₁ and A₂ correspond to the precipitation of GP zones and subsequent overlapping and independent precipitation of the phase. Only at very low heating rates can be inherited from GP zones. Effects B₁ and B₂ correspond to heat evolved during transitions to the states with and phases, respectively. Heat effect A can be quantitatively described in terms of solid solubilities before and after precipitation, and of the precipitation heats of the phases involved. The heat content of the combined GP zone/ phase precipitation effect was proportional to the number of beryllium atoms precipitated, yielding an average value of 21 kJ mol^–1 beryllium for beryllium precipitation. It was shown that the phase arises from the combined transition from states with GP zones and phases, whereas arises from the transition of states with and phases. The apparent activation energies associated with GP zones and , and phases are 1.16±0.08, 1.18±0.07, 1.37±0.08 and 1.74±0.09 eV, respectively. These values are discussed in terms of the mobility of dissolved atoms related to the concentrations of excess vacancies and solute-vacancy complexes, and the direction of plate-like precipitate growth (either normal or perpendicular to the plate). It is inferred that the main roles of magnesium are to decrease the amount and rate of GP formation, to enhance the volume fraction of and to suppress the discontinuous precipitation of .This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies of the reactions of Br(2P3/2) and Br(2P1/2) with SiH4

Photobromination of SiH₄ under uv-irradiation at various wavelengths has been studied. Rate constants for the elementary reactions Br(²P_3/2)+SiH₄HBr+SiH₃ (k=3.2×10^–11 exp(–21.8±2.5)/RT, cm³/s) and Br^* (²P_1/2)+SiH₄HBr+SiH₃ (k^*=(3±1)×10^–13 cm³/s) have been determined in the temperature range from 300 to 415 K.

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- . Br(²P_3/2)+SiH₄HBr+SiH₃, k=3,2×10^–11 exp (–21,8±2,5)/RT ³/ Br^*(²P_1/2)+SiH₄HBr+SiH₃, k^*=(3±1)×10^{–13 3}/ 300–415 K.

     

Eigenschaften und Zustandsdiagramme einiger silberchalkogenidsysteme

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund einer von uns durchgeführten Untersuchung über die Zustandsdiagramme der Silberchalkogenidsysteme Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se, Ag₂Te-Ag₂S, Ag₂Se-Ag₂S und über die Diagonalquerschnitte Ag₂Se_0.5Te_0.5-Ag₂S, Ag₂S_0.5Te_0.5-Ag₂Se, Ag₂Se_0.5S_0.5-Ag₂Te wurden ein Projektion des Raumdiagramms der Liquidusflachen und einige der wichtigsten isothermen Schnitte des dreidimensionalen Systems Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se-Ag₂S aufgestellt. Nach der Interpretation der Art und Lage der einzelnen Phasen wurden für jedes der Systeme die elektrischen und wärmephysikalischen Eigenschaften bei Temperaturen von der des flüssigen Stickstoffes bis zu den Temperatures des Phasenübergangs untersucht und der thermoelektrische Wirkungsgrad (Z, K^–1) berechnet.

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On the basis of a previous investigation on the phase diagrams of the silverchalcogenide systems Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se, Ag₂Te-Ag₂S and Ag₂Se-Ag₂S and the diagonal sections Ag₂Se_0.5Te_0.5-Ag₂S, Ag₂S_0.5Te_0.5-Ag₂Se and Ag₂Se_0.5S_0.5-Ag₂Te, the projections of liquidus surfaces and more characteristic isothermal sections of the Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se-Ag₂S phase diagram were constructed. After interpretation of the types and situations of the separate phases in each of the systems studied, their electric and thermophysical properties were investigated in the temperature range from 77 K up to the temperatures of the phase transitions and the values of thermoelectric efficiency were calculated,Z, Ksu–1.

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Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se, Ag₂Te-Ag₂S, Ag₂Se-Ag₂S Ag₂Se_0.50.5-Ag₂S, Ag₂S_0.5Te_0.5-Ag₂Se, Ag₂Se_0.5S_0.5-Ag₂Te Ag₂Te-Ag₂Se-Ag₂S. . 77 . .