高效液相色谱法测定转基因番茄果实中的白藜芦醇

采用高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法测定转基因番茄果实中白藜芦醇的含量。使用μ-Bondapak C18柱,以甲醇-水为流动相,采用紫外检测器在306 nm处对样品中的白藜芦醇进行测定,外标法进行定性定量分析。测定结果表明,白藜芦醇在1-50 mg/L时其峰面积与相应的质量浓度有良好的线性关系,其线性相关系数为0.9998,2个样品测定(n=6)的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.51%和2.38%。平均回收率为98.5%。最小检测量为0.01 mg/kg。测定结果显示:该方法灵敏可靠,具有简便 重现性好的特点。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定番茄不同部位中微量汞

在汞污染的土壤上种植不同品种番茄 ,采用微波溶样技术和原子荧光光谱法 ,测定番茄不同部位的汞含量 ,初步研究了汞在番茄植株各个部位的分布情况 ,同时确定了微波消解该类样品的最佳条件 ,优化了原子荧光光谱仪的工作参数。该方法具有快速、简便、准确等特点 ,汞含量在0.01～20μg/L范围内线性良好 ,相关系数r=0.9998。研究结果还表明 ,汞含量在番茄各部位中的分布规律是根 叶>茎 果实 ,只有1/10的供试番茄品种在汞胁迫下果实中汞含量超标 ,为评价番茄作为菜蔬食品在生产中受汞污染的风险以及发展新的重金属污染土壤的修复技术提供依据     

液相色谱法测定番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素的残留量

建立了测定番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素残留量的净化方案.样品中的残留物用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH4)提取,经分散固相萃取法初步净化后,再经串联双柱固相萃取净化,用RPC18(Symmetry Shield)色谱柱在梯度洗脱下分离待测物,外标法定量.链霉素的线性范围为0.05～0.8 mg/L,相关系数r＞0.999 8.方法的回收率为71％～95％,定量限(S/N=10)为0.1 mg/kg,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.6％～10.5％.该方法操作简便,净化效果好,灵敏、准确,检测成本低,适用于检测和分析番茄制品中链霉素和双氢链霉素的残留量.     

分散液-液微萃取-气相色谱法快速检测番茄中3种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了快速(quick)、简单(easy)、便宜(cheap)、有效(effective)、可靠(rugged)和安全(safe)(QuEChERS)的分散液-液微萃取(DLLME)-气相色谱快速测定番茄中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,采用DLLME富集,用气相色谱法分析。考察了联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氟氰菊酯在番茄中的残留测定,同时考察了萃取剂种类与体积、分散剂体积以及萃取时间等因素对萃取效率的影响,以40 μL氯仿为萃取剂,1000 μL乙腈为分散剂,萃取时间为60 s。结果表明: 3种拟除虫菊酯类农药在番茄中的检出限分别为0.5、0.5、0.3 μg/kg。在1、10和50 μg/kg添加水平下,联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氟氰菊酯在番茄中的平均回收率分别为89%～109%、92.5%～105%和90%～108%,相对标准偏差分别为2.5%～7.6%、2.8%～5.7%、3.8%～9.1%。该方法简便、快速、安全、价格低廉,重现性好,可用于番茄中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测番茄制品中苏丹红

采用HPLC/MS-MS鉴定和检测番茄制品中苏丹红染料Ⅰ～Ⅳ。番茄制品中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,经正己烷加乙酸溶液提取,氧化铝柱净化,再用二氯甲烷洗脱苏丹红,经浓缩至干,流动相定容,液相色谱串联质谱测定,外标法定量。将已用HPLC法测定过的10个可疑样品,用该方法进行检测,结果有4个检了苏丹红Ⅰ。采用本方法检测苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ,检测限均可达到1.0μg/kg,在添加浓度1～100μg/kg之间线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均>0.9990,对于1、5、10μg/kg水平添加回收率在72.3%～103%之间,相对标准偏差在2.5%～9.8%之间。     

番茄挥发物组分分析及其对番茄灰霉病菌的熏蒸抑菌作用

为了明确番茄不同部位的挥发物组分和番茄挥发物主要组分对番茄灰霉病菌的熏蒸抑菌作用。本试验采用HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析鉴定番茄花、果、叶的挥发物组分,并测定了主要共有组分桧烯和异松油烯对番茄灰霉病菌的熏蒸抑制作用。结果显示,番茄花、果、叶的共有组分为桧烯、异松油烯、α-水芹烯和α-蒎烯。桧烯在番茄花、果实、叶中含量分别为67.302%、57.761%和65.956%;异松油烯在番茄花、果实、叶中含量分别为10.570%、14.486%和10.836%。熏蒸抑菌试验发现,桧烯对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用不明显,异松油烯对番茄灰霉病菌有较好的熏蒸抑制作用,EC₅₀为70.61μL·L^-1,EC₉₀为223.58μL·L^-1。松油烯处理后的番茄灰霉菌菌丝崩溃断裂,细胞结构受损明显。本试验为开发新型天然杀菌剂提供了依据。     

固相微萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定番茄中的多菌灵和噻菌灵

建立了应用固相微萃取(SPME)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)-荧光检测法测定番茄中多菌灵(MBC)和噻菌灵(TBZ)的分析方法。考察了萃取纤维、萃取时间、萃取温度、解吸时间、解吸液组成、解吸模式、pH值、有机溶剂和离子强度对MBC和TBZ萃取效率的影响,对SPME条件和色谱条件进行了优化。SPME在室温下进行,采用65 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯苯（PDMS/DVB）萃取纤维,萃取溶液中加入100 g/L NaCl,搅拌速度为1100 r/min,萃取时间为50 min。将该法用于番茄中MBC和TBZ的测定,MBC和TBZ的定量线性范围均为0.01~1.0 mg/kg;线性相关系数分别为0.9958和0.9967;检出限分别为0.003和0.001 mg/kg;回收率分别为83.5%和85.6%(n=5),相对标准偏差(RSDs)分别为6.5%和3.8%。该方法操作简单,无需使用有机溶剂,适于分析番茄样品中的MBC和TBZ。     

钕诱导番茄产生抗性的时间研究

采用盆栽试验研究了Nd3 在不同诱导时间对番茄叶抗性指标(过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、细胞膜透性、氧自由基(O2-·)产生速率和木质素含量)的影响.结果表明:从第3 d开始,Nd3 诱导提高番茄叶内PAL活性,第3d增幅也最大,达32.30%,维持时间为诱导后第3～5 d;Nd3 诱导后第1～2 d POD活性升高,第1 d增幅最大,维持时间是诱导后第1～2 d;Nd3 诱导后1～3 d,PPO活性升高,第1 d增幅最大,维持时间是诱导后第1～3 d;从诱导后第2 d开始,Nd3 降低细胞膜透性,第3 d时降幅最大,为54.33%,持续时间为诱导后第2～5 d;从第3 d开始,Nd3 诱导降低氧自由基产生速率,第4 d降幅最大,第3 d氧自由基产生速率最低,持续时间为诱导后第3～5 d;从第4 d开始,Nd3 诱导提高木质素含量,5 d时有继续升高的趋势.从不同诱导时间番茄叶PAL活性、细胞膜透性、氧自由基产生速率的变化来看,在Nd3 诱导的第3 d,番茄产生的抗性最强.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定番茄中的赤霉素GA3残留

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱(SPE-HPLC)法分析番茄中赤霉素GA3残留量的方法.研究了不同填料的固相萃取小柱对番茄中赤霉素的萃取回收率以及各自的纯化结果.该方法线性范围为0.21～1.05×102mg/L,检出限为0.011mg/kg,在优化条件下,以C18小柱萃取样品的效果最好,加标回收率为88.45%～95.90%,其RSD为1.15%～6.56%.     

番茄中类胡萝卜素及其顺式异构体的HPLC分析

建立了一种能同时快速分离、定性番茄中3种类胡萝卜素及其异构体的高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法。采用正己烷-乙醇(3∶4)对样品进行提取,甲基叔丁基醚+0.05%三乙胺-乙腈+0.05%三乙胺为流动相梯度洗脱,以Carotenoid C30柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5μm)进行分离,检测波长为475 nm。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,番茄中有11种类胡萝卜素得到了良好分离,包括3种全反式异构体和8种顺式异构体。叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素分别在0.1~5.0,0.1~20,0.1~100μg/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.99以上,检出限(LOD)分别为0.13,0.12,0.56μg/g,定量下限(LOQ)分别为0.43,0.41,1.88μg/g;日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~5.3%,日间RSD为1.9%~7.5%,回收率分别为(88.9±6.1)%~(91.7±3.6)%,(92.3±4.3)%~(94.1±6.3)%,(102.6±4.2)%~(107.1±3.4)%。该方法具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、分离完全等优点,适用于番茄中类胡萝卜素及其顺式异构体的分析测定。     

A pregnane glycoside from overripe tomato

A new pregnane glycoside, 3-O-beta-lycotetraosyl 5alpha-pregna-3beta,26beta-diol-20-one was isolated from overripe tomato, the fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum MILL.     

Steroidal alkaloid glycosides, esculeosides C and D, from the ripe fruit of cherry tomato

Two new steroidal alkaloid glycosides, esculeosides C and D, have been isolated from the ripe fruit of Cherry tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (DUNAL) ALEF.], along with three known steroidal alkaloid glycosides, esculeoside A, esculeoiside B, and lycoperoside G. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data.     

Conversion of esculeoside A into esculeogenin B

Conversion of the spirosolane-type glycoside, esculeoside A, a major component contained in the ripe tomato Lycopersicon esculentum fruits, into a solanocapsine-type sapogenol, esculeogenin B-2, (5alpha,22S,23R,25S)-22,26-epimino-16beta,23-epoxy-3beta,23,27-trihydroxycholestane, and esculeogenin B-1, (5alpha,22R,23S,25S)-22,26-epimino-16beta,23-epoxy-3beta,23,27-trihydroxycholestane, which are rare naturally occurring compounds was attained by acid hydrolysis with 2 N HCl in dioxane and water (1 : 1).     

Tomato steroidal alkaloid glycosides, esculeosides A and B, from ripe fruits

Major novel steroidal alkaloid glycosides, named esculeoside A (1) and esculeoside B (2), have been isolated from the pink color-type and the red color-type, respectively, of the ripe tomato fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum MILL. for the first time. The structures of 1 and 2 have been characterized as 3-O-β-lycotetraosyl (5S,22S,23S,25S)-23-acetoxy-3β,27-dihydroxyspirosolane 27-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 3-O-β-lycotetraosyl (5S,22S,23R,25S)-22,26-epimino-16β,23-epoxy-3β,23,27-trihydroxycholestane 27-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, respectively.     

Efficient improved extraction of tomato saponin using shock waves

In the conventional method of mixer blending extraction, the yields of the tomato-saponin, esculeoside A, in the mini and middy tomatoes were found to be 0.043% and 0.046%, respectively. In order to improve the yields, we attempted a more efficient extraction using shock waves. The yields of esculeoside A were 0.0987% in air after 1 shock, 0.0792% in air after two shots, 0.0648% in half water after 1 or 2 shocks, and 0.0599% in water after 1 or 2 shocks. The yields obtained by the proposed method were approximately twice those of the conventional mixer blending method; therefore, this method is regarded to be very efficient. Moreover, two spirosolane glycosides, tomatine and lycoperoside A, were obtained for the first time from the ripe tomato fruit in this method. To date, these compounds have not been obtained with the mixer blending method. However, whether these glycosides are produced from esculeoside A or are newly extracted from the plant organ by the shock wave is still unclear.     

Cytotoxic major saponin from tomato fruits

A major novel steroidal alkaloid glycoside, possessing cytotoxic activity has been isolated from the fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum.     

A new tomato pregnane glycoside from the overripe fruits

A new pregnane glycoside has been isolated from the overripe fruits of Cherry tomato (Mini tomato), Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (DUNAL) ALEF. The structure was determined to be 3-O-beta-lycotetraosyl 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregn-16-en-20-one on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The seasonal variation of the tomato saponin is discussed.     

A new steroidal glycoside and a new phenyl glycoside from a ripe cherry tomato

A new steroidal glycoside and a new phenyl glycoside have been isolated from a ripe cherry tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (DUNAL) ALEF., Solanaceae] along with two known steroidal alkaloid glycosides, esculeoisides A and B, and five aromatic compounds, zizibeoside I, benzyl alcohol beta-gentiobioside, rutin, methyl caffeate, and phenylalanine. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data as well as chemical evidence.     

Vermicomposting of Solid Waste Generated from Leather Industries Using Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia foetida

Animal fleshing (ANFL) generated as solid waste from tannery industries was vermicomposted using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. The mixing ratio of ANFL with cow dung and agricultural residues as feed mixtures was maintained to be 3:1:1 respectively during the vermicomposting experiments for 50 days. Vermicomposting resulted in the reduction of pH 6.74 and C:N ratio 15.5 compared to the control sample. A notable increase in earthworm biomass was also observed in the vermin bioreactor. The germination index of 84% for tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. PKM1) was observed for the vermicomposted soil. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were recorded to identify the changes in surface morphology and functional groups in the control and vermicomposted samples. The results obtained from the present study indicated that the earthworm E. foetida was able to convert ANFL into nutrient-enriched products.