可诱导人眼自主调节的动态像差测量仪

研究了人眼在近视力状态下自动调节产生的动态像差。采用哈特曼-夏克(Hartmann-Shack,H-S)原理研制了一套可诱导人眼屈光调节,并能测量不同调节状态下人眼像差的测量仪。诱导原理为用视标在人眼近距离范围内移动以诱发人眼屈光调节,哈特曼-夏克传感器同时进行像差的测量,可以获得人眼调节时的视觉信息。与干涉仪测量同一像差板进行相比,像差仪的测量精度均方根(RMS)值为λ/50,重复性为λ/500,具有较好的测量精度和重复性。在测量的10人19只眼中,最大的诱发调节幅度为8.6D,一般可诱发调节幅度为3~8D之间,占总人数的84%。     

Measurements of retinal aerial image modulation (AIM) for white light based on wave-front aberration of human eye

The aerial image modulation (AIM) curve of retina under the condition of white light is obtained based on the wave-front aberration of human eye. According to the relationship between the wavelength and defocus, we modify the monochromatic wave-front aberration data to calculate the modulation transfer function (MTF) of human eye in the white-light illumination. Combined with the measurement of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for complete eye and visual acuity (VA) under the same luminance condition, we deduce the AIM curve in natural light. We find that AIM varies slightly at lower and intermediate spatial frequencies among different eyes; at higher frequencies AIM is the predominant factor for VA when the wave-front aberration is not significant. In addition, retinal AIM is expressed in terms of neural contrast sensitivity function (NCSF) which is the clinical valuable for ophthalmologists. Considering the real illumination circumstance, it is of practical significance to obtain the AIM curve and NCSF curve under white-light condition.     

用于人眼视网膜成像照明的激光消散斑技术研究

以近红外激光(808 nm)作为人眼波前像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,液晶空间光调制器(LCOS)作为波前校正器,用哈特曼波前探测器探测人眼像差,构建了人眼像差自适应校正的视网膜成像系统.利用模拟眼分析了激光散斑对相机成像的影响和对哈特曼波前探测器进行像差探测的影响,同时验证了利用旋转散射体的方法消除激光散斑的可行性和有效性;用活体人眼进行了激光消散斑前后照明视网膜进行成像的对比实验,并进一步利用自适应光学技术实现了对人眼像差的动态校正和视网膜细胞的连续成像.校正后,系统波前像差的均方根值小于0.1λ.实验表明激光消散斑后可以同时作为人眼像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,从而可以进行连续自适应校正和成像.     

在测量人眼像差中信息融合方法的应用

建立了基于Hartmann-Shack传感器的主客观人眼波前像差测量系统,该系统使用Hartmann-Shack传感器客观测量人眼像差,分别对模拟眼和活体人眼进行了像差测量.同时系统中加入了主观测量人眼像差的部分,该系统能够同时进行客观和主观的像差测量,实现了使用信息融合的方法对测量结果进行数据处理.并结合了客观测量和主观测量的优点,使用信息融合的方法使测量结果更加合理.     

一种新型人眼波前像差测量补偿系统的研究

离焦是人眼中最主要的像差之一,离焦量过大会严重影响人眼波前像差的测量及矫正精度。为了消除离焦在此方面带来的影响,设计了带有补偿装置的人眼波前像差测量及矫正系统。重点分析了该系统的原理、结构和工作流程。运用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量了人眼波前像差,并使用变形反射镜对人眼波前像差进行矫正。对模拟人眼矫正离焦前后的光斑点阵图和波前三维重构图进行了对比分析。研究表明,通过离焦补偿系统对模拟人眼的离焦量进行矫正,使被测量人眼的离焦量由2.020D和-2.035D分别减小到0.011D和-0.007D;通过调焦系统,使显示器上显示出的人眼光斑点阵图由模糊变清晰,提高了信标光在人眼眼底的成像质量。     

LASIK手术对人眼波前像差的影响

采用主观光线追迹的像差仪测量人眼波前像差,比较3mm和6mm 瞳孔直径下,LASIK手术前与术后四个月的29只人眼波像差情况.数据比较分析表明,手术后人眼高阶像差一般会大于术前,且像差增大量随术前屈光度数的增大和瞳孔直径的增大而增加,如3 mm瞳孔直径下86%的人眼高阶像差的RMSH<0.12 μ,>0.4μ.比较人眼波像差的Zernik展开式中各项发现球差Z04无论在3 mm还是6 mm孔径下术后改变都最大;其中,当比较3阶,4阶和5至7阶时可看出对于3 mm孔径第三阶术后改变比例较大,为1.87,6 mm时第四阶改变较大,比例为2.21.     

Eye models for the prediction of contrast vision in patients with new intraocular lens designs

Theoretical calculations of the polychromatic modulation transfer function (MTF) and wave-front aberration were performed with physiological eye models. These eye models have an amount of spherical aberration that is representative of a normal population of pseudophakic eyes implanted with two different types of intraocular lens (IOL) made from high-refractive-index silicone. These theoretical calculations were compared with the measured contrast sensitivity function (CSF) under mesopic lighting conditions and with wave-front aberration (obtained with a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor) collected from 37 patients bilaterally implanted with the same types of lens. The relationships between the ocular wave-front aberration and the MTF predicted by the eye models and the CSF and the ocular wave-front aberration measured in eyes implanted with IOLs were investigated. The predicted improvements in MTF and wave-front aberration correlated well with the improvements measured in practice. Physiological eye models are therefore useful tools for IOL design.     

基于波前像差的视网膜空间像调制度测定

提出了一种计算复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度的方法.利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量的波前像差数据，求得眼睛光学系统的调制传递函数；利用CSV-1000测试仪和VAF-1000视锐度测试仪分别测量同一只眼睛的全眼对比敏感度函数以及视锐度，由调制传递函数、对比敏感度函数以及视锐度之间的关联获得复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度曲线.结果表明：视网膜空间像调制度曲线与眼光学系统的调制传递函数无关，并且正常人眼（无视网膜疾病）的视网膜空间像调制度值相近.因此多眼的空间像调制度曲线的统计平均值可以作为标准，用来评判人眼视网膜及视神经疾病.     

人眼波前像差主客观测量的信息融合方法

人眼是一个不完善的屈光系统,存在着各种像差,而且视觉不仅与人眼的屈光系统有关,还与主观的判断和神经系统的处理有密切关系.只有主观测量与客观测量相结合,才能得到最佳的视力矫正数据.本文提出了通过信息融合技术把像差的主观测量和客观测量的结果进行融合处理,给出矫正时所需的唯一数据,并通过实验得到了信息融合后的人眼波前像差.     

Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye

We have developed a prototype apparatus for real-time closed-loop measurement and correction of aberrations in the human eye. The apparatus uses infrared light to measure the wave-front aberration at 25 Hz with a Hartmann-Shack sensor. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror. The device was first tested with an artificial eye. Correction of static aberrations takes approximately five iterations, making the system capable of following aberration changes at 5 Hz. This capability allows one to track most of the aberration dynamics in the eye. Results in living eyes showed effective closed-loop correction of aberrations, with a residual uncorrected wave front of 0.1microm for a 4.3-mm pupil diameter. Retinal images of a point source in different subjects with and without adaptive correction of aberrations were estimated in real time. The results demonstrate real-time closed-loop correction of aberration in the living eye. An application of this device is as electro-optic "spectacles" to improve vision.     

用SVGA1薄膜晶体管液晶显示器矫正人眼波像差

在研究了SVGA1薄膜晶体管液晶显示器（TFT LCD）的位相调制特性的基础上,用它作为眼波像差的矫正器件,在用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的眼像差测量系统中对眼波像差进行了成功的矫正.对于5.2 mm的瞳孔,矫正后人眼波像差的PV值降低了3倍多,并接近瑞利判据的像差容限.对系统的光学传递函数(MTF)的分析说明,经波像差矫正后眼的空间分辨率由17 c/deg提高到38 c/deg.     

Capability of a Liquid-Crystal Adaptive Optics System Based on Feedback Interferometry for Retinal Imaging

A modified arrangement of the adaptive optical retinal imaging system that we described previously is proposed to reduce the intensity loss in the system, so that it works properly even when the intensity of light incident on the eye is very weak. Experiments to verify the system performance were conducted using a conventional artificial eye with a specular reflector as a model retina. We observed that an image of a test target (mimicking a retina) blurred by an aberration plate (mimicking the ocular aberrations) was successfully restored in the adaptive optics fashion even when the intensity of the incident light probing the aberration of the eye became about 1.5% of that required in the previous system. Effect of a more realistic artificial eye with a scattering object as a model retina was also examined experimentally. We found that not only the ocular aberrations, but also the retinal scattering cause the wave-front deformations and that our adaptive optics system compensates for both of them simultaneously.     

Optical aberrations of the cornea and the crystalline lens

The wave-front aberrations of the anterior corneal surface, the posterior corneal surface and the complete eye have been measured by a corneal topographic system (Orbscan II) and a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor. We have calculated the aberrations for both the corneal surfaces with the discrete set of corneal elevation data, and with which to acquire the aberrations of the whole cornea. The aberrations of the crystalline lens are calculated by subtracting the aberrations of the cornea from that of the complete eye. The aberration combination between the anterior and the posterior corneal surface, between the cornea and the crystalline lens is complicated, either compensation or addition. For individual Zernike terms, astigmatism and quatrefoil in the anterior corneal surface are added by the posterior corneal surface, while some other terms show compensation between the two surfaces. And for complete eye, astigmatism and spherical aberrations in the cornea are partially compensated by the crystalline lens, and other terms show addition between the two parts. Individual eye shows different combinations of compensation and addition across different Zernike terms.     

Retina imaging system with adaptive optics for the eye with or without myopia

An adaptive optics system for the retina imaging is introduced in the paper. It can be applied to the eye with myopia from 0 to 6 diopters without any adjustment of the system. A high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) device is used as the wave-front corrector. The aberration is detected by a Shack-Harmann wave-front sensor (HASO) that has a Root Mean Square (RMS) measurement accuracy of λ/100 (λ = 0.633 μm). And an equivalent scale model eye is constructed with a short focal length lens (∼18 mm) and a diffuse reflection object (paper screen) as the retina. By changing the distance between the paper screen and the lens, we simulate the eye with larger diopters than 5 and the depth of field. The RMS value both before and after correction is obtained by the wave-front sensor. After correction, the system reaches the diffraction-limited resolution approximately 230 cycles/mm at the object space. It is proved that if the myopia is smaller than 6 diopters and the depth of field is between −40 and +50 mm, the system can correct the aberration very well.     

一种大型望远系统波前检测的方法

 对传统S-H波前检测方法进行了改进的基础上,设计了一套适应于大型望远系统的波前检测方案。利用五角棱镜光束转向系统形成大型望远系统各子孔径准参考光束,实现依次扫描各子孔径;并用改进的S-H波前传感器实现依次探测各子孔径的波前。理论分析证明了由五角棱镜的制造误差和运动误差引起的波前倾斜误差在微变情况下,可通过波前修正方法予以修正,可有效地再现出望远系统自身波前误差。该方案可适用于大口径望远系统的波前检测。     

超视力人眼模型的研究

超视力人眼模型对充分发掘人眼视力达到“鹰视”具有重要意义。用Zernike多项式描述角膜前表面，用渐变折射率描述晶状体的折射率分布，同时考虑人眼视轴和光轴的夹角对成像的影响，利用光学设计软件Zemax建立了人眼超视力模型。将Zernike条纹矢高面应用到人眼模型中，能有效改变视轴方向(即5°视场)的成像质量，提高点扩散函数（PSF）值。采用晶状体渐变折射率符合人眼的实际解剖结构，可有效减小人眼像差。通过分析人眼极限分辨能力和人眼模型波像差，得出当空间频率为60周期/度时，该模型对目标高频细节感知的调制度可达到0.55。     

一种线性相位反演波前测量方法的实验研究

 描述了基于线性相位反演算法的波前传感器的基本组成结构。在实验室内搭建了相应的演示验证实验装置,对该种新型波前测量方法的特性进行了实验研究。实验计算结果表明：这种根据入射全孔径远场光斑强度分布直接反演出入射波前相位的线性相位反演新方法原理是可行的。只需实时测量一幅焦平面图像,根据焦平面上光强分布的微小变化量与入射孔径面上的相位分布的微小变化量之间存在的近似线性关系,就可以用模式复原的原理复原出入射波前相位。传感器对于离焦,像散等像差模式都可以进行较为准确的测量,误差率都小于1。对称系统像差中存在少量的非对称像差对复原结果的准确性影响不大。     

基于人眼光学质量的球差和离焦补偿关系研究

基于人眼光学质量客观评估方法,通过实测的屈光手术前后人眼波前像差数据,研究和分析了球差与离焦的补偿关系。结果表明,对于屈光手术前的近视眼患者,离焦与球差的补偿关系并不明显。对于屈光手术后的近视眼患者,离焦与球差的补偿关系明显,残余离焦可以部分补偿由于高阶像差增加引起的视功能降低。当残余离焦处于0.27D～0.74D范围内,离焦与高阶像差组合后,光学质量提高了20%以上。在屈光手术方案设计时,预留0.27D～0.74D的离焦时,可以使80%的人眼达到更好的视觉矫正效果。     

Measurement of Wavefront Aberration of Human Eye Using Talbot Image of Two-Dimensional Grating

The measurement of human ocular aberration is now frequently performed because of the increase in refractive surgery on the human cornea. The Hartmann-Shack (H-S) wavefront sensor is considered to be the most useful wavefront sensor, and a calculation method for wavefront aberration has been established. New methods of measuring wavefront aberrations of human eyes, using the Talbot image of a two-dimensional grating as a wavefront sensor and local shift of the Talbot image to calculate tilt of the wavefront are shown. The shift of the Talbot image was determined by comparing the phases of fundamental spatial frequency between the grating and the local patch of the Talbot image by Fourier transformation. The actual experiment was performed using a modified commercially available wavefront analyzer. Using these methods, Talbot images were obtained from model eyes and a human eye, and wavefront shapes were successfully reconstructed. Wavefront aberrations can be measured even when the obtained image is degraded by defocusing or scattering.     

Statistical description of wave-front aberration in the human eye

The wave aberration of the human eye has been measured by means of a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor in a population of normal subjects. The set of data has been used to compute the phase distribution, the power spectrum, and the structure function for the average eye to analyze the statistics of the ocular aberration considered as a phase screen. The observed statistics fits the classical Kolmogorov model of a statistically homogeneous medium. These results can be of use in understanding the average effect of aberrations on the retinal image and can serve as a tool to analyze the consequences of ocular-aberration compensation by adaptive optics, customized ophtalmic elements, or refractive surgery.