Partially coherent optical processor for enhancement of partial second order derivatives of an image: Analysis and implementation

We present an optical processor capable to perform partial second derivatives of an image working with partially coherent illumination. The proposed system utilizes a liquid crystal display, onto which images to be derived are displayed. The method is based on the capacity of these devices to generate simultaneously a contrast reverted replica of the image displayed on it. A positive replica of original image is obtained when the LCD is between crossed polarizers, while the negative one is obtained with the LCD is between parallel polarizers. Since the LCD is a diffraction element, both polarizer arrangements may be simultaneously implemented, for example, in a 4f optical processor using polarization filtering of the different diffraction orders. When three images (two replicas of original image displaced in opposite direction and the other one with contrast reverted and centered at the origin.) are imagined across a slightly defocused plane, one obtains an image with enhanced second derivatives in a given direction. No other incoherent (or partially coherent) optical system is presently known which can perform partial second-order derivatives of an image. Experimental results obtained are presented.     

Making an optical vortex and its copies using a single spatial light modulator

We demonstrate a technique for making copies of optical vortices with the same topological charge using a single spatial light modulator. It has been shown that by using suitable diffractive optical elements, several copies of optical vortices with the same topological charge could be created. We have devised diffractive optical elements using a single spatial light modulator which could be used to make a vortex and its copies without inverting the charge. The nature of the topological charge was investigated with the interferometric technique. The experimental results are verified with the theoretical analysis. We anticipate that our results may find applications ranging from optical manipulation to quantum information.     

Simultaneous use of amplitude and phase to improve the validation process in a joint transform correlator

We present an alternative technique to enhance the discrimination performance in a JTC architecture, employed as a validation procedure. We define as complex objects those amplitude objects bonded to random phase masks. When using complex objects as reference inputs in a JTC optical validation system, correlation peak intensity and correlation peak shape become simultaneous key parameters to increase the discrimination ability of the system. Simulation results, comparing amplitude-only objects versus complex objects as inputs to the system, reveal the validity of our approach and show the sensitivity of the JTC architecture to the additional phase structures.     

Cryptanalysis of a spatiotemporal chaotic image/video cryptosystem and its improved version

Recently, a spatiotemporal chaotic image/video cryptosystem was proposed by Lian. Shortly after its publication, Rhouma et al. proposed two attacks on the cryptosystem. They as well introduced an improved cryptosystem which is more secured under attacks (R. Rhouma, S. Belghith, Phys. Lett. A 372 (2008) 5790) [29]. This Letter re-examines securities of Lian's cryptosystem and its improved version, by showing that not all details of the ciphered image of Lian's cryptosystem can be recovered by Rhouma et al.'s attacks due to the incorrectly recovered part of the sign-bits of the AC coefficients with an inappropriately chosen image. As a result, modifications of Rhouma et al.'s attacks are proposed in order to recover the ciphered image of Lian's cryptosystem completely; then based on the modifications, two new attacks are proposed to break the improved version of Lian's cryptosystem. Finally, experimental results illustrate the validity of our analysis.     

Optical security system using jigsaw transforms of the second random phase mask and the encrypted image in a double random phase encoding system

In this paper, we have described a simple and secure double random phase encoding and decoding system to encrypt and decrypt a two-dimensional gray scale image. We have used jigsaw transforms of the second random phase mask and the encrypted image. The random phase mask placed in the Fourier plane is broken into independent non-overlapping segments by applying the jigsaw transform. To make the system more secure, a jigsaw transform on the encrypted image is also carried out. The encrypted image is also broken into independent non-overlapping segments. The jigsaw transform indices of random phase code and the encrypted image form the keys for the successful retrieval of the data. Encrypting with this technique makes it almost impossible to retrieve the image without using both the right keys. Results of computer simulation have been presented in support of the proposed idea. Mean square error (MSE) between the decrypted and the original image has also been calculated in support of the technique.     

Curvature investigation in tapered fibers and its application to sensing and mode conversion

Non-adiabatic tapered fibers are basic photonic components used in a wide range of applications. Here we investigate a way to increase their utility through the controllable bending of one of their tapered sections. The experiments carried out explain, for the first time, the mechanics of this approach showing how these tapers can be used to build more sensitive sensors. Their use as highly efficient mode converters is also discussed.     

Compatibility of temporal multiplexed spatial light modulator with optical image processing

The tendency today is to replace high-dynamic light modulators by high-speed binary ones (of which the micromirror is the best example). This kind of spatial light modulators (SLM) fulfils all the present needs in displays. They are used in optical communications as binary systems and also in display applications (video projectors) with temporal multiplexing, in order to generate greyscale or colour images. In optical processing, and in the majority of coherent applications, temporal dithering introduces some distortions. In this paper, this point is studied with simulations. We point out that temporal multiplexing cannot be used in the Fourier plane. In the imaging plane, the distortion is weak if the filter has a positive impulse response.     

独立成分分析及其在图像处理中的应用

独立成分分析是一种新的信号处理技术,在数字图像处理的诸多方向均表现出其独特性。对独立成分分析(ICA,Independent Component Analysis)及其在图像处理中的应用进行了综述。简要介绍了独立成分分析的数学模型,给出了极大化非高斯性的ICA估计方法、极大似然ICA估计方法、极小化互信息ICA估计方法的目标函数及其优化算法;对ICA在像素级图像融合、运动目标检测、人脸检测及特征提取、大脑信号和图像分析、数字水印、有噪图像分离等方向的应用研究进行了评述,进而显示ICA的应用价值和发展空间。     

标准图像发生器及在图像板性能评价中的应用

本文介绍了一种标准图像信号发生器的原理、结构和特点。该发生器采用先进的数字合成技术，融合了ＥＰＬＤ编程技术、ＥＰＲＯＭ技术和高速、高精度１２ｂｉｔＤ／Ａ转换器，配以高性能视频放大和高阶模拟低通滤波器，产生的信号波形失真小、信噪比高。可生成正弦波、方波、三角波、线性波及直流等多种标准图像信号。并介绍了将该系统应用于图像板性能评价的具体方法。实际分析了一种图像板的时域和频域特性，主要包括线性度、Ａ／Ｄ转换精度和调制传递函数等。给出了被测图像板的调制传递函数曲线     

Application of phase consistency to improve time efficiency and image quality in dual echo black-blood carotid angiography

There is a considerable similarity between proton density-weighted (PDw) and T2-weighted (T2w) images acquired by dual echo fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences. The similarity manifests itself not only in image space as correspondence between intensities of PDw and T2w images, but also in phase space as consistency between phases of PDw and T2w images. Methods for improving the imaging efficiency and image quality of dual echo FSE sequences based on this feature have been developed. The total scan time of dual echo FSE acquisition may be reduced by as much as 25% by incorporating an estimate of the image phase from a fully sampled PDw image when reconstructing partially sampled T2w images. The quality of T2w images acquired using phased array coils may be significantly improved by using the developed noise reduction reconstruction scheme, which is based on the correspondence between the PDw and T2w image intensities and the consistency between the PDw and T2w image phases. Studies of phantom and human subject MRI data were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques.     

Experimental demonstration of tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences-based optical label for optical packets switching

In this paper, the tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)-based optical label for optical packet switching (OPS) (MOOCS-OPS) is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The tunable MOOCS-based optical label is performed by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based optical en/decoders group and optical switches configured by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and the optical label is erased by using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA). Some waveforms of the MOOCS-based optical label, optical packet including the MOOCS-based optical label and the payloads are obtained, the switching control mechanism and the switching matrix are discussed, the bit error rate (BER) performance of this system is also studied. These experimental results show that the tunable MOOCS-OPS scheme is effective.     

全息散斑条纹的提取及图像处理

介绍了一种新的全息散斑条纹的提取方法.理论和实验表明:对全息散斑底片逐点再现时,两伴生亮斑条纹是全息散斑底片一级衍射光的杨氏干涉条纹,与中央的杨氏条纹是一致的,有较高的条纹对比度且没有背景光晕的影响.利用计算机数字图像处理技术对伴生散斑条纹进行处理,定量测试了受静载物体的面内位移.     

Evaluation of polychromatic image quality of a birefringent lens by means of optical transfer function

Polychromatic or white-light optical transfer function (OTF) is put forward as a criterion to evaluate the performance of a uniaxial birefringent lens sandwiched between two linear polarizers. The optic axis of the birefringent crystal is perpendicular to the lens axis. The results show that the same system may be adapted for both enhanced resolution and apodization just by rotating any of the polarizers included in the system even under broadband illumination. The proposed system may also be exploited for image processing applications under polychromatic input illumination.     

Classical images as quantum entanglement: An image processing analogy of the GHZ experiment

In this paper we present an optical analogy of quantum entanglement by means of classical images. As in previous works, the quantum state of two or more qbits is encoded by using the spatial modulation in amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic field. We show here that bidimensional encoding of two qbit states allows us to interpret some non local features of the joint measurement by the assumption of “astigmatic” observers with different resolving power in two orthogonal directions. As an application, we discuss the optical simulation of measuring a system characterized by multiparticle entanglement. The simulation is based on a local representation of entanglement and a classical interferometric system. In particular we show how to simulate the Greenberger-Horne Zeilinger (GHZ) argument and the experimental results which interpretation illustrates the conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism.     

Optical fibre beam delivery of high-energy laser pulses: beam quality preservation and fibre end-preparation

This paper investigates the extension of optical fibre beam delivery to high-brightness applications, in particular laser percussion drilling, where both a good beam quality and high peak power are required. Beam quality preservation through a number of optical fibres is studied both experimentally and by using a ray propagation model. It is determined that in order to achieve the beam quality required for percussion drilling (M²<30) the largest fibre which can be used is 400 μm diameter. The laser-induced damage threshold is measured for a number of 400 μm fibres, and a CO₂ laser-annealing technique is shown to increase the damage threshold by a factor of 10, allowing 28 J, 1 ms pulses to be transmitted.     

彩色图像边缘检测及其在图像融合中的应用

提出了一种新的基于小波变换的彩色图像边缘检测方法,运用噪声和微弱边缘的识别以及动态双域值的选取,使得检测出来的边缘定位精度高,抑制噪声性能好。利用基于区域特征的信息融合策略,比较待融合图像的边缘点的值和区域能量特征值,选择特征突出者对应的原始图像区域组成融合结果。实验结果表明,该算法可以良好地保留两幅图像的细节信息,得到高质量的融合图像。     

Experimental investigation of a modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff scattering theory for the in-process optical measurement of surface quality

An experimental investigation of a modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff scattering theory applied in an in-process optical measurement of surface quality is described. The proposed theory describes the scattered light intensity distribution from a surface with the additional layers, and can be employed to analyze the surface characteristics in in-process measurement. Based on light scattering principle and machine vision method, the surface roughness is extracted to testify the correction of the modified Beckmann-Kirchhoff scattering theory. The experimental apparatus consists of a collimated laser diode, a beam splitter, a screen, a measuring lens and a camera. Test specimens with different surface roughness are studied. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of in-process optical measurement of surface quality using the modified model.     

Method of developing all-optical parallel to serial converter exploiting Kerr non-linearity of medium

Different all-optical logic operations, memory blocks etc. are developed using the inherent parallelism of optics. In any digital communication and computation system, the role of serial to parallel and parallel to serial data conversion are very much essential for making a data convenient for transition.Here in this paper, the authors propose a new scheme for developing an all-optical parallel to serial data conversion system by using optical J-K Flip-Flops and some logic gates based on optical non-linear switches. The uses of such switches are widely established in the area of optical parallel computation.This process can be extend for developing some all-optical digital devices like shift register, optical pulse counters etc. The proposed scheme deals with the best use of high parallelism of the optics, so the super-fast processing speed can be achieved.     

Suppression of the effect of charge cloud in an ion mobility increment spectrometer to improve its sensitivity

The formation of a charge cloud due to ions passing through a set of electrodes that constitute an atmospheric-pressure ion mobility increment spectrometer is considered. Since this cloud disturbs the passage of ions separated in the spectrometer, it is suggested that the formation of the cloud be suppressed by shifting the central electrode or applying a voltage to the output electrode. Such a trick removes an ion trap responsible for the charge cloud. It is shown that the transparency of the instrument can be increased severalfold in this case.