无序光子晶体提高GaN基蓝光发光二极管光提取效率的研究

亚波长尺度光子晶体结构可有效提升发光二极管(LED)的光提取效率(LEE),然而在制造过程中会存在缺陷或无序.利用时域有限差分法对理想方形光子晶体结构进行了优化,在此基础上对三种无序光子晶体结构进行了仿真,研究了光子晶体结构参数的无序变化对GaN基蓝光LED LEE的影响.结果表明,光子晶体空气孔位置和半径的无序变化使优化的80 nm光子晶体LED的LEE下降,而可使非优化的60nm光子晶体LED的LEE增加;当光子晶体空气孔位置和半径的无序变化量从0到士20 nm之间变化时,LEE最大会产生53.8％的浮动;光子晶体刻蚀深度的无序变化对LEE影响较小,一般可以忽略,研究结果为高性能蓝光光子晶体LED的设计制作提供了重要的理论参考.     

基于六角格子光子晶体波导的高效全光二极管设计

提出了一种基于六角格子光子晶体波导微腔和Fabry-Perot(FP)腔非对称耦合的全光二极管结构, 它由一个包含非线性Kerr介质的高Q值微腔与一个光子晶体波导中的FP腔组成. 通过有限时域差分方法对其传输特性进行了仿真, 发现通过两腔的非对称耦合可以实现在特定光强度下的正向传输、反向截止的功能. 在靠近微腔方向光入射时, 特定强度的光可以激发非线性微腔的Kerr效应, 改变了Fano腔的共振频率, 从而变成透射状态. 而远离微腔方向光入射, 由于这个不对称的结构造成场局域的分布不对称, 激发微腔Kerr效应的光强还不够, 所以光不能透射. 所设计的全光二极管结构具有良好的性能参数: 最大透射率高和高透射比、光强阈值低和易于集成等.     

The influence of shape and orientation of scatterers on the photonic band gap in 2D metallic photonic crystals

Using the revised plane wave method, we have calculated the photonic band structures of 2D metallic photonic crystals composed of parallel metallic rods in air background and air holes drilled in metal background. We discuss the maximization of gap-to-midgap ratio as a function of scatterer parameters with different shapes and orientations in three types of lattices.     

基于非对称微波光子晶体的电磁二极管

通过引入具有类电磁诱导透明效应的超材料,非对称光子晶体谐振腔的透射特性得到了极大的优化,包括透射峰的品质因子和谐振腔模所对应的电磁场强度.品质因子的提高与非对称场强局域的增强有利于高性能电磁二极管的实现.我们在引入非线性材料的微带波导系统中验证了该方案.实验结果显示,此二极管在1.329 GHz的工作频率下可产生高达19.7 dB的透射对比度,同时输入功率强度仅为7 dBm.此外,我们提出的方案并没有大幅增加器件体积和剧烈降低信号透过率.这些特性的亚波长尺度实现将有益于集成光学回路的小型化.     

基于正方和六角排列结构光子晶体对发光二极管出光效率的研究

采用时域有限差分（finite-difference time-domain, FDTD）方法计算正方和六角排列圆形光子晶体的能带结构,研究了光子晶体占空比对能带的影响,找到一组获得带隙个数最多的二维光子晶体的几何结构参数;采用FDTD方法计算具有该参数的光子晶体的发光二极管（LED）出光效率,模拟表明该结构参数的正方和六角排列圆形光子晶体提高了GaN基蓝光LED出光效率5—6倍,六角排列优于正方排列;利用禁带理论、等效介质理论分析了增透机理. 关键词： 光子晶体 能带 出光效率 发光二极管     

Young's double-slit experiment in photonic crystals

We present an experimental and numerical study of the transmission of a photonic crystal perforated by two subwavelength slits, separated by two wavelengths. The experimental near-field image of the double-slit design of the photonic crystal shows an interference pattern, which is analogous to Young's experiment. This interference arises as a consequence of the excitation of surface states of the photonic crystals and agrees very well with the simulations.     

The narrow band THz filter in metallic photonic crystal slab framework: Design and investigation

A band pass THz filter has been presented by the aid of coupling between the waveguides and ring resonator based on metallic photonic crystal slab. The rows of rods are missed and remaining rods in the rows play as a reflector then the position of central rods are rearranged as a ring, the radius of reflector rods and ring resonator is modified in order to optimize the resonance frequency and Q-factor. In addition, 3D-FDTD method is used for simulation results. One of the predominant features of the proposed structure for THz filter is its capability of obtaining a Q-factor of about 333 in the 1 THz resonance frequency with the normalized peak transmission of higher than 0.7, because of high Q-factor cavity based on ring resonator.     

Calculation of optical properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers

We propose a method for calculation of the bandgaps in the cladding of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, based on the Floquet theorem. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by estimates of the effect of the number of air channels in the cladding on attenuation of the fiber modes due to mode energy leakage from the core. We have studied the conditions for the existence of eigenmodes in the indicated fibers. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 311–320, March–April, 2009.     

PCFDT: An accurate and friendly photonic crystal fiber design tool

This paper presents PCFDT, which is an accurate and friendly photonic crystal fiber design tool based on full-vectorial finite element method. Photonic crystal fibers based on circular and non-circular microstructured holes, and on different propagation mechanisms have been analyzed. Comparisons with other numerical methods and experimental results have shown excellent agreement. The design tool validation includes experimental results of hybrid photonic crystal fibers, proposed by us, which made possible for the first time light be simultaneously confined and manipulated by two propagation mechanism, total internal reflection and photonic bandgap effect.     

A photonic crystal waveguide with silicon on insulator in the near-infrared band

A two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal waveguide in the \Gamma--K direction with triangular lattice on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate in the near-infrared band is fabricated by the combination of electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. Its transmission characteristics are analysed from the stimulated band diagram by the effective index and the 2D plane wave expansion (PWE) methods. In the experiment, the transmission band edge in a longer wavelength of the photonic crystal waveguide is about 1590\,nm, which is in good qualitative agreement with the simulated value. However, there is a disagreement between the experimental and the simulated results when the wavelength ranges from 1607 to 1630\,nm, which can be considered as due to the unpolarized source used in the transmission measurement.     

Decay of a quantum dot in two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals

In this paper we have developed a theory for the decay of a quantum dot doped in a two-dimensional metallic photonic crystal consisting of two different metallic pillars in an air background medium. This crystal structure forms a full two-dimensional photonic band gap when the appropriate pillar sizes are chosen. The advantage of using two metals is that one can easily control the density of states and optical properties of these photonic crystals by changing the plasma energies of two metals rather than one. Using the Schrödinger equation method and the photonic density of states, we calculated the linewidth broadening and the spectral function of radiation due to spontaneous emission for two-level quantum dots doped in the system. Our results show that by changing the plasma energies one can control spontaneous emission of quantum dots doped in the metallic photonic crystal.     

Surface plasmon polaritons mediated by surface modes in a metal-based photonic crystal complex structure

A hybrid metal–organic–photonic crystal (PC), a gold film with a SU8 film on its top followed by a three-dimensional (3D) PC, was designed to exercise additional control upon the photon behaviors. Attenuated total reflection measurements demonstrate that the 3D PC plays a crucial role in the formation of significant optical properties of the metal-based hybrid and the reflectivity minimum in its reflectivity curve is, mostly, a result of synergetic action of the coupling of surface plasmon polaritons to surface modes and additional guided modes yielded in the resonant cavity composed of the gold film and the PC.     

Polarization dependent guiding in liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fibers

A theoretical study of nematic liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fibers (LCPCFs) is presented. Detailed investigations including the polarization dependent bandgap formation and the modal properties are given for LCPCFs, in which alignment of the molecules could be controlled by external static electric field. The polarization dependent bandgap splitting caused by the high index difference between the ordinary and the extraordinary dielectric index of nematic liquid crystals provides the possibility of single-mode single-polarization guiding. A polarization operation diagram is proposed to describe the guiding behavior of LCPCFs. The influence of rotation angle ? of the director of liquid crystals on the modal properties is investigated. It is shown that the polarization axis of the guided mode is determined by the rotation angle ?, which could be controlled by external electric field.     

非密堆积TiO2空心微球光子晶体的制备与能带分析

利用胶体自组装、高温烧结和HF酸刻蚀技术,制备了SiO₂微球非密堆积面心立方(FCC)结构的胶体晶体,并以此为模板,利用溶胶凝胶方法和NaOH湿法刻蚀技术制备了TiO₂空心微球非密堆积FCC结构光子晶体.利用电子显微镜分析了晶体的结构,用平面波展开法对该结构进行了能带计算与分析.计算结果表明,制备的TiO₂空心微球非密堆积FCC结构光子晶体在低能区的第二、第三能带之间除布里渊区的W点仍保持简并外,其余各点简并都已经消除. 关键词： 空心微球 非密堆积 光子晶体 光子带隙     

PBG光子晶体光纤的色散特性研究

光子晶体光纤(PCF)是一种具有特殊包层结构的光纤,它是利用光子禁带效应(PBG)来导光的。利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)来分析光波在PCF中传输的色散特性,结果表明,PBG光子晶体光纤的色散值和色散斜率比常规的通信光纤要小。     

The single-polarization filter composed of gold-coated photonic crystal fiber

A single-polarization filter comprising a gold-coated photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and investigated. The pattern matching and coupled polarization characteristics analyzed by the full-vector finite element method (FEM) and losses at 1,540 nm are achieved to 1,016.01739 dB/cm (x-pol core mode) and 33.81917 dB/cm (y-pol core mode). The crosstalk (CT) value of the 1,540 nm band is ?853.12653 dB for fiber length $L=1,000\mathrm{\mu }\text{m}$ and the bandwidth is 850 nm. The working wavelength of the filter ranges from 1,280 nm to 1,540 nm by varying the diameter of outer air holes ($d_1$), the diameter of inner air holes ($d_4$), the metal film thickness (t), as well as the liquid refractive index (n).     

Fabrication and demonstration of square lattice two-dimensional rod-type photonic bandgap crystal optical intersections

This paper reports fabrication and demonstration of optical intersections in two-dimensional (2D) rod-type photonic crystal (PhC) structures. High resolution and aspect ratio 2D square lattice PhC waveguide intersections were designed and fabricated for application at the optical communication wavelengths centered at 1550 nm. In the silicon processing front, challenges resolved to overcome issues of drastically reduced process windows caused by the dense PhC rods arrays with critical dimensions (CDs) reduced to only a few hundred nanometers were addressed not only in terms of critical process flow design but also in the development of each processing module. In the lithographic process of deep ultraviolet laser system working at 248 nm, PhC rods of sub-lithographic wavelength CDs (115 nm in radii) were realized in high resolution, even near periphery regions where proximity errors were prone. In the deep etching module, stringent requirements on etch angle control and low sidewall scallops (undulations arising from time multiplexed etch and passivation actions) were satisfied, to prevent catastrophic etch failures, and enable optical quality facets. The successfully fabricated PhCs were also monolithically integrated with large scale optical testing fiber grooves that enabled macro optical fiber assisted coupling to the micro scale PhC devices. In the optical experiments, the transmission and crosstalk properties for the PhC intersection devices with different rod radii at the center of the PhC optical waveguides crossings were measured with repeatability. The properties of the PhC intersections were therefore optimized and verified to correspond well with first principle finite difference time domain simulations.     

Mixed Fano-SP resonant absorption of THz electromagnetic waves in a photonic resonator contacting with a metal film

In terahertz frequency region, we have investigated theoretically the correlation between spectra of a free photonic structure and that deposited on a metal for several models of metal. It was found that for quasi-normal incidence of p-polarized electromagnetic field the presence of metal generates narrow spectral wells in the middle of reflection windows existing in a free photonic crystal. Quite another manifestation of metal-resonator inter-influence takes place at incident angles exceeding the Brewster angle when reflection spikes coincide with modes of photonic crystal resonator and they are absent throughout the stopband areas. The effects are strongly depended on polarization, number of periods and angle of incidence.     

Dispersion and polarization properties of elliptical air-hole-containing photonic crystal fibers

In this paper, we investigate the dispersion and polarization properties of photonic crystal fiber with one ring or more rings of elliptical air-holes using plane-wave expansion (PWE) method. By introducing three rings of elliptical air-holes, PCF with ultra-low and ultra-flattened dispersion is designed and a total dispersion curve between ±0.5 ps/nm/km from 1315 to 1855 nm wavelength range is demonstrated. Furthermore, the polarization property of these elliptical air-hole-containing PCFs is analyzed and the variation of the birefringence with the area and ellipticity of the elliptical air-holes are discussed.     

Extraordinary resonance transmission of two-dimensional terahertz metallic photonic crystals without defect

In this paper, we have demonstrated a kind of extraordinary transmission in the photonic first pass band of two-dimensional terahertz metallic photonic crystals: in the regime of low-middle metal filling radio, resonances among the metallic cylinders lead to sharp and high resonance peaks of Lorentz type, layer dependency of the peak numbers. The effect of positional disorders of metallic cylinders has been investigated as well. Based on a simple model proposed in this paper, we can intuitively understand the extraordinary transmission and roughly estimate resonance frequencies. Our results agree qualitatively with the experimental data reported in Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 645.