Experimental demonstration on 40 Gbit/s all-optical multicasting logic XOR gate for NRZ-DPSK signals using four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber

We propose and demonstrate all-optical multicasting logic XOR gate for non-return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (NRZ-DPSK) signals by using non-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Theoretical analysis regarding the operation principle of NRZ-DPSK logic XOR gate is clearly described by deriving an analytical solution under the non-depletion approximation. The NRZ-DPSK logic XOR operation is attributed to the linear relationship of complex amplitudes between converted idlers and input NRZ-DPSK signals. By using three non-degenerate FWM processes in an HNLF, 40 Gbit/s all-optical multicasting logic XOR gate for NRZ-DPSK signals are successfully demonstrated in the experiment.     

Absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing over wavelength division multiplexing system

The performance of absolute polar duty cycle division multiplexing (AP-DCDM) over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system is presented based on the simulation results. The AP-DCDM signal has narrower bandwidth than conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) signal, which makes its implementation in WDM system advantageous. In this paper, characteristics of AP-DCDM and TDM signals in WDM system are compared at the speed of 40 Gbit/s per channel, for the minimum allowed channel spacing and the chromatic dispersion tolerance. The results clearly show that AP-DCDM performs significantly better than TDM. By using AP-DCDM, 1.28 Tbit/s (32 × 40 Gbit/s) was successfully transmitted over 320 km standard single mode fiber. Spectral efficiency of 0.64 b/s/Hz was achieved by using 10 Gbit/s transmitters and receivers without polarization multiplexing.     

Analysis of polarization dependence for OTDM demultiplexers based on four-wavelength mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier

In optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) systems using the four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for time demultiplexing, the polarization states of control pulse and OTDM data lights are an important factor in the optical time demultiplexing process, which can influence the bit error rate (BER) of OTDM systems. In this paper, we analyze the effect of light polarization states on the FWM of a SOA, and use a simulation approach to study the BER performance of 100 Gbit/s OTDM systems that use the FWM in a SOA for optical time demultiplexing. It reveals that the BER or Q factor of OTDM systems is dependent on the misalignment θ between the polarization states of OTDM data and control lights. With increasing θ, both the optical power of resulting FWM component and the BER performance (or Q factor) of OTDM systems is degraded. For linearly polarized lights, our results show that the increase of BER and the reduction in Q factor are made smoothly when θ changes its value from 0° to 75°, whereas the degradation of BER and Q factor becomes rapid when θ exceeds 75°. Although the best system BER is obtained for θ = 0°, the BER performance can still tolerate some misalignment θ (e.g., up to 20° in our simulation). This is useful for the engineering design and applications of SOA-based optical time demultiplexers.     

Characterizing pattern dependence in transmitters and receivers for modeling optical communication systems

We study the pattern dependences in 10 Gbit/s return-to-zero (RZ) transmitters and receivers. We describe a procedure to characterize and separate out the individual contributions from the transmitter and receiver to the pattern dependences in a 10 Gbit/s RZ system, and we validate the procedure experimentally using a transmitted pseudo-random bit string of length 2⁷ − 1.     

A novel multilevel coding technique for high speed optical fiber communication systems

This paper delineates a novel coding technique, a combination of coding and multiplexing technique, known as mapping multiplexing technique (MMT). A mapping algorithm is used to multiplex four channels, each of which running at 10 Gbit/s. Up to four bits per symbol at a symbol rate of 10 Gboud was successfully transmitted over a single wavelength. Compare to the conventional return to zero (RZ) and none-return to zero (NRZ)-time division multiplexing (TDM) more than 75% and 50% reduction in the spectral width are achieved, respectively. Calculated chromatic dispersion tolerance of ±130 ps/nm is achieved for the 40 Gbit/s MMT transmission system at the expense of ∼2 dB degradation in the receiver sensitivity (compared to NRZ) due to an increase in the number of levels and in the signal dependency of signal-spontaneous beat noise. In comparison with conventional 4-ary system, the proposed system depicts ∼6.5 dB improvement in terms of receiver sensitivity.     

Numerical analysis and system optimization for 100 Gbit/s carrier Ethernet serial modulation formats

The performance of various modulation schemes for 100 Gbit/s single-channel serial transmission is investigated by means of numerical simulations. Different ASK and PSK modulation formats are compared in terms of total system reach for a 10⁻⁹ BER requirement. RZ-DQPSK format with a 1920 km reach, without FEC and without the support of additional Raman amplification, outperforms all the other schemes including 10 × 10 Gbit/s NRZ DWDM inverse multiplexing.     

All-optical synchronization of a 40 GHz self-pulsating distributed Bragg reflector laser to return-to-zero 10, 20 and 40 Gbit/s data streams

This paper presents experimental investigations of the all-optical synchronization of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser self-pulsating at 40 GHz on various injected bit-rate signals. Even though there is no modulation applied to this laser, it exhibits a modulation of its output emission, measured at 39.7 GHz with a linewidth of 30 MHz. Such performance is exploited in all-optical clock recovery for a return-to-zero data stream at 40 Gbit/s. The SP-DBR laser wavelength and the injected signal wavelength are 10 nm apart. All-optical synchronization is demonstrated at 40 Gbit/s with a linewidth of less than 20 MHz for injected signals at 10 and 20 Gbit/s, respectively. Thus the SP-DBR laser proves to be very versatile and can be synchronized on various bit-rate data signals.     

Analysis of format conversion from optical 16QAM to QPSK based on cascaded four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier

A scheme of format conversion from optical 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) to quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal based on cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) is proposed. Theoretical analysis and simulations of the format conversion scheme are conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposal. In this proposal, the phase conjugated of 16QAM signal is generated after the first FWM process in an SOA, and then the QPSK signal is converted due to the second non-degenerate FWM (ND-FWM) process in another SOA. The performance and the optimal design of the 10 Gbit/s format conversion system under various key parameters of SOAs are evaluated and discussed. Simulation results present useful to enable interconnection between backbone network and access network.     

Priority-based parameter optimization strategy for reducing the effects of four-wave mixing on WDM system

In order to meet the ultra high speed and ultra long-haul transmission distance in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, the nonlinear impairment affecting the overall spectral efficiency and system performance should be minimized. This paper proposes a strategy to mitigate the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in WDM system. The strategy determines the effect of both single and combined effects of second, third, and fourth optimization priority parameters such as fiber length, input power, dispersion, channel spacing, and effective area on FWM power. A comparison study was made under different types of optical fiber such as single-mode fiber (SMF), dispersion shifted fiber, non-zero dispersion fiber, and non-zero dispersion shifted fiber. In addition, the system performance in term of bit-error-rate was calculated in the case of single priority (impact of effective area) and combined priority (impact of effective area, input power, fiber length and channel spacing). The results show that the FWM effect was reduced based on the transmission parameters order of optimization, i.e., priority selection proposed. Moreover, the results indicated that increasing sequentially the effective area, fiber length; channel spacing and decreasing the input power provide the most significant sequence in suppressing the effects of FWM. This priority sequence brought the suppression ratio to approximately 26.3% in SMF, which suppressed the FWM effects up to −50 dBm. In term of BER; the combined priority introduces improvement in BER of 2.31 × 10⁻²⁵ in comparison with single priority that has value of BER 4 × 10⁻¹⁴. Finally, this work suggests that the proposed priority-based parameter optimization strategy is an ideal solution for optimum performance of WDM system.     

Investigation of multiwavelength clock recovery based on heterodyne beats of sideband-filtered signal

We investigate a new parallel all-optical clock recovery scheme based on heterodyne beats of an optical sideband-filtered signal. The oscillating clock signal is recovered when the filtered sideband is combined with a stable local oscillator. The filtering is performed with an optical resonator, which by nature provides possibility for multiwavelength operation. The local oscillator could be realized by a multiwavelength laser, whose emission wavelengths are injection seeded with carrier wavelengths of the input data. The output signal of such a configuration benefits from a reduced bit-pattern effect and a stable offset level. The sideband filtering is demonstrated for 23 simultaneous channels at 100 GHz DWDM grid, each hosting a data stream of 10 Gbit/s.     

Optical 3R regeneration of 40 Gbit/s degraded data signals

A 40 Gbit/s optical 3R regenerator is proposed and demonstrated. The 3R regenerator consists of a dual-ring injection mode-locked fiber ring laser as the clock recovery module and an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) as the decision gate. The clock recovery module extracts the optical short pulse clock with low timing jitter from degraded 40 Gbit/s optical data streams, while the decision gate restores their signal quality. A numerical model describing the cross-absorption modulation effect in a bulk EAM is developed to explore the operating conditions, such as bias voltage, pump signal power. The timing jitter tolerance for the EAM optical gate is also investigated. Significantly improvement of BER is obtained from 40 Gbit/s RZ signals which are degraded by polarization mode dispersion or chromatic dispersion.     

Ultra high-speed optical signal processing based on single SOA at 60 Gb/s

The paper shows the design of all-optical logic gates OR, AND, NOT, NOR, XNOR, XOR at ultra high speed by using SOA. The simulations of all logic gates are obtained by XGM and FWM in SOA at 40 Gb/s and 60 Gb/s. The OR, AND, NOR logic between two data sources are obtained using a pump signal, while another logic XNOR using two data. The NOT, XOR obtained using FWM and XGM combined. Thus realization of these logics at 40 Gb/s and 60 Gb/s will lead revolution growth in optical signal processing for high-speed operation.     

Impact of channel baud-rate on logarithmic digital backward propagation in DP-QPSK system with uncompensated transmission links

We numerically investigate the impact of channel baud-rate on the performance of logarithmic step-size based spilt-step Fourier method (SSFM). This algorithm is used to implement digital backward propagation (DBP) to efficiently compensate fiber chromatic dispersion (CD) and non-linearities (NL). The DBP method is implemented in N-channel dual-polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) transmission over 2000 km standard single mode fiber (SMF) with no in-line optical dispersion compensation. We investigate the same-capacity and same-bandwidth transmission systems with 56 Gbit/s/ch (14 GBaud), 112 Gbit/s/ch (28 GBaud) and 224 Gbit/s/ch (56 GBaud). Each system has the bandwidth occupancy of 500 GHz with a total transmission capacity of 1.12 Tbit/s. Moreover, we have also compared the multiple channel transmission performance with single channel transmission to quantify the impact of inter-channel (cross-phase modulation ‘XPM’ and four-wave mixing ‘FWM’) and intra-channel (self-phase modulation ‘SPM’) non-linearities. The logarithmic step-size based DBP algorithm (L-DBP) depicts efficient mitigation of CD and NL impairments. The benefit of the logarithmic step-size is the reduced complexity and computational time for higher baud-rate transmission systems.     

Simultaneous implementation of all-optical OR and AND logic gates for NRZ/RZ/CSRZ ON-OFF-keying signals

An all-optical scheme for simultaneously realizing OR and AND logic gates based on three-input four-wave mixing (FWM) arising in a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed and demonstrated. It has the ability to process not only conventional non-return-to-zero-ON-OFF-keying (NRZ-OOK) and return-to-zero-OOK (RZ-OOK) formats but also carrier-suppressed return-to-zero-OOK (CSRZ-OOK) format signals. Firstly, the performance of 40 Gb/s logic operation is numerically evaluated by a comprehensive dynamic SOA model considering three input signal induced FWM effect. Then, 10 Gb/s experimental demonstrations with clear waveforms and high extinction ratios (ERs) further verify the logic integrity of this scheme. Thus, the OR and AND logic gates simultaneously achieved within a single logic unit is compact and cost-effective for future optical signal processing applications.     

Performance improvement and wavelength reuse in millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber links incorporating all-fiber optical interleaver

Simultaneous downlink performance improvement and uplink wavelength reuse in a full-duplex millimeter-wave (MMW) radio-over-fiber (RoF) system by using a simple and cost-effective all-fiber optical interleaver are proposed and demonstrated. The MMW RoF downlink performance improvement is based on suppressing optical carrier-to-sideband ratio (OCSR), with which the mechanism is confirmed by theoretic analysis and derived experimental results. Measured results show that, by suppressing OCSR using a fabricated all-fiber optical interleaver, the downlink optical receiver sensitivity is improved about 2.1 dB. The downlink data rate is 1.25 Gbit/s and the carrier frequency is 58.1 GHz; the link consists of 6 km optical single-mode fiber and 1 m wireless connection. On the other hand, with the interleaver suppressing downlink OCSR, simultaneously an optical carrier is recovered from the RoF downlink and is reused for RoF uplink transmission. The uplink is operated at 62.9 GHz and the data rate is the same 1.25 Gbit/s. With the recovered optical carrier, a laser-free remote access point is achieved. The principle, structure, and fabrication of an all-fiber optical interleaver are also presented in this paper.     

Electrical nonlinearity pre-compensation for CO-OFDM system

An electrical nonlinearity pre-compensation (ENPC) combined nonlinearity with chromatic dispersion method is introduced for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system. Comparing with existed only nonlinearity pre-compensation (NL Pre-comp) method, ENPC method is not only suitable for low-dispersion fiber system, but also effective for high dispersion fiber transmission system without optical dispersion compensation. For 40 Gbit/s 20 × 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) system, ENPC method can improve the nonlinear threshold (NLT) (for Q > 10 dB) about 2.7, 1.2, and 1.0 dB, and the maximum Q factor about 1.2, 0.4, and 0.3 dB for 2, 8, and 16 ps/nm/km fiber systems, respectively. The method allow the CO-OFDM system can avoid using optical dispersion compensation even for high dispersion fiber system with higher input power, and the 2-step ENPC solution does not increase more computation complexity compared with NL pre-comp method.     

Single-wavelength-pump bi-directional hybrid fiber amplifier for bi-directional local area network application

This paper proposes a novel bi-directional hybrid fiber amplifier using a single-wavelength pump laser diode (LD) at 1495 nm. The hybrid amplifier is theoretically applied in a 50 km bi-directional local area network (LAN) with 26 ch × 10 Gb/s for bi-directional transmission. Thirteen C-band channels serve as downlink signals while the other 13 L-band channels are employed as uplink signals. Without loss of generality, four channels (two from each band) are experimentally analyzed. Erbium doped fiber (EDF) provides amplification for the C-band channels and Raman amplification amplifies the L-band channels. The pump efficiency is improved by employing a double-pass scheme for both the Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and Raman fiber amplifier (RFA). The chromatic dispersion incurred by all the channels is precisely compensated for by inserting a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array in appropriate locations along the dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) segments. Moreover, gain equalization of all the channels is achieved by adjusting the FBG reflectivity. Both the simulation results and experimental measurements confirm the proposed device feasibility and potential application in a bi-directional LAN.     

Performance analysis of metro WDM network based on an optical cross connects and arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer

In this paper, we have demonstrated the quality-of-service offered by the metropolitan area network which is based on optical cross connect (OXC) and arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) demultiplexer operating at 10 Gb/s with 0.1 nm channel spacing for NRZ signal transmission. The data is successfully transmitted to a distance of 40 km with a reasonably good BER of 2.388 × 10⁻³⁵. The OXC and AWG demultiplexers in the proposed architecture allow incremental expansion in terms of the number of wavelength channels to be transmitted. Dispersion and crosstalk are the main signal-degrading factors arising from the operation of the OXC and the effectiveness of each factor is individually investigated.     

A novel method degrading the combined effect of FWM and ASE noise in WDM systems containing in-line optical amplifiers

In this paper, a novel method degrading the combined effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of the amplifier on the most heavily affected channel in an equally channel spaced wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system containing in-line optical amplifiers is proposed. FWM effect is directly related to input powers of channels. So, FWM effect can be degraded by controlling channel input powers. In the proposed method, varying the input power of each channel in an optical fiber, the output optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) values are evaluated and input powers of all channels are optimized in order to maximize the OSNR value of the channel having the lowest OSNR. To interpret the results obtained, output OSNR values for the minimum optical input power launched to the system by each channel are also computed. Being compared to the computed results for minimum optical input powers, the lowest output OSNR value among all channels for optimized input powers shows a 5.1867 dB increase in a 5-channel system, a 3.5988 dB increase in a 9-channel system, a 3.0855 dB increase in a 15-channel system and a 1.6795 dB increase for a 21-channel system. Furthermore, output OSNR values of all channels exhibit a significant increase.     

A novel approach to all-optical wavelength conversion by utilizing a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier in a co-propagation scheme

Nonlinear optical gain modulation in an InGaAsP/InP bulk reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is studied. The differences of the optical properties between RSOAs and conventional SOAs are initially investigated. All-optical wavelength conversion based on nonlinear gain modulation in RSOAs is demonstrated at a bit rate of 2.488 Gbit/s. It is shown that a bit-error-rate of <10⁻⁹ can be achieved and an extinction ratio of >9 dB can be obtained at a bit rate of 2.488 Gbit/s with a 2³¹-1 non-return-to-zero (NRZ) pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS). In comparison with conventional SOAs, wavelength conversion by RSOAs shows much improved performances in high-speed all-optical wavelength conversions.