Self-trapped dynamics of a hollow Gaussian beam in metamaterials

We present a systematic investigation on the dynamics of a hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) in metamaterials. We predict self-trapped propagation of HGBs and evolution of the beam is highly influenced by dimensionless dispersion coefficient (κ), which determines the strength of dispersion over diffraction. The evolutions of HGBs such as disappearance of single ringed intensity pattern and appearance of patterns with a central bright spot are achievable with less propagation distance in metamaterials with higher values of κ. On the other hand, metamaterials with low values of κ can preserve single ring intensity distribution over a long propagation distance without focusing. When the strength of dispersion over diffraction increases, it significantly influences the evolution of the beam and may lead to the formation of tightly focussed beam with high peak intensity at the center. The phenomenon of tight focussing is found to have some applications in trapping of nanosized particles.     

冲击作用下HMX晶体孔洞塌缩热点生成机制的细观数值模拟

热点的形成、点火以及成长过程是理解非均匀炸药冲击起爆的关键.采用离散元法,对冲击作用下含孔洞的HMX晶体进行了细观数值模拟.计算结果表明:在较低冲击作用下,孔洞边缘发生了较大的剪切变形,粘塑性功形成热点;而在较高冲击作用下,孔洞塌缩产生射流,汇聚流动,冲击下游炸药形成热点,并获得了孔洞塌缩和热点生成演化的细观过程.     

On the hardening of the spectrum of high-energy particles formed in heavy-ion collisions considered within the framework of the hydrodynamic approach

The emission of high-energy particles in the ¹⁶O + ¹⁹⁷Au ion collision at an energy of 20 MeV/nucleon is considered in the context of hot spot time evolution with allowance for the hydrodynamic compression and expansion stages. In addition to our earlier consideration of this model, the evaporation of formed particles is included in spectrum calculation at the early (hot) stage of hot spot evolution. This leads to particle spectrum hardening in its high-energy part, in agreement with the experimental data.     

基于多通道Kirkpatrick-Baez 显微镜的内爆热斑不对称性实验研究

利用多通道Kirkpatrick-Baez 显微镜具有约3μm 的空间分辨能力,对内爆压缩热斑的细节可以进行空间分辨测量。通过赤道和极区两个正交方向对柱腔辐射驱动内爆热斑的X 射线自发射进行测量,获得了热斑区在两个正交方向的二维X 射线强度空间分布。X 射线图像数据处理结果表明,赤道区表征内爆热斑不对称性的2 P 分量比极区的约高8%,极区的0 P 分量比赤道区大2μm。内爆热斑在极区的压缩要强于赤道区,反映了极区的辐射驱动要比赤道区的强,这导致靶球在压缩停滞阶段形成的热斑形状呈扁椭球。     

无衍射光束聚焦后的重建与矫正

基于衍射理论分析了无衍射光束聚焦后重建现象.导出重建后的光场分布表达式,数值模拟了重建光束的光强分布.结果表明,重建光束中心光斑较聚焦前的无衍射光束中心光斑大,而且重建后的光束有较大的发散角,光束随着传输很快扩散,光强迅速衰减.此类光束的应用受到限制.利用另一正透镜对重建后的光束加以矫正.并且由几何光学知识,得到了改变重建光束参量的方法,研究结果拓宽了无衍射光束的应用.用体视显微镜和CCD照相机组成的系统拍摄光束强度分布,实验结果与理论计算相吻合.     

Far-field intensity distribution, M factor of beams generated by Gaussian mirror resonator

We investigated M² factor and far-field distribution of beams generated by Gaussian mirror resonator. And we found usable analytical expressions of the M² factor and the far-field distribution intensity with respect to variation of diffraction parameters. Particular attention was paid to the parameters such as mirror spot size and reflectance of the Gaussian mirror.     

In vivo time‐resolved X‐ray fluorescence mapping measurements of Egeria densa immersed in Cr(VI) aqueous solution

In vivo time‐resolved Cr and Ca X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping measurements were performed in a laboratory over a period of 69 days on a living common aquatic plant Egeria densa that was immersed in 5 mM K₂CrO₄ aqueous solution. The time and spatial resolution for each time‐resolved XRF map were ~1.6 days and 1 × 1 mm², respectively. The obtained XRF maps exhibited characteristic localized Cr and Ca areas where the XRF signals were especially strong (‘hot spots’), and this indicated the necessity of preliminary millimeter‐resolution surveying in XRF microscopy. Ca hot spots were detected prior to Cr(VI) immersion and nearly disappeared after immersion in deionized water for 2 weeks and the Cr(VI) solution for 1 week. After these immersions, a Cr hot spot was formed at approximately the same location of the missing Ca hot spot, which suggests that the original Ca‐accumulated regions were substituted for the isolation of Cr species when they were introduced. The sizes and intensity distributions of the Cr hot spots were sensitive to the Cr(VI) exposure approximately 1 week prior to each XRF measurement. This sensitivity suggests potential applications of E. densa as a Cr(VI) biomonitor in aquatic environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spot size and radial intensity distribution of focused Gaussian beams in spherical and non-spherical aberration lenses

We discussed the radial intensity distribution in the presence of spherical aberrations (SA) for cases in which the incident field is a focused Gaussian spot. A numerical solution of a two dimensional integral diffraction (paraxial ray) equation for a relatively large SA is developed by using the well-known trapezoidal rule for integration. The mesh size was chosen so that convergence of the integration is insured to one part in 10⁻⁸ at successive steps. The spot size and the radial intensity distribution in both SA free lens and lens exhibiting SA are calculated. A relation that determines the spot size at the geometrical focus in aberrated case is developed.     

Cross-shaped photoluminescence of excimers in perylene crystals

Cross-shaped excimer (self-trapped exciton) luminescence from α- and β-perylene single crystals of 50–100 μm was found when they were excited at the center of the crystals with a continuous-wave (cw) laser resonant with the exciton absorption. The cross shape is formed by the two lines which intersect at the excited position and are perpendicular to the sides of the crystals of parallelogram shape. Luminescence is emitted from the excited spot and 4 side edges in the cross shape. The most striking feature is that the luminescence intensity at the edges was as high as or higher than at the excited spot. The possibility of the exciton propagation or the waveguide effect is rejected both experimentally and theoretically. This phenomenon can be reasonably explained only when the radiative transition probability of excimers is significantly enhanced at the crystals side edges than at the center due to the lower symmetry.     

The effect of tilt aberration and astigmatism of turbulent atmosphere on the intensity distribution of a vortex carrying Gaussian beam

The effect of tilt and astigmatism aberration of the turbulent atmosphere on the intensity distribution of a focused vortex carrying Gaussian beam was investigated based on the extended Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral and the quadratic approximation of phase structure function. Our results have shown that the intensity distribution on the focal plane in the effect of tilt aberration changes with the turbulent strength, the propagation distance and the topological charge of the initial beam. The propagation distance is larger, the focal spot size will be larger, and the central dip will be less deep. It is also noticed that the intensity distribution of a beam with single topological charge is affected more by tilt aberration in comparison to the beam with double topological charge. The effect of astigmatism on the intensity distribution is quite less than that of tilt aberration. For focused beam propagation in atmosphere, the effect of the tilt aberration on the intensity distribution of optical vortex beam is the main effect of total turbulent aberration.     

超短超强激光导引及对电子加速的影响

使用粒子模拟程序对30 fs超短超强激光在均匀与抛物型两种密度分布等离子体中的传输, 以及在稳定传输状态下尾场的电子注入与加速形成的电子能谱进行了模拟与分析. 固定入射激光束斑尺寸, 在(0.4-2)×10¹⁹/cm³等离子体密度范围, 对比分析了归一化峰值强度从1-6范围的激光脉冲在上述两种密度分布等离子 体中传输时激光束斑尺寸的演化, 结果表明抛物型分布的等离子体密度通道能够对超短超强脉冲实现良好的导引, 有利于高能电子加速. 对于较高密度情况,即使在均匀等离子体中依靠相对论自聚 焦等机制也可以实现良好的自导引传输,有利于实验简化以及产生更大电量的加速电子.     

超半球形固体浸没透镜系统的亚表面显微

应用矢量衍射理论和薄膜光学方法,研究了有禁带存在时超半球形固体浸没透镜(SIL)系统的亚表面显微。模拟计算结果显示,光斑的强度,边瓣强度和光斑大小随禁带厚度发生振荡。光斑的大小和光斑的强度几乎是反相变化的。当禁带材料的折射率与固体浸没透镜(SIL)的折射率相匹配时,光斑的强度较大,分辨率较高。随着离开样品表面的距离的增加,光斑的强度不断减小,光斑的大小和边瓣强度逐渐增加。     

沿Z型光传输管道轴向吹气对激光传输的影响

针对在Z型管道中传输的高能量密度激光束受到的气体热效应问题,采用光波标量衍射方程计算光传输、N-S方程计算管道内流场,仿真计算了以不同的速度沿管道轴向吹入对激光能量无吸收的气体时,由于气流扰动对出射光束远场光斑质量的影响。结果表明,在采用纵向吹气减小气体热效应对光束传输的影响时,应尽可能采用大气量、低流速的方案,既有利于排空管道中的杂质气体,减小气体热效应,又有利于减小管道中流场密度分布的不均匀性,从而保证出射光束的质量。     

Characteristics of filament induced Dammann gratings fabricated using femtosecond laser

To establish optimal processing conditions for direct write fabrication of diffractive optical elements such as gratings, waveguides, lenses, we have investigated the effect of process parameters such as scan speed, numerical aperture (NA) of objective lens, pulse energy on the characteristics of the filament induced inside fused silica with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. The optimum process parameters were used to fabricate a number of Dammann gratings, 6×6 array, having different thicknesses and number of layers. The performance of these optical elements was evaluated by measuring their diffraction efficiencies. All gratings fabricated were strongly birefringent, the zero order spot with high intensity was not separated from the spot array, and the intensity distribution of 6×6 spot array exhibited some degree of nonuniformity. The single layer Dammann grating fabricated with a thickness of 80 μm attained a maximum diffraction efficiency of 38.8%.     

Phase-shifting mask design for interference exposure of chirp blazed grating

An interference exposure system using a phase-shifting mask was proposed for generating periodic sawtooth optical intensity profile with chirp in period. Multiple space-harmonic waves are launched from the mask by diffraction, and the sawtooth optical intensity is formed by interference based on Fourier synthesis after propagation through an air gap. The design concept merely utilizing positive diffraction-order harmonics with tilt illumination of an exposure light and a design algorithm based on time-reversed configuration for calculating required phase shift amount were proposed and discussed. A phase-shifting mask for a blazed grating of very high chirp rate was designed to demonstrate its potential and feasibility. The grating period changes from 2.2 to 3.1 μm gradually within 0.3 mm length. Sawtooth-like optical intensity profile was confirmed by theoretical simulation as well as preliminary experimental results.     

红外系统后向反射光的光强研究

 根据衍射光学理论分析了红外系统后向反射光强的分布,反射区域可以分成近场传输区域、菲涅耳衍射区域和夫琅和费衍射区域。在菲涅耳衍射区域内,反射光斑中心光强是呈明暗变化的,反射光斑中心光强在0～1km内剧烈振荡,1～3km之间达到峰值,然后随传输距离的继续增加,反射光斑中心光强逐渐减小。在夫琅和费衍射区域内,光斑图像中央是亮光斑,周围环绕着明暗交替的圆环。     

位相调制产生“热像”效应理论研究

通过理论分析和数值模拟方法，研究了高功率激光系统中的非线性“热像”效应. 利用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射积分和非线性近轴波动方程，在远场近似及光学薄近似条件下，得出了位相调制产生“热像”出现的位置及强度满足的解析关系.结果表明，“热像”形成在非线性介质后与衍射物对称的位置，其强度可能比振幅调制产生“热像”的强度大几倍. 通过计算机模拟，并与理论预测结果进行比较，显示两者符合较好. 同时给“热像”的形成过程赋予了明确的物理意义，指出“热像”的形成类似于同轴位相夫琅禾费全息过程. 关键词： “热像”效应 全息成像 小尺度自聚焦 高功率激光     

Propagation characteristics of zero field truncation of COS beam

The central spot of COS beam (CS-COS) can be obtained from COS beam by using the zero field truncation technique. The transversal intensity distributions of CS-COS through three different kinds of aperture functions are simulated numerically from the near field to the far field. It is shown that the CS-COS has the property of eliminating the diffraction fringes in the whole propagation process if a suitable aperture is introduced.     

平顶高斯光束与超高斯光束传输特性的比较研究

对平顶高斯光束与超高斯光束的传输特性作了研究和比较,并给出了典型的数值计算例．所得的主要结论是有相同M²因子和束宽的平顶高斯光束与超高斯光束在通过光学系统时,具有非常相似的包括光强分布和光阑衍射效应在内的传输变换特性． 关键词：     

Numerical studies on autoignition and detonation development from a hot spot in hydrogen/air mixtures

Detonation development inside spark ignition engines can result in the so called super-knock with extremely high pressure oscillation above 200?atm. In this study, numerical simulations of autoignitive reaction front propagation in hydrogen/air mixtures are conducted and the detonation development regime is investigated. A hot spot with linear temperature distribution is used to induce autoignitive reaction front propagation. With the change of temperature gradient or hot spot size, three typical autoignition reaction front modes are identified: supersonic reaction front; detonation development and subsonic reaction front. The effects of initial pressure, initial temperature, fuel type and equivalence ratio on detonation development regime are examined. It is found that the detonation development regime strongly depends on mixture composition (fuel and equivalence ratio) and thermal conditions (initial pressure and temperature). Therefore, to achieve the quantitative prediction of super-knock in engines, we need use the detonation development regime for specific fuel at specific initial temperature, initial pressure, and equivalence ratio.