Imaging characteristics of a birefringent lens under broadband illumination

This paper reports the imaging characteristics of an optical system consisting of a lens made of a uniaxial birefringent crystal sandwiched between two linear polarizers under polychromatic input illumination. The optic axis of the birefringent crystal is perpendicular to the lens axis and for an initial investigation, the spectral profile of the input beam is considered to be uniform for all wavelengths. The study reveals that if the variation of the birefringence parameters of the device with the wavelength is less, a larger bandwidth may be used without considerably deviating from the imaging characteristics under strictly monochromatic illumination. The nonlinear variation of birefringence with wavelength results in an asymmetric axial irradiance distribution. This obviates an optimal operating wavelength as well as a proper choice of the lens material. It is found that no appreciable change in image quality under diffraction-limited condition results for an input beam having 632 nm operating wavelength and 60 nm bandwidth. Therefore, it may be feasible to use this system with a white light source in conjunction with a wavelength-selective filter.     

径向偏振光下的长焦、紧聚焦表面等离子体激元透镜

表面等离子体激元透镜(plasmonic lens, PL)是一种通过激发和操控表面等离子体激元 (SPPs), 突破衍射极限, 实现亚波长紧聚焦的纳米光子器件. 如何实现高效率的紧聚焦及调控, 一直是研究PL的重点. 如果选取电矢量沿径向振动的径向偏振光作为PL的入射光, 可从各个方向激发SPPs, 提高紧聚焦的能量效率. 本文提出了一种在径向偏振光激发下的长焦深、长焦距、亚波长紧聚焦的表面等离子体激元透镜, 该透镜由中心T 形微孔、阶梯形同心环和同心环结构组成. 本文首先利用有限元方法数值分析了中心微孔-同心环结构透镜的聚焦特性, 结果显示径向偏振光由底部入射可高效激发SPPs, 并且中心微孔透射光与散射至自由空间的SPPs由于多光束干涉形成了紧聚焦. 为进一步压缩焦斑、增加焦距、加深焦深、改善透镜聚焦特性, 本文引入中心T形微孔-阶梯形同心环结构, 从而对阶梯表面的SPPs同时提供了相位调制和传播方向的控制. 经过参数优化, 该透镜结构实现了光斑焦深、半高宽、焦距分别是入射光波长的2.5倍、0.388 倍、3.22倍的亚波长紧聚焦; 而且该透镜具有结构紧凑、尺寸小、易于集成的优点, 满足了纳米光子学对于器件微型化和高度集成化的要求. 该研究结果在纳米光子集成、近场光学成像与探测、纳米光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Design of off-axis reflective projection lens using spherical Fresnel surface

In this paper, an off-axis reflective projection lens with single Fresnel reflective surface and three aspheric surfaces were designed. The design method of reflective lens using spherical Fresnel surface is discussed. The MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the off-axis reflective lens, with optical magnification 100×, F-number 2.5 and field of view 120°, is over 40% at 0.6 lp/mm on the image side, the distortion is less than 2%. This design method can provide reference for application of Fresnel surface in wide field of view imaging, and possesses a bright future with the continuous development of fabrication technique.     

Changes in the intensity distribution and polarization of non-uniformly polarized beams focused by a spherically aberrated lens with annular aperture

Based on the generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and beam coherence polarization (BCP) matrix formulation, the focusing properties of a type of non-uniformly polarized (NUP) beam through a spherical aberrated lens with annular aperture are studied. The dependence of focal shift, intensity distribution, power in the bucket (PIB) and degree of polarization on the spherical aberration coefficient, obscure ratio and polarization parameters is illustrated numerically. The focusing of NUP beams by a spherically aberrated lens with circular aperture is treated as a special case, where the inner radius of the aperture is equal to zero.     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数(MTF),结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟X光针孔成像的可行性。     

Simple and high efficient optical trapping using a cylindrical lens and a single plane wave of incidence

We suggest a simple and high efficient method for trapping particles in the evanescent field. In this method, a single plane wave is normally incident on the cylindrical surface of a cylindrical lens and then incident on the plane surface of the lens at an angle larger than the critical angle. Multiple reflections of light within the cylindrical lens create two evanescent waves with different directions in the transmitted field. Interference of two evanescent waves comes into being a standing wave which can stably trap particles close to the top of the cylindrical lens. Based on the Rayleigh approximation, we obtain analytical expressions of optical force acting on a Rayleigh particle placed in the vicinity of the lens. We find that the trap stiffness and trap depth is dependent on the radius of the cylindrical lens, wavelength and polarization of light, and incident angle at the lens–liquid interface.     

可调谐相位板空域频域联合分析

波前编码系统采用在传统光学系统中加入相位板来扩大光学系统的景深而避免传统景深延拓技术的不利影响. 由于相位板的参数不可调, 整个系统的景深延拓扩展率也不能动态可调. 采用两相位板组合的方法可以有效克服这一点. 本文首先从光线差的角度提出了两三次相位板组合下的光线像差分布以及点扩散函数尺寸的具体关系表达式, 直观体现了系统的光线结构, 指出了光线结构和点扩散函数尺寸受两三次相位板的面型和相对位移量的影响. 其次采用稳相法从空间域给出了系统点扩散函数表达式, 依据点扩散函数的振荡性质给出了有效带宽表达式, 提出了点扩散函数在像面的位置会随两相位板面型参数以及相对于光瞳中心的位移量而发生平移. 最后利用菲涅耳积分给出两三次相位板任意面型参数和相对位移组合下的准确光学传递函数. 在得到的调制传递函数中直观体现出了面型参数和相对位移量对调制传递函数和相位传递函数以及有效带宽的影响, 并说明了此系统相位传递函数的非线性性质. 通过空间域与频率域相结合的方法分析验证了传统的两三次相位板组合具有景深可调和带宽可调的性质, 为设计可调谐波前编码系统提供了理论依据.     

用于THz波段脉冲空间整形的滤波透镜的电磁场分析

提出了一种结构新颖的用于THz波段的滤波透镜,其特点是将滤波和聚焦的性能结合在一起,从而能有效地在某个特定波段内聚焦THz脉冲的输出能量. 设计了带通和带阻两种性能的滤波透镜,并用电磁场时域差分方法进行了数值研究,证明了设计的正确性. 关键词： THz 滤波 透镜     

Lucy-Richardson算法用于针孔图像的恢复

计算了X射线针孔成像系统的点扩散函数矩阵，利用Lucy-Richardson算法对模拟和真实的针孔图像进行了较好的恢复，分析了恢复后得到的结果，给出了合理的迭代次数、恢复方法细节和恢复图像的分辨率，并用模拟实验验证了Lucy-Richardson算法对针孔图像进行恢复的可靠性. 关键词： 针孔成像 点扩散函数 Lucy-Richardson算法     

离焦模糊图像的维纳滤波恢复

为消除离焦误差产生的图像模糊,介绍了基于逆滤波和维纳滤波的离焦模糊图像复原方法。从光学成像原理出发,根据高斯方程计算离焦误差,建立离焦误差与光学传递函数之间的关系。讨论了离焦误差对光学成像系统传递函数的影响。通过建立线性空间不变的模糊模型,构建点扩散函数和光学传递函数,采用与模糊过程相反的处理方法进行图像复原,消除离焦误差造成的图像模糊。测试实验中,对标准样本Lena图像进行了离焦模糊处理,采用维纳滤波算法复原图像,选择不同的离焦半径和维纳滤波参数进行对比。实验结果表明:维纳滤波方法可有效消除离焦模糊;抑制噪声干扰和"振铃效应";可把图像峰值信噪比提高到6dB以上。     

Test of a conical lens using a two-beam shearing interferometer

We describe a two-beam shearing interferometric technique for testing refractive conical lenses. The optical configuration requires two mutually coherent plane wave fronts transmitted through the conical lens under test. The method can also be considered as an interferometric fringe projection technique in which a fringe pattern produced by the two interfering wave fronts is projected through the optical elements. We describe the principle of the method and present application of the technique for determining the angle formed by the flat surface and the conical surface of a refractive conical lens.     

放大／缩小自聚焦透镜列阵的研制

本文讨论了放大／缩小自聚焦镜列阵成像原理．根据设计方程、确定了列阵的主要参数，制成了列阵样品，并对样品的参数进行测量．     

Comparative assessment of optical performance for the optical design of HD-DVD micro objective lens with NA 0.65 using aspheric and freeform surfaces

A micro objective lens for HD-DVD with the Numerical Aperture (NA) of 0.65 at blue laser wavelength with clear aperture diameter of 1.5 mm has been designed on acrylic material using freeform surfacing method. Optical performance evaluation parameters have been compared with bi-aspheric surfaces based objective lens design. Freeform surface based design has higher degrees of freedom compare to conventional aspheric surfaces that can reduce aberrations significantly. Maximum RMS error is 0.003λ at 0.4° and maximum RMS radius is 0.027 μm while airy disk radius is 0.3803 μm for freeform surface based design. Hence single freeform surface based design can reduce the fabrication complexity and tooling time, at the same instance provides comparable performance with bi-aspheric surfaces based design.     

光电成像系统动像光学传递函数

在论述光电成像系统时间响应特性图像运动的基础上,提出并完善了光电成像系统动像光学传递函数的数理模型,除已导出的匀速运动和简谐振动下的动像LSF和OTF公式外,又导出了匀加速运动下动像LSF和OTF公式以及椭圆、圆周运动下的两维动像PSF和OTF公式,从而可以全面计算、分析光电成像系统的动像传递特性,为更深入研究动态光电成像奠定了理论基础.     

数字图像消卷积在显微测量中的应用

研究了数字图像消卷积在显微测量中的应用。在测量系统点扩展函数的基础上,利用频谱空间变换消卷积图像处理方法,消除了传统光学显微成像中的几何不清晰度。通过对显微图像进行复原,实现了反射式一维线宽的显微精确测量。在医用接骨钢板表面质量的评价中,对10μm量级的划痕宽度实现了精确和方便的测量。该技术对相关计量技术的发展具有重要意义。     

图像传输方法测量海水的点扩展函数

海水水体的点扩展函数（PSF）及光学传递函数（OTF）描述了海水中光或图像传输的性质,是研究海水光学性质及水下图像系统的基本参数。探讨了用图像传输的理论测量海水点扩展函数或光学传递数的方法,在实验室中建立了一套测量和计算系统;对不同长度的散射水体进行了测量,得到了一维和二维的海水点扩展函数曲线,测量结果与理论分析相符合。     

利用交叉相位调制和四波混频制作的时间透镜的仿真分析

利用高非线性光纤中的交叉相位调制和四波混频分别在仿真中实现了时间透镜. 对基于交叉相位调制的时间透镜中的高非线性光纤中的非线性过程进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明, 该时间透镜的主要影响因素为色散、自相位调制与四波混频; 通过采用带有一定色散斜率的高非线性光纤可同时消除色散、自相位调制和四波混频的影响; 另外, 该高非线性光纤的色散零点最好选在信号脉冲和抽运脉冲波长的中心附近. 然后对基于四波混频的时间透镜的实现进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明, 该时间透镜的主要影响因素为色散、 自相位调制和其他的四波混频; 通过设定合适大小的信号脉冲和抽运脉冲的功率可消除自相位调制和其他的四波混频的影响; 另外, 通过在高非线性光纤中引入一定的色散可进一步提高信号脉冲和抽运脉冲的功率, 从而获得更高功率的输出脉冲. 最后对两种时间透镜系统做出了比较. 关键词： 光脉冲压缩 时间透镜 交叉相位调制 四波混频     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变（ICF）研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数（MTF）,结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟Ｘ光针孔成像的可行性。     

利用CCD进行透镜焦平面的定位

设计了由全息光栅和CCD等构建的光电混合处理光路,实现对透镜焦平面的定位.采用反射式光学元件设计记录光路,制作满足特定空间频率的全息光栅,并利用质心法计算得到CCD采集面上光斑的中心坐标.