新型离轴反射变焦距光学系统的多视场检测方法

基于对离轴反射变焦距光学系统进行计算机辅助装调研究, 需要检测离轴反射变焦距系统各个视场的波像差, 除零度视场外, 获得包括其他视场的波像差有助于提高计算机辅助装调的准确性, 但是目前已有的波像差检测方法往往只能获得系统零度视场的波像差. 本文针对这个难题提出了一种检测离轴反射变焦距光学系统各个视场波像差的方法, 并应用于离轴三反变焦距光学系统的各视场波像差仿真检测. 该方法在传统自准直干涉法的基础上进行改进, 关键在于采用变形镜代替扫描的平面镜, 并采用夏克-哈特曼波前传感器代替干涉仪, 配合精确标定的激光器光源阵列, 可以实现对离轴三反变焦距光学系统的多视场波像差同时检测. 由理论分析和仿真模拟得出, 该系统在视场(0°, 3°), (0°, 4.2°), (0°, 5.5°), (0°, 7°), (0°, 9.8°), (0°, 14°)处经过变形镜补偿后的剩余波像差的RMS值分别为0.00039λ, 0.00075λ, 0.0024λ, 0.00017λ, 0.00053λ, 0.0057λ, 分析仿真结果表明此检测方案是可行的, 且适用于离轴反射变焦距系统的计算机辅助装调技术的研究.     

离轴非旋转对称叠加方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜

针对传统点聚焦菲涅尔透镜聚光分布均匀性差以及聚焦光斑形状与太阳能电池片不匹配的缺点,采用离轴非旋转对称叠加方法进行了方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜设计,透镜采用方形非旋转对称结构,设计过程中通过在透镜中心截取一方形小孔来降低聚焦光斑中心辐照度峰值,改善接收面聚光分布,以提高聚光均匀性.采用光线追迹法模拟并分析了小孔边长、离轴偏移量、离轴聚焦距等参量对聚光性能的影响,结果表明:采用该方法设计的透镜聚焦光斑形状为方形,聚光均匀度高达90%.     

同质材料反射系统热特性研究

为从原理上阐述同质材料反射系统的温度特性,并为光学系统设计提供依据。以热变形特征及其计算方法为基础,以光学系统焦点为研究对象,依次介绍单反射镜、共轴多反、离轴反射系统的温度特性,并建立了相应热差模型。仿真结果表明,离轴三反系统后焦距随温度的变化情况与对应镜筒的热变形量完全一致,其在较大温差范围内具有良好的成像质量。由温度变化引起的热离焦可被镜筒补偿,验证了理论模型的正确性,得出在均匀温度场条件下同质材料反射系统无热差的结论。因此,当光学系统尤其是热差效应明显的红外系统采用同质材料反射系统时具有良好的温度适应性。     

Automatic design of a one-to-many optical-interconnects lens system using aspherics

Use of an aspherical surface in the design of a lens system for one-to-many optical-interconnects (OTM-OI), composed of a doublet lens and a gradient-index (GRIN) lens array has been investigated. Applying the procedure of ALSIE (Automatic Lens design by Solving InEqualities), the off-axis lens systems, which feature the optical performance of the OTM-OI lens system, are optimized at 0.1 numerical aperture with a total field of view of 2°. Three aspherical designs with the aspherical surface for different surfaces are presented. The aspherical designs show preferable modulation transfer function (MTF) for high frequency as compared with the spherical design.     

Aplanatic hologram lenses on spherical surfaces

It is shown that if an off-axis Fresnel hologram is formed on a spherical surface the hologram as a lens will be aplanatic if the position of the reference and object points satisfy the condition (l′)^?1 + l^?1 = R^?1.     

等厚型平板菲涅尔透镜设计与研究

针对当前曲面菲涅尔透镜普遍存在的加工工艺复杂、面型精度难于控制、制作成本较高等问题,在研究非等厚型平板菲涅尔透镜设计方法的基础上,提出一种中心透镜为球面、外侧环带为倾斜面的等厚型平板菲涅尔透镜的设计方法,给出了具体的设计实例,并进行了建模和光学仿真,模拟结果表明:该菲涅尔透镜设计的光学效率达到90.7%。     

A New Approach to the Design of Hybrid Lenses for Integrated Optics

The Fresnel lens is one of the most extensively studied components in both classical and integrated optics. This structure is free from axial spherical aberration, but is heavily affected by both off-axis and chromatic aberrations. The latter can be compensated by introducing a refractive component, whose chromatic behavior is the opposite of that of the diffractive lens. This hybrid refractive-diffractive structure, however, is not able to deal effectively with off-axis aberrations, namely, with coma. In this work, a novel methodology for the design of corrected hybrid lenses is proposed which allows for correction of both chromatism and coma. The design method is based on a ray-optics variational approach which provides a range of possible achromatic solutions. An optimization procedure is performed by means of a series of beam propagation method numerical calculations which make it possible to simulate the lens operation and thus to find the best solution.     

紧凑型自由曲面离轴三反系统设计

针对小型化反射式光学系统的设计要求,采用新型的离轴三反光路形式和自由曲面,实现了F#为1.8,对角线视场角7.5°的紧凑型自由曲面离轴三反系统,光线在系统内多次重叠,系统波像差全视场平均值为0.017λ(λ=10 μm)。相比非球面离轴三反系统,该系统具有体积小、透过率高、大视场、无中心遮拦、多波段成像等优点。     

Design of an off-axis XR photovoltaic concentrator with SMS method

We present a novel off-axis XR concentrator design that enables a high efficiency energy collection while avoiding the shadowing problem encountered in the designs of symmetry XR type concentrator. Combining with a 1 cm² multi-junction solar cell, the off-axis XR concentrator is able to achieve high optical efficiency of the photovoltaic system. The concentrator design is performed based on the non-imaging optic principle, with one reflective mirror (X) and one refractive lens (R). Both surfaces of the reflective and refractive element are of freeform shapes and fitted as freeform expression in the design analysis. The concentrator has concentration ratio greater than 500× and acceptance angle greater than 2°. A square homogenizing irradiance distribution on the cell is achieved with the help of a suitable rob. The tolerance of the system is analyzed. The results show that the high concentration ratio and greater acceptance angle relax all optical and mechanical tolerances reduce the production and operation cost.     

A wide-FoV athermalized infrared imaging system with a two-element lens

For infrared imaging systems to achieve wide field of view (FoV), wide operating temperature and low weight, this work designs a wide-FoV athermalized infrared imaging system (AIIS) with a two-element lens. Its principle, design, manufacture, measurement and performance validation are successively discussed. The two-element lens contains four surfaces, where three aspheric surfaces are introduced to reduce optical off-axis aberrations and a cubic surface is introduced to achieve athermalization. The key coding mask containing an aspheric surface and a cubic surface is manufactured by nano-metric machining of ion implanted material (NiIM). Experimental results validate that our wide-FoV wavefront coding AIIS has a full FoV of 26.10° and an operating temperature over –20 °C to +70 °C.     

Multiplexer/demultiplexer in optical communications based on a holographic Fresnel lens

A holographic Fresnel lens for coarse wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) application in 1300 nm band is described. Letter paper focuses on minimizing the third-order aberrations for off-axis operation of the lens in order to reduce channel spacing and insertion loss. Improved characteristics have been obtained for the lens fabricated according to the theoretical design.     

Imaging properties of photon sieve with a large aperture

We report the optimization design and experimental results for the imaging properties of a photon sieve, which is formed on a layer of metal film supported by a thin glass substrate. As an example, we considered a micro-optical element with parameters of diameter D=50 mm, 3,564,290 hole number, and 10 μm minimum micro-hole diameter, which was designed and fabricated by means of surface machining technique in the lab. To evaluate its imaging performance, both on-axis and off-axis imaging experiments were carried out using the element. Compared to a Fresnel zone plate lens with the same feature size, the photon sieve has super imaging performance. Some quantitative analyses and initial qualitative explanations were given for the imaging characteristics.     

一种新型离轴三反式光学系统的设计

在三反射镜光学系统的几何光学理论的基础上,设计了一个焦距f=1000 mm,相对孔径D/f=1/4,视场角2w=3°的离轴非球面三镜反射系统,讨论了优化方法和各参量对系统结构和像差的影响.     

一种基于离轴椭球面的小光程差波面整形系统

为了实现空间中一定距离的近似等光程光束传输,设计了一种包含离轴椭球面反射镜的波面整形系统。基于几何光学与初级像差理论,结合Zemax光学设计软件,分析了椭球面反射镜圆锥系数、离轴量对像面处光程差的影响;设计了平面-椭球面反射镜和双椭球面反射镜2种光学结构的波面整形系统,并比较了2种结构的公差。分析结果表明:平面-椭球面反射系统和双椭球面反射系统均实现了空间中1 m距离的光束传输,且2种结构系统在3 mm物高视场和孔径角为6°条件下,各视场光瞳之间的光程差分别为0.14 mm和0.04 mm,因此,双椭球面反射结构整形效果优于平面-椭球面反射系统,但双椭球面反射结构对公差的敏感度更高。     

Design of double freeform-surface lens for LED uniform illumination with minimum Fresnel losses

In this study, we demonstrated a double freeform-surface lens to realize uniform illumination and minimum Fresnel losses for light-emitting diode (LED). In the present design, the inner surface and outer surface of the freeform lens were designed simultaneously, thus the light path can be controlled more flexibly. The detailed calculation and design process were presented. Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation and Fresnel losses calculation were conducted to validate the present freeform lens. The simulation and calculation results indicated that the present freeform lens could enhance the illumination uniformity greatly and realize minimum Fresnel losses as low as 7.67%.     

Fresnel lens solar concentrator design and spectral distribution on focus surface

It is necessary to analysize the spectral distribution of sun light on focal spot as well as its condenser ratio, both in the study of the different quantum efficiency of photoelectric materials and the different spectral absorption coefficient for the laser medium. Based on the absorption spectrum of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic, this paper addresses itself to the study of convex Fresnel lens focus solar light and choose spectrum. Set Parameters which are used for the design of Fresnel lens such as the ring width, height the focal length as well as the design of spectrum can be changed and the spectral ditribution on focal plane can be controlled. By way of simulation, a method through which is the best optical design for matching Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic absorption spectrum can be found. The maximum absorb power density in six optimum design is 288.5 W/cm², which is 3.2–18.5% higher than absorb power density in six initial design based on purpose of obtaining the maximum power density.     

像面照度均匀的环带式菲涅尔透镜设计

为了解决太阳光经传统菲涅尔聚光镜聚光后太阳能电池接收面上的光强分布不均匀问题,设计了一种环带式菲涅尔聚光镜。根据菲涅尔环带设计方法,把接收面划分为与之对应的环带,使光线在经过菲涅尔聚光镜的表面环带后进入相应的接受面环带,减少了光能损失并提高了光强分布均匀性。给出了在350 nm ~760 nm波段范围内太阳张角角度为0.54°、口径200 mm、高宽比为0.65、聚光比为400的菲涅尔聚光系统设计实例,通过Tracepro模拟并分析了菲涅尔聚光镜的光学能力。结果表明:在接收面尺寸相同的情况下与参数相同的的传统匀光菲涅尔聚光镜相比,此环带菲涅尔透镜光斑能量分布均匀性达到75%。     

用于LED照明的反射型复眼设计方法

设计了一个高亮度LED光源照明的反射型复眼照明系统.通过软件模拟,整个复眼系统长度小于20 mm,物面的光照均匀度达到80％以上,光源照明输出光能利用率为75％.应用高亮度LED的反射型复眼具有体积小,光强分布均匀,像差小等特点.在小型便携式投影仪中有广阔的应用前景.     

10m大口径薄膜衍射主镜的色差校正技术研究

分析了薄膜衍射主镜的成像性能及色散特性,利用含有衍射面的反射式消色差光路校正了衍射主镜的强色散,使成像系统的工作波段达到40nm、视场达到0.02°,设计了10m口径、115.73m总长的短结构合成孔径薄膜衍射成像系统.结果表明,消色差光路将两边缘波长0.58μm与0.62μm之间的焦距差由5.34m减小到17.27μm.该研究提供了一种薄膜衍射主镜成像系统的设计方案,可为超大口径薄膜衍射成像系统的工程化研究提供参考.     

基于自由曲面的高倍率广角显微目镜设计

随着显微镜性能的不断提升,要求显微目镜具有更大的视场、放大倍率以及更好的成像质量.显微目镜由于孔径光阑外置,且焦距较短,其设计难点在于如何校正大视场带来的畸变与其他轴外像差,并在此基础上获得符合人眼观察要求的出瞳距离.本文分析了目镜光学系统存在的主要像差,特别是带有畸变的光学系统对成像所产生的影响.将自由曲面应用在显微目镜光学系统畸变校正中,设计出一款视场角达到60°(即±30°),放大倍率达到25×且全视场畸变小于5%的高倍率广角显微目镜.采用五片三组元式结构,其中自由曲面镜片采用塑料材料且关于XOZ与YOZ平面对称,实现了结构简单、易于加工且成本较低的高性能显微目镜设计.