Two-axis-scanning laser Doppler vibrometer for precision engineering

Laser Doppler vibrometer (LVD) has been the most favorite instrument for precision dynamics measurement due to its non-contact, high accuracy and high resolution. However, LDV can only give the dynamic data of a particular location on the entire feature. In order to get the whole field data, a laser beam-scanning mechanism has to be implemented. Currently, motor-driven scanning mirror is used to move the measurement probe from one point to another. The mechanical vibrations of the scanning mirror will reduce the measurement accuracy. This paper introduces a novel scanning LDV optical system embodied in an acousto-optic deflector scanning mechanism. It can improve the measurement accuracy since there is no mechanical motion involved. One main advantage of this system is that it generates a laser scanning beam in parallel that is different from the beam scanning in the conventional scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV). The new system has a board scanning range. The measurement target size ranges from few tens of millimeters down to 10 μm. We have demonstrated the capability of the novel system on scanning measurements of features as big as ultra-precision cutting tool to features as tiny as AFM cantilever. We believe that the novel SLDV will find profound potential applications in the precision engineering field.     

基于1.6μm甲烷气体吸收线的半导体激光器频率稳定性分析

利用波长调制技术以及数字PI控制器将外腔二极管激光器（ECDL）稳定到1.6 μm处的甲烷气体吸收线上.稳定后的激光频率波动小于5.6 MHz,相对于自由运转时的160 MHz有了很大提高, 而误差信号的Allan方差均方根（即稳定度）在平均积分时间为64 s时达到最小值1.66×10－11.从理论上定性分析了频率稳定度受到的各种限制因素,最后得出本实验中频率稳定度主要受频率调制和探测器噪声限制的结论,同时给出了提高频率稳定度的方法.被稳定的激光器主要用于为甲烷气体浓度监测提供频率参考.     

痕量气体激光检测系统波长锁定技术研究

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)对痕量气体进行检测时,环境温度变化以及激光器控制电路的噪声常常使得激光器输出波长发生漂移,影响了气体浓度测量的准确性。以开放光路的激光吸收光谱氨气检测系统为例,在分析激光器扫描中心波长随电流变化规律的基础上,提出了基于电流控制的自适应锁定扫描中心波长的方法。研究了基于参考校准光谱的光谱数据对准算法,实现了开放大气中氨气浓度的实时监测。结果表明,波长锁定大大提高了痕量气体浓度反演的准确性和稳定性。氨气浓度具有日变化周期:上下班时段浓度上升,中午达到最大值,夜间浓度降低,系统检测限为3.8mg.m-3.m。     

Influence of laser diode wavelength tunability on the range, resolution and repeatability of interferometric distance measurement

The coherence length of a single mode laser diode (LD) can reach more than 10 m. It allows the application of this source of light to interferometric distance measurement, with a measurement range of several meters. However, the LD's wavelength tunability, which is a result of the dependence of the lasing wavelength on the injection current, prevents the realization of the theoretically possible metrological parameters of the interferometer. In this study, we analyze the influence of a low-frequency signal disturbance, e.g., noise or disturbing modulation inherent to the injection current of the LD, on the repeatability and measurement range of an LD interferometer used for displacement measurements. Both the measurement range and the resolution of the interferometer are found to be highly limited by this factor.     

Effects of temperature on laser diode ignition

In this paper, the effects of temperature on laser diode ignition and the resulting consequences were discussed in detail through theoretical analysis, experiments and numerical calculations. The results indicated that the output power of laser diode decreases and the wavelength of laser redshifts with elevated working temperature under a certain condition. The threshold conditions of ignition for powders are easily satisfied with increase in ambient temperature. While the temperature reaches a high enough level, ignition can occur and also the self-combustion or thermal induced explosion can do, even if laser power is very low. Therefore, it is of great importance to carefully control the working temperature of laser diode and the ambient temperature of powder system, and in the meanwhile, to install necessary insurance apparatus in order to ensure the normal and safe operation of the ignition system.     

Measurement of thermal rise-time of a laser diode based on spectrally resolved waveforms

Thermal resistance and thermal rise-time are two basic parameters that affect most of the performances of a laser diode greatly. By measuring waveforms received after a spectroscope at wavelengths varied step-by-step, the spectrally resolved waveforms can be converted to calculate the thermal rise-time. Basic formulas for the spectrum variation of a laser diode and the measurement set-up by using a Boxcar are described in the paper. As an example, the thermal rise-time of a p-side up packaged short-pulse laser diode was measured by the method to be 390 μs. The method will be useful in characterizing diode lasers and LD modules in high-power applications.     

A simple scanning semiconductor diode laser source and its application in wavelength modulation spectroscopy around 825 nm

A very simple and inexpensive tunable semiconductor diode laser controller is designed for stable operation of the diode laser. The diode laser controller is stable within +/−8 μA and +/−10 mK, respectively. The noise spectrum of the current controller is studied by FFT analysis. We have used our home-made diode laser system in a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) to probe weak overtone transitions of water vapour molecule. The diode laser wavelength is coarsely tuned by changing the operating temperature to probe (2, 1, 1)←(0, 0, 0) band overtone transitions of water vapour within 818–835 nm. To demonstrate line shape study, seven transitions are scanned by ramping the drive current of the diode laser (at constant operating temperature) under different perturber (laboratory air) pressures within the sample cell. A balanced detector and a lock-in amplifier are used for phase sensitive detection purpose. Small current modulation amplitude, balanced detection and proper adjustment of the lock-in amplifier help to obtain a S/N ratio ranging from 100 to 7 using a small sample path length of 1.5 m. Experimentally obtained derivative spectrum is numerically integrated to reveal the original line shape and fitted with a nonlinear least squares fitting program to extract air broadening coefficients and line strength parameters. The spectroscopic line parameters are compared with the results from HITRAN database.     

Power semiconductor laser diode arrays characterization

Nowadays, power semiconductor laser diode arrays are becoming a widespread source for a large variety of industrial applications. In particular, the availability of low-cost high-power laser diode arrays makes their use possible in the industrial context for material cutting, welding, diagnostics and processing. In the above applications, the exact control of the beam quality plays a very important role because it directly affects the reliability of the final result. In this paper, we present two different approaches useful for the characterization of the beam quality in laser diode arrays. The first one, starting from total intensity measurements on planes orthogonal to the beam propagation path, is able to deduce the working conditions of each laser setting up the array. The second one is aimed at the measurement of a global quality factor of the array itself; to this end, the empirical extension of the M² concept to composite beams is presented along with some experimental results. As the first technique is especially intended for the non-destructive detection of design problems in the array itself and in the bias circuitry, the second one represents a powerful tool for the rapid on-line diagnostics of the laser beam during its use.     

半导体激光器波长稳定系统的反馈效率

反射式体布拉格光栅(VBG)是改善半导体激光器(DL)输出光谱特性的首选器件。对快轴准直透镜(FAC)的非球面方程进行了数值拟合,采用光线追迹的方法建立了DL波长稳定系统反馈效率的计算模型,分析了FAC透镜、反射式VBG的空间位置和旋转角度变化对DL波长稳定系统反馈效率的影响,给出了波长稳定系统中FAC和反射式VBG的装调容差范围。分析结果表明：反射式VBG的空间位置偏差对反馈效率影响不大,但FAC透镜的空间位置和旋转角度偏差、反射式VBG的旋转角度偏差会造成反馈效率的急剧下降。     

Research on micro-vibration measurement by a laser diode self-mixing interferometer

The self-mixing vibration signals are observed in the laser diode when the optical beam is back-scattered into the laser cavity which causes laser output power modulated. Based on these properties, a laser diode self-mixing vibrometer with wide dynamic range is proposed. This current investigation further reports new work to improve the accuracy and range of the measured vibration signals. Numerical simulations and experimental results are given and discussed. The experimental results show that the frequency measurement range can be achieved up to 22 kHz with 0.241% maximum relative error while utilizing the reflecting film. For amplitude measurement utilizing the same reflecting film, the error of measurement result is 4.77 nm which has approached nanometer order of magnitude.     

1．3μm附近CO2的高灵敏度吸收光谱

采用可连续调谐半导体二极管激光器作为探测光源,将长程多通池吸收光谱、波长调制和谐波探测技术相结合,建立了一套具有高检测灵敏度和高分辨率的测量气态分子光谱及进行微量分析的研究装置.可以测量6.67×102Pa下～10-27 cm-1·(molecule·cm-2)-1的强度,最小可探测吸收达到～10-8.并利用该装置测量了CO2气体在1.31 μm附近的近红外吸收光谱,并用最小二乘法拟合实验数据获得了这一波段谱线的参数.同时测量的谱线参数与HITRAN数据库相比,发现15条数据库上没有报道的弱谱线.     

激光二极管高效铜微通道冷却器设计

 通过对铜微通道冷却器的散热分析，设计出５层结构的模块式铜微通道冷却器。采用常规的线切割工艺加工，散热通道宽大约200μm，深300μm，各层间用真空钎焊的方法组装。该冷却器对于腔长06mm、宽10mm的线阵激光二极管芯片热阻为0.58℃/W。通过面阵激光二极管封装实验证明，该冷却器可用于10％占空比工作的面阵激光二极管封装。     

Axial distribution of coupling coefficient of distributed feedback laser diode

An axial distributed coupling coefficient (ADCC) distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode (LD), in which the coupling coefficient (K_c) has been distributed axially on both sides of the phase shift region (PSR), is proposed to increase the efficiency of QW-DFB LD. The results are compared with that obtained from QW DCC–DFB LD. The present work proposes a new criteria for coupling distribution to decrease the spatial hole-burning (SHB) effect on the single mode (SM) operation.     

采用多波长光束组合改善二极管激光阵列的光束质量

 基于多波长光束组合技术,利用光栅的衍射和外腔的反馈,将二极管阵列的发光单元锁定在不同的波长上,相邻单元的出射光波长有微小的差异。从外腔耦合镜输出近似平行的光束,其光束质量等同于单个发光单元的光束质量,而组合光束亮度随着组合光束个数定标放大。实验中采用发光单元宽度为100 μm、填充因子为0.5、由49个单元构成的1 cm 阵列获得功率为2.39 W的输出光束,其光谱宽度为27 nm,远场光斑的直径为0.08 mm,对应的远场发散角为1.2 mrad,其光束质量因子约为28,与单个发光单元的光束质量相当。     

Collimating of diverging laser diode beam using graded-index optical fiber

This paper presents a technique for collimating a diverging beam from a laser diode using graded-index optical fiber. The optical set-up is relatively simple and easy to operate. The results show that laser beam of large divergent angle in the range of 10–35° can be reduced to a fully collimated beam with a divergent angle of less than 0.05°. The theory of the method as well as some experimental results is presented.     

Flexible laser diode trace gas sensor based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy with an optical fiber-coupled high-finesse external-cavity diode laser

A flexible and portable trace nitrogen dioxide sensor based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy using an optical fiber-coupled high-finesse cavity was successfully demonstrated. Tailoring the spatial mode matching condition of the core of an optical fiber and high-finesse external cavity allows for effective optical feedback into an antireflection-coated laser diode for stable resonant enhancement of the external cavity. The external cavity, which works as a ringdown cavity, could be remotely located from the light source and receiver section by only a single mode optical fiber. The sensitivity was found to be 1.0×10⁻⁷ cm⁻¹ in a compact 1-cm³ ringdown cavity volume.     

基于mini-bar的二极管激光器焊接实验研究

半导体激光器封装工艺过程对于激光器的输出特性、寿命等性能有重要影响,其中焊料的选择和焊接工艺是最关键的因素。采用半自动焊接系统将mini-bar芯片通过In焊料直接焊接在Cu热沉上,并通过硬件改进、软件优化、放缓成像过程等措施实现了高精度、高可靠性的焊接。通过对激光器的性能测试发现,其焊接功率稳定,焊接精度均值可达20 m,smile效应值可以控制在0.5 m。     

Hyperboloid cylinder-plane lens for shaping laser diode array beam

A high coupling efficiency, simple structure refractive lens was designed; a hyperboloid cylinder-plane lens was proposed to reduce the divergence angle of the laser diode array beam in the fast axis direction. Based on the ray-tracing method, the shape of the input refractive surface of the designed lens is determined by numerical analysis, and designed as aspherical profile in one direction. When the beam from source point reaches the input surface of the lens, it is refracted and becomes a parallel output beam in the fast axis direction. The expressions for describing the irradiance behind the lens are also derived.     

一种用于Yb:YAG激光器的波长分离膜的研制

以1 030 nm高反,940,980 nm高透的波长分离膜作为实例,为提高该薄膜元件的波长分离效果,从膜系的优化方面做了一系列的研究,诸如采用带通滤光片的设计思想,在膜堆两侧加入了匹配层,调整膜堆的周期厚度,并用膜系设计软件对通带作进一步的优化.通过这一系列的优化设计后,利用RF双离子束溅射工艺在BK7玻璃基底上沉积样品薄膜,并在基底背面加镀通带增透膜.结果显示,透射带在940和980 nm处的透过率分别为97.73%和93.63%,反射带在1 030 nm的反射率为99.99%.对所制备的样品薄膜进行了激光损伤阈值测量,得到了35 J/cm2(1 064 nm,12 ns)的结果.     

940nm波长高功率线阵二极管激光器封装研究

对940nm波长高功率线阵二极管激光器的封装结构进行了重新设计,并在此基础上开展了芯片的封装实验。封装出的线阵二极管激光器,在连续工作时输出激光功率达40W,在准连续工作时（占空比0.5%）,输出峰值功率可达100W。