Acylation and related reactions under microwaves. 4. Sulfonylation reactions of aromatics.

Solvent-free sulfonylation of benzene and its activated or deactivated derivatives were carried out under microwave (MW) irradiation and a catalytic amount of iron(III) chloride, which, under these conditions, is more active than other metallic salts. With more reactive and/or nonvolatile reagents (anisole, xylenes, mesitylene) expeditious conditions (short reaction time at constant MW power without control of the temperature) were used. With less reactive and/or low-boiling reagents (benzene, toluene, halobenzenes), the rise in temperature and the increase of reaction time were controlled either by sequential MW irradiation or by a temperature order. It was shown that MWs cause preferential interactions with polar species present in the reaction, especially the aryl sulfone and its FeCl3-complexed form. A MW nonthermal effect was not observed when identical temperature gradients were produced by classical heating and MW irradiation, and if reaction temperature was strictly controlled.     

微波-超声复合场辅助水介质砜类化合物合成

发展了一种微波-超声复合场下绿色高效合成砜类化合物的简便方法。 以芳甲基氯和苯亚磺酸钠为原料,以水为反应介质,在微波-超声复合场辅助下合成了一系列芳甲基苯基砜。 通过考察微波功率、超声功率、原料投料比、溶剂体积和反应时间等因素的影响,得出了苄基氯与苯亚磺酸钠之间模型反应的最优反应条件:微波功率为40 W,超声功率为50 W,苄基氯与苯亚磺酸钠的摩尔配比为1:3,反应时间为5 min。 在此条件下合成的苄基苯基砜产率为83%。 相比常规油浴条件,在微波-超声复合场的强化下反应速率提升了约42倍。 该方法具有较好的底物适应性,成功合成了23种砜类化合物。     

Microwave-assisted rapid decomposition of persulfate

Microwave irradiation has been a promising alternative to conduct several chemical reactions. In this work the microwave effects in potassium persulfate decomposition rate, under controlled conditions of temperature and microwave power, were evaluated. Higher decomposition rate constants were obtained in microwave irradiated reactions in comparison with conventional heated ones. To study the effect of high power microwave irradiation, a pulsed irradiation strategy was developed, in which the samples were repeatedly heated within short intervals of time at high power levels (500 or 1400 W). A great decomposition percentage was achieved in shorter irradiation times, showing the kinetic advantages of microwave-assisted reactions. However, it was found no differences in the reaction yields, even when high power levels were involved, proving that microwave enhancements may arise only from the ability to quickly provide a large amount of energy to the reaction medium.     

Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste through methanolic pyrolysis in a microwave reactor

In this study, the methanolic pyrolysis (methanolysis) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) taken from waste soft-drink bottles, under microwave irradiation, is proposed as a recycling method with substantial energy saving. The reaction was carried out with methanol with and without the use of zinc acetate as catalyst in a sealed microwave reactor in which the pressure and temperature were controlled and recorded. Experiments under constant temperature or microwave power were carried out at several time intervals. The main product dimethyl-terephthalate was analyzed and identified by FTIR and DSC measurements. It was found that PET depolymerization, is favored by increasing temperature, time and microwave power. High degrees of depolymerization were measured at temperatures near 180 °C and at microwave power higher than 150 W. Most of the degradation was found to occur during the initial 5–10 min. Compared to conventional pyrolysis methods, microwave irradiation during methanolic pyrolysis of PET certainly results in shorter reaction times supporting thus the conclusion that this method is a very beneficial one for the recycling of PET wastes.     

微波辅助固相合成胸腺五肽的研究

在胸腺五肽的固相合成中, 引入微波辅助技术, 深入研究了微波作用下缩合试剂、溶剂、反应物浓度、反应时间和温度对产率的影响. 与传统方法相比, 微波将缩合反应速率提高了15倍以上, 氨基酸过量倍数也从传统的三倍降低到过量一倍, 减少胸腺五肽的合成成本约40%; 最终得到以吡啶/DMF为溶剂, 苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯为缩合试剂, 反应物浓度为0.113 mmol/L, 反应时间为4 min, 反应温度为20 ℃为最佳反应条件, 此时胸腺五肽的产率最高, 为88.7%.     

微波辐射下氯化锌催化纤维素转化为呋喃类物质的研究

以氯化锌作为溶剂和催化剂,利用微波辅助氯化锌降解纤维素,致使纤维素直接转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)和1-(2-呋喃基)-2-羟基-乙酮两种呋喃类物质。通过考察反应温度、反应时间、氯化锌用量、纤维素加入量、微波功率和加热方式等因素对其摩尔产率影响可知,在140 mL质量分数为69%的ZnCl₂溶液中,纤维素用量为1 g,反应温度为135 ℃,反应时间为5 min,微波功率为500 W时,5-羟甲基糠醛的摩尔产率达到19.4%,微波功率为600 W时,1-(2-呋喃基)-2-羟基-乙酮的摩尔产率达到12.0%。     

Production of acetylene by a microwave catalytic reaction of water and carbon

The feasibility of producing hydrocarbons in a microwave induced catalytic reaction of carbon and water was successfully demonstrated. The major reaction products are acetylene, methane, ethylene and ethane. Other significant products include propylene, propyne, cyclopropane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Relative product yields and their distribution depend on a number of experimental variables, such as irradiation time, incident microwave power, water/carbon ratio and the characteristics of the microwave pulse train. At short irradiation times and low incident power only C₁ — C₂ products were observed, their rates of formation being an exponential function of the incident microwave power. High incident power led to the formation of C₃ to C₆ hydrocarbons at the expense of acetylene. Initial addition of methane and carbon dioxide to the reaction mixture increased the yield of acetylene, whereas addition of methanol to water resulted in a sharp increase in the amounts of both methane and acetylene. Mechanisms are considered to account for these observations.     

微波辐射活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成季戊四醇双缩酮(醛)

在微波辐射下，以活性炭负载磷钨酸为催化剂，不用溶剂，合成了8种季戊四醇双缩酮（醛），以环己酮与季戊四缩的缩合为模型反应进行优化，其优化反应条件为：季戊四醇2．0g，催化剂0．3g，环己酮4．0mL，微波输出功率600W，辐射时间3min，产率达95．4％，该条件下的反应速度是常规加热反应速度的30倍，所得产物经元素分析，IR和1H NMR表征。     

Synthesis of meso-TPP Revisited: Its “Green-Oriented” Optimization Under Controlled Microwave Heating

A practical and proecological improvement for synthesis of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (meso-TPP) under microwave irradiation is described. A cyclocondensation reaction of benzaldehyde and pyrrole followed by oxidation of the porphyrinogen formed as an intermediate in a small amount of propionic acid at 120 °C (under controlled microwave heating) resulted in conversion to meso-TPP in a reasonable yield (ca. 30%) in preparative-scale experiments (300–500 mg). The influence of many parameters such as the concentration of reagents, catalyst, solvent, temperature, reaction time, and oxidant on the reaction yield was studied. The environmental motive in this improvement is reduction of solvent volume (ca. 250 times). Also, some toxic reagents were eliminated from the procedure.      

Synthesis of polyacetals under microwave irradiation

Synthesis of polyvinyl formal from a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and formaldehyde under microwave irradiation was studied. The syntheses of polyvinyl formal under microwave irradiation and thermal treatment were compared. The yield of polyvinyl formal was examined in relation to the irradiation power, initial component concentration, and reaction time. The polyacetals were characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy.     

微波辐射无皂乳液聚合制备聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯微球

在微波辐射的"非致热效应"作用下,采用不含乳化剂的无皂乳液聚合,制备了聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(PBCA)微球。通过透射电子显微镜观察了微球的形态结构,利用激光光散射粒度测定仪测定了微球的粒径大小及其分布,探讨了柠檬酸浓度、氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(BCA)用量、微波辐射功率等对微球粒径的影响。研究结果表明,与常规无皂乳液聚合相比较,微波作用下的无皂乳液聚合反应时间缩短,得到的PBCA微球粒径更小,分散性更好。柠檬酸浓度增加,PBCA微球粒径逐渐增大;单体浓度增加,或微波功率增加,PBCA微球的粒径先减小后增大。当柠檬酸质量分数为0.005%、BCA体积分数为1.0%、微波功率为600W时,所制得的微球粒径最小,为200nm左右。     

Microwave-assisted asymmetric organocatalysis. A probe for nonthermal microwave effects and the concept of simultaneous cooling

A series of five known asymmetric organocatalytic reactions was re-evaluated at elevated temperatures applying both microwave dielectric heating and conventional thermal heating in order to probe the existence of specific or nonthermal microwave effects. All transformations were conducted in a dedicated reactor setup that allowed accurate internal reaction temperature measurements using fiber-optic probes. In addition, the concept of simultaneous external cooling while irradiating with microwave power was also applied in all of the studied cases. This method allows a higher level of microwave power to be administered to the reaction mixture and, therefore, enhances any potential microwave effects while continuously removing heat. For all of the five studied (S)-proline-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich- and aldol-type reactions, the observed rate enhancements were a consequence of the increased temperatures attained by microwave dielectric heating and were not related to the presence of the microwave field. In all cases, in contrast to previous literature reports, the results obtained either with microwave irradiation or with microwave irradiation with simultaneous cooling could be reproduced by conventional heating at the same reaction temperature and time in an oil bath. No evidence for specific or nonthermal microwave effects was obtained.     

Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles

Chitosan nanoparticles (CHN) were prepared based on ionotropic gelation between low moleculer weight chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) under microwave irradiation. Particle size, zeta potential, and FT-IR techniques were used for characterization of CHN. The influence of reaction time on the nanoparticle size distribution was investigated, and the results showed that the microwave irradiation method evidently decreases the reaction times and particle size over the conventional method. It was determined by the results of the zeta potential measurements that synthesized CHN under microwave irradiation clearly exhibits more homogeneous and stable dispersion.     

微波干法催化醛酮与胺的缩合反应

利用微波辐射和固体中性Al2 O3 载体催化醛酮与胺的缩合反应的方法合成了十六种亚胺 ,研究了微波功率、作用时间、产物提取方式等因素对反应的影响 ;与无微波作用的一般合成方法相比 ,该法明显地提高反应速度及产率 ;文中用低极性熔点递变物质灌装毛细管的方法观测微波作用下反应温度 ,探讨微波作用化学反应的机理 ,其机理除与微波加热作用有关外还与分子间氢键及分子的缔合性有关。     

Dawson型磷钨钼杂多酸的制备及其对H2O2氧化环己酮制己二酸的催化

采用水热法制备了新型H6P2W9Mo9O62.24H2O催化剂,并用UV-Vis、FT-IR和TG-DTA等测试技术对催化剂进行了表征。以微波促进30%过氧化氢氧化环己酮制备己二酸合成反应为探针,考察了催化剂的催化性能。通过正交实验探讨了几种因素对反应的影响,确定了优化工艺条件为:n(环己酮)∶n(过氧化氢)∶n(草酸)∶n(催化剂)=100∶400∶1.25∶0.25,反应温度100℃,微波辐射功率400 W,反应时间3.5 h,己二酸产品的收率达87.33%,纯度可达99.7%。反应结束后,将反应后含催化剂的溶液浓缩至一定浓度,催化产率降低,重复使用5次收率降低为45.89%。     

微波辅助的金属氯化物Lewis酸催化纤维素水解

研究了微波辐射下四种金属氯化物Lewis酸的催化纤维素酸水解反应性能,发现CuCl₂的催化性能最好。反应温度、反应时间、微波功率、催化剂用量和酸种类对纤维素水解转化率、葡萄糖和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的选择性均有明显影响。与传统热反应相比,微波辐射明显加快纤维素酸水解速率,提高葡萄糖的选择性。0.5g纤维素和15g水,在微波功率800W,温度到达225℃时立即停止反应的条件下,当CuCl₂用量为0.05mmol时,纤维素转化率和葡萄糖选择性达72.6%和62.3%;当CuCl₂用量为0.15mmol时,5-HMF的选择性最高为13.2%;当CuCl₂用量为0.30mmol时,纤维素的转化率高达90.6%,但葡萄糖选择性只有6.7%。     

微波相转移催化氧化法合成氯代苯甲酸

在相转移催化剂存在下，用微波辐射快速合成氯代苯甲酸。考察了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、相转移催化剂对反应的影响。实验证明：在455W的微波辐射下，以季铵盐A-1为相转移催化剂，反应3min，对氯苯甲酸、邻氯苯甲酸的产率分别达72．5％和71．8％。     

微波辅助二苯并-18-冠-6的合成

以邻苯二酚与二甘醇二取代物为原料,氢氧化钾为碱和模板剂,在微波辅助下,采用“一锅煮”法合成二苯并-18-冠-6。 经单因素及正交实验考察了原料、溶剂、时间、温度和功率对反应收率的影响,获得了最佳的工艺条件：以邻苯二酚与二氯乙醚为原料,二甲亚砜为溶剂,反应温度70 ℃,时间60 min,功率500 W,收率可达46.3%。     

微波辐射固相合成4-三氟甲基-7-羟基-6-氯香豆素

分别以无水氯化锌、对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,采用微波辐射法,在无溶剂条件下由4-氯间苯二酚与三氟乙酰乙酸乙酯缩合制备标题化合物;优化了反应条件.结果表明,在微波辐射下,无水氯化锌对该反应有较好的催化活性,相应的4-三氟甲基-7-羟基-6-氯香豆素的产率可达73.0%.优化的反应条件为:4-氯间苯二酚、三氟乙酰乙酸乙酯和无水ZnCl2的摩尔比为1∶1.1∶0.9,微波辐射功率800W,辐射时间20min,反应温度85℃.     

Cold microwave chemistry: synthesis using pre-cooled reagents

A novel experimental procedure for chemical reactions has been devised that involves mixing and then freezing the reagents (organic solvent-free) to a sub-zero temperature such as −30 °C. This frozen mixture is exposed to microwave irradiation for a brief period of time. The use of pre-cooled reagents may give a single product not obtained by traditional microwave irradiation at room temperature. Interestingly, such a product may provide information about mechanisms by identifying the first step of a multiple step reaction.