手性膦小分子催化不对称反应的研究进展

手性膦小分子催化的不对称反应是目前研究的热点之一,该类反应具有反应时间短、条件温和、催化活性高、环境友好等优点,符合绿色化学发展方向.对手性膦小分子催化的不对称Morita-Baylis-Hillman反应、Morita-Baylis-Hillman加成物的烯丙基位立体选择性取代反应、环加成反应、酯化反应,γ-加成反应以及其它重要的不对称反应进行简要的评述.     

环境友好型Michael加成的研究进展

Michael加成反应是有机合成领域一类非常重要的反应.随着人们环保意识的增强和对绿色化学研究的深入,环境友好型Michael加成取得了诸多成功.综述了近5年来离子液体、酶催化、负载固相催化、聚乙二醇(PEG)等参与的Michael加成反应的研究进展.着重分析了反应体系的高效性、催化剂可能的催化反应机理以及催化剂的循环使用性,并以此对环境友好型Michael加成的发展做出了展望.     

木瓜蛋白酶催化的不对称杂环酮 Aldol反应研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶多功能性催化不对称杂环酮与芳香醛之间的Aldol反应。通过对溶剂、含水量、投料比、酶载量以及反应温度等条件的筛选,发现木瓜蛋白酶在该反应体系中展示了较好的催化活性和底物适应性。在最佳条件下,获得了最高37%的产率和78%的ee值。本文报道的木瓜蛋白酶在有机溶剂中具有类似天然醛缩酶的催化功能。     

非酶催化动力学拆分的研究进展

动力学拆分是合成光学纯化合物的重要方法之一. 在酶催化的动力学拆分取得进展的同时, 近几年有关非酶催化的动力学拆分正在成为人们研究的热点, 主要拆分反应涉及对映选择性的酰化、氧化、还原、开环、成环、取代和加成等反应, 对该领域的最新研究进展进行了简要综述.     

联吡啶配体促进铬催化炔烃的顺式硼氢化反应（英文）

报道了金属铬催化炔烃的硼氢化反应.廉价易得的三氯化铬在4,4’-二叔丁基-2,2’-联吡啶配体及单质镁的还原作用下表现出高反应活性,催化实现了频哪醇硼烷与炔烃加成的硼氢化反应,为室温条件下制备烯基硼化合物提供了一条有效的合成策略.     

不对称有机催化Michael加成/半缩醛胺化/酰亚胺正离子环化串联反应研究进展

随着近十多年来不对称有机小分子催化的发展,以这类催化为基础的串联反应也取得了很大的进展.综述了近几年来不对称有机催化Michael加成/半缩醛胺化/酰亚胺正离子环化串联反应构建手性氮杂多环结构的研究进展,介绍了国内外多个课题组对这一类反应的研究结果以及该类反应在生物碱合成中的应用.     

卤过氧化物酶在绿色卤化反应中的研究进展

卤化反应是一类极其重要的有机合成反应,在实验室研究和化工生产领域占据重要地位.传统卤化反应因存在使用有毒有害试剂、反应缺乏选择性等问题而亟待改进,生物酶催化策略则为突破上述瓶颈提供了可能.自然界已经进化出多种可对有机物中催化引入卤素的卤化酶.酶催化卤化反应的突出优势在于常温常压下,可使用来源温和的卤素进行高效的催化反应.催化范围包括卤化、羟卤化、卤环合和氧化脱羧等多种具有挑战性的反应.鉴于酶催化卤化反应展示出巨大的潜力,从催化活性、酶稳定性、底物浓度、催化范围等几个方面着重介绍了卤过氧化物酶在绿色卤化反应中的最新研究进展,为进一步开发绿色的卤化酶催化卤化反应提供参考.     

正离子自由基周环反应

一、引言正离子自由基周环反应是指经过正离子自由基环状过渡态的协同反应,包括涉及正离子自由基的 Diels-Alder 反应,烯烃的二聚环加成和烯烃的环丙烷化以及σ-迁移反应等。反应的本质都是单电子接受体催化的周环反应,可由正离子自由基铵盐或正离子自由基聚合物催化、光敏电子     

不对称催化Henry反应研究进展

Henry反应是一类重要的有机反应. 按照反应中使用催化剂的种类, 分金属络合物催化、有机小分子催化、酶催化、非均相负载催化四大类, 详细介绍了不对称催化Henry反应的研究进展.     

羟基钴催化氢甲酰化反应的理论研究

采用有效核势能近似(ECP)从头算方法,在HF/LANL2DZ水平下研究了羰基钴催化的氢甲酰化反应循环中的羰基插入、H2 氧化加成和脱氢还原系列基元反应步骤的反应机理.优化得到了反应基态势能面的中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型.计算了反应活化位垒,并对各过渡态进行了振动分析以确认.理论计算结果表明,羰基插入、H2 氧化加成、脱氢还原的基元反应步骤的活化位垒分别为67.79、139.11和44.78kJ·mol-1.     

Catalytic promiscuity in biocatalysis: using old enzymes to form new bonds and follow new pathways

Biocatalysis has expanded rapidly in the last decades with the discoveries of highly stereoselective enzymes with broad substrate specificity. A new frontier for biocatalysis is broad reaction specificity, where enzymes catalyze alternate reactions. Although often under-appreciated, catalytic promiscuity has a natural role in evolution and occasionally in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Examples of catalytic promiscuity with current or potential applications in synthesis are reviewed here. Combined with protein engineering, the catalytic promiscuity of enzymes may broadly extend their usefulness in organic synthesis.     

Promiscuous acylase-catalyzed aza-Michael additions of aromatic N-heterocycles in organic solvent

A novel and efficient enzymatic promiscuous protocol for aza-Michael addition of aromatic N-heterocycles to α,β-unsaturated compounds has been described. The reactions were catalyzed by promiscuous zinc-active-site acylase in organic solvent at 50 °C. The strategy works with a broad range of N-heterocycles to afford the corresponding Michael adduct with good yields in several hours (0.5-6 h). This catalytic promiscuity is the first example of metal-active-site enzyme-catalyzed aza-Michael addition for aromatic N-heterocycles.     

Enzymatic Promiscuity： Escherichia coli BioH Esterase-catalysed Aldol Reaction and Knoevenagel Reaction

Esterase BioH,which is obligatory for biotin synthesis in Escherichia coli,was found to exhibit a promiscuous ability to catalyse Aldol and Knoevenagel reactions with moderate to good yields.The reaction conditions including organic solvent,molar ratio of ketone to aldehyde,enzyme amount,and reaction time were investigated to evaluate the effect of different reaction conditions on yield.Target compounds were afforded in the best yield of 91.2％ for Aldol reaction and 54.7％ for Knoevenagel reaction.In addition,because the enzyme could be prepared with a low cost,this protocol could provide an economic route to conduct Aldol and Knoevenagel reactions,which expand the field of enzymatic promiscuity.     

Conversion of pyruvate decarboxylase into an enantioselective carboligase with biosynthetic potential

Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetaldehyde and CO(2) and requires the cofactors thiamin diphosphate and Mg(2+) for activity. Owing to its catalytic promiscuity and relaxed substrate specificity, PDC catalyzes carboligation side reactions and is exploited for the asymmetric synthesis of 2-hydroxy ketones such as (R)-phenylacetyl carbinol, the precursor of (-)-ephedrine. Although PDC variants with enhanced carboligation efficiency were generated in the past, the native reaction, i.e., formation of aldehydes, is heavily favored over carboligation side reactions in all these biocatalysts. We characterized an active site variant (Glu473Gln) in which partitioning between aldehyde release versus carboligation is inverted with an up to 100-fold preference for the latter pathway. Due to a defective protonation of the central carbanion/enamine intermediate, substrate turnover stalls at this catalytic stage and addition of external aldehydes leads to quantitative and enantioselective formation of 2-hydroxy ketones as shown for (R)-phenylacetyl carbinol, which is afforded with unmatched yields, rates, and purity. This protein variant thus constitutes an example for the rational design of biocatalysts with greatly enhanced accidental catalytic promiscuity by selective blockage of the native reaction and accumulation of reactive intermediates under steady-state turnover conditions.     

催化不对称Michalel加成反应的新进展

总结了近年催化不对称Michael加成反应的新方法，包括手性金属络合物催化 的反应，呈手性Lewis酸性的手性金属络合物促进的不对称加成，手性冠醚络合物 催化的反应及其它催化反应。     

离子液体介质中有机合成及不对称催化反应研究新进展

总结了近年离子液体中有机合成反应及不对称催化反应研究新进展，包括还原 反应、氧化反应、Friedel-Crafts反应、Diels-Alder反应、交叉偶联反应、加成 反应、环缩合反应、自由基反应、Witting反应、重排反应、不对称催化反应及其 它合成反应。     

性能优异的Rh改性的Pd/Al2O3密偶催化剂

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/Al2O3和Rh-Pd/Al2O3密偶催化剂,运用H2程序升温还原、CO化学吸附和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂对丙烷总包反应和单反应的转化活性.总包反应结果表明, Rh的添加使起燃温度和完全转化温度分别降低了23和18oC.单反应结果证明,添加Rh能提高各单反应丙烷的转化活性,尤其是有NO参与的反应.表征结果证明,掺杂Rh不仅可以抑制活性组分PdOx的烧结,提高PdOx的分散度,而且可以改变其电子状态.     

Catalytic versus stoichiometric coupling of alkynes with trimethylvinylsilane mediated by zirconocene

Trimethylvinylsilane and disubstituted alkynes underwent coupling reactions in the presence of the lanthanide-originated zirconocene equivalent. Both reactions, stoichiometric and catalytic in zirconium, could be carried out; in the latter case the addition of a stoichiometric amount of AlCl₃ was needed. The catalytic cycle involving bimetallic polarization and a transmetallation step has been proposed.     

＂Amano＂ lipase DF-catalyzed efficient synthesis of 2,2＇-arylmethylene dicyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives in anhydrous media

A simple and efficient method was developed for the synthesis of 2.2＇-arylmethylene dicyclohexane-1,3- dione derivatives via the Knoevenagel-Michael cascade reactions of aromatic aldehydes and 1,3-cyclic diketones catalyzed by ＂Amano＂ lipase DF, which expands the application field of enzyme catalytic promiscuity. This protocol provides several advantages over the traditional chemical synthesis, such as simple work-up procedure, high yields Cup to 94%） and environmental friendliness.     

Recent progress on direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reactions

Direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reaction serves as a powerful tool to introduce stereocenter(s) at the γ- or/and even more remote position(s) of the vinylogous products in an atom-economical and efficient way. A variety of direct catalytic asymmetric vinylogous reactions with broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions has been developed. Both metal catalysis and organocatalysis contributed in this field and led to the vinylogous products in high stereoselectivity. These vinylogous reactions provided efficient pathways for the synthesis of highly functionalized optically pure compounds, especially these with potential biological activity and pharmacological activity. This digest paper mainly focuses on the most recent developments in this field, including both nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution.