Aqueous solution speciation of Fe(III) complexes with dihydroxamate siderophores alcaligin and rhodotorulic acid and synthetic analogues using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Aqueous solutions of Fe3+ complexes of cyclic (alcaligin) and linear (rhodotorulic acid) dihydroxamate siderophores and synthetic linear eight-carbon-chain and two-carbon-chain dihydroxamic acids ([CH3N(OH)C=O)]2(CH2)n; H2Ln; n = 2 and 8) were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Information was obtained relevant to the structure and the speciation of various Fe(III)-dihydroxamate complexes present in aqueous solution by (1) comparing different ionization techniques (ESI and FAB), (2) altering the experimental parameters (Fe3+/ligand ratio, pH, cone voltage), (3) using high-stability hexacoordinated Fe(III) siderophore complex mixtures (ferrioxamine B/ferrioxamine E) as a calibrant to quantify intrinsically neutral (H+ clustered or protonated) and intrinsically charged complexes, and (4) using mixed-metal complexes containing Fe3+, Ga3+, and Al3+. These results illustrate that for all dihydroxamic acid ligands investigated multiple tris- and bis-chelated mono- and di-Fe(III) species are present in relative concentrations that depend on the pH and Fe/L ratio.     

Kinetics and mechanism of a catalytic chloride ion effect on the dissociation of model siderophore hydroxamate-iron(III) complexes

Proton-driven ligand dissociation kinetics in the presence of chloride, bromide, and nitrate ions have been investigated for model siderophore complexes of Fe(III) with the mono- and dihydroxamic acid ligands R(1)C(=O)N(OH)R(2) (R(1) = CH(3), R(2) = H; R(1) = CH(3), R(2) = CH(3); R(1) = C(6)H(5), R(2) = H; R(1) = C(6)H(5), R(2) = C(6)H(5)) and CH(3)N(OH)C(=O)[CH(2)](n)C(=O)N(OH)CH(3) (H(2)L(n); n = 2, 4, 6). Significant rate acceleration in the presence of chloride ion is observed for ligand dissociation from the bis(hydroxamate)- and mono(hydroxamate)-bound complexes. Rate acceleration was also observed in the presence of bromide and nitrate ions but to a lesser extent. A mechanism for chloride ion catalysis of ligand dissociation is proposed which involves chloride ion dependent parallel paths with transient Cl(-) coordination to Fe(III). The labilizing effect of Cl(-) results in an increase in microscopic rate constants on the order of 10(2)-10(3). Second-order rate constants for the proton driven dissociation of dinuclear Fe(III) complexes formed with H(2)L(n)() were found to vary with Fe-Fe distance. An analysis of these data permits us to propose a reactive intermediate of the structure (H(2)O)(4)Fe(L(n)())Fe(HL(n))(Cl)(OH(2))(2+) for the chloride ion dependent ligand dissociation path. Environmental and biological implications of chloride ion enhancement of Fe(III)-ligand dissociation reactions are presented.     

Multiple-path dissociation mechanism for mono- and dinuclear tris(hydroxamato)iron(III) complexes with dihydroxamic acid ligands in aqueous solution

Linear synthetic dihydroxamic acids ([CH3N(OH)C=O)]2(CH2)n; H2Ln) with short (n = 2) and long (n = 8) hydrocarbon-connecting chains form mono- and dinuclear complexes with Fe(III) in aqueous solution. At conditions where the formation of Fe2(Ln)3 is favored, complexes with each of the two ligand systems undergo [H+]-induced ligand dissociation processes via multiple sequential and parallel paths, some of which are common and some of which are different for the two ligands. The pH jump induced ligand dissociation proceeds in two major stages (I and II) where each stage is shown to be comprised of multiple components (Ix, where x = 1-3 for L2 and L8, and IIy, where y = 1-3 for L2 and y = 1-4 for L8). A reaction scheme consistent with kinetic and independent ESI-MS data is proposed that includes the tris-chelated complexes (coordinated H2O omitted for clarity) (Fe2(Ln)3, Fe2(L2)2(L2H)2, Fe(LnH)3, Fe(L8)(L8H)), bis-chelated complexes (Fe2(Ln)2(2+), Fe(LnH)2+, Fe(L8)+), and monochelated complexes (Fe(LnH)2+). Analysis of kinetic data for ligand dissociation from Fe2(Ln)(LnH)3+ (n = 2, 4, 6, 8) allows us to estimate the dielectric constant at the reactive dinuclear Fe(III) site. The existence of multiple ligand dissociation paths for the dihydroxamic acid complexes of Fe(III) is a feature that distinguishes these systems from their bidentate monohydroxamic acid and hexadentate trihydroxamic acid counterparts and may be a reason for the biosynthesis of dihydroxamic acid siderophores, despite higher environmental molar concentrations necessary to completely chelate Fe(III).     

Carrier-facilitated bulk liquid membrane transport of iron(III)-siderophore complexes utilizing first coordination sphere recognition

Carrier-facilitated bulk liquid membrane (BLM) transport from an aqueous source phase through a chloroform membrane phase to an aqueous receiving phase was studied for various hydrophilic synthetic and naturally occurring Fe(III)-siderophore complexes using first coordination sphere recognition. Iron transport systems were designed such that two cis coordination sites on a hydrophilic Fe(III) complex are occupied by labile aquo ligands, while the other four coordination sites are blocked by strong tetradentate ligands (siderophores). The labile aquo coordination sites can be "recognized" by a liquid membrane-bound hydrophobic bidentate ligand, which carries the hydrophilic Fe(III)-siderophore complex across the hydrophobic membrane to an aqueous receiving phase. The system is further designed for uphill transport of Fe(III) against a concentration gradient, driven by anti-port H(+) transport. Three tetradentate siderophore and siderophore mimic ligands were investigated: rhodotorulic acid (H(2)L(RA)), alcaligin (H(2)L(AG)), and N,N'-dihydroxy-N,N'-dimethyldecanediamide (H(2)L(8)). Flux values for the transport of Fe(L(x))(OH(2))(2)(+) (x = RA, AG, 8) facilitated by the hydrophobic lauroyl hydroxamic acid (HLHA) membrane carrier were the highest when x = 8, which is attributed to substrate lipophilicity. Ferrioxamine B (FeHDFB(+)) was also selectively transported through a BLM by HLHA. The process involves partial dechelation of ferrioxamine B to produce the tetradentate form of the complex (Fe(H(2)DFB)(OH(2))(2)(2+)), followed by ternary complex formation with HLHA (Fe(H(2)DFB)(LHA)(+)) and transport across the membrane into the receiving phase. Uphill transport of ferrioxamine B was confirmed by increased flux as [H(+)](source phase) < [H(+)](receiving phase). The membrane flux of ferrioxamine B occurs near neutral pH, as evidence that ternary complex formation and ligand exchange are viable processes at the membrane/receptor surface of microbial cells.     

Ligand substitution kinetics of the iron(III) hydroxo dimer with simple inorganic ligands

The kinetics and mechanisms of ligand substitution reactions of the iron(III) hydroxo dimer, Fe(2)(mu-OH)(2)(H(2)O)(8)(4+), with various inorganic ligands were studied by the stopped-flow method at 10.0 or 25.0 C in 1.0 M NaClO(4). The transient formation of the following di- and tetranuclear complexes was confirmed: Fe(2)(OH)SO(4)(3+), Fe(2)(OH)H(2)PO(2)(4+), Fe(2)(OH)HPO(3)(3+), Fe(2)(OH)SeO(3)(3+), and Fe(4)(AsO(4))(OH)(2)(7+). The catalytic effect of arsenic(III) on the hydrolytic reaction of iron(III) was also attributed to the formation of a dinuclear complex at very low concentration levels. Fast formation and subsequent dissociation of the multinuclear species into the corresponding mononuclear complexes (FeL) proceed via parallel reaction paths which, in general, show composite pH dependencies. The appropriate rate laws were established. The reactions of the different ligands occur at very similar rates, though the uninegatively charged singly deprotonated form reacts about 1 order of magnitude faster than the neutral form of the same ligand. The results can conveniently be interpreted in terms of a dissociative interchange mechanism which postulates the formation of an intermediate complex in which the ligand is coordinated to only one Fe(III) center of the hydroxo dimer. In a subsequent fast step, the ligand forms a bridge between the two metal ions by replacing one of the OH groups. The dissociation of the dinuclear complex into FeL most likely proceeds via the same intermediate.     

Structural and spectroscopic characterization of (mu-hydroxo or mu-oxo)(mu-peroxo)diiron(III) complexes: models for peroxo intermediates of non-heme diiron proteins

(mu-Hydroxo or oxo)(mu-1,2-peroxo)diiron(III) complexes having a tetradentate tripodal ligand (L) containing a carboxylate sidearm [Fe2(mu-OH or mu-O)(mu-O2)(L)2]n+ were synthesized as models for peroxo-intermediates of non-heme diiron proteins and characterized by various physicochemical measurements including X-ray analysis, which provide fundamental structural and spectroscopic insights into the peroxodiiron(III) complexes.     

Biomimetic iron(III) complexes of N3O and N3O2 donor ligands: protonation of coordinated ethanolate donor enhances dioxygenase activity

A series of iron(III) complexes 1-4 of the tripodal tetradentate ligands N,N-bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine H(L1), N,N-bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2-hydroxy- propyl)amine H(L2), N,N-bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)-N-ethoxyethanolamine H(L3), and N-((pyrid-2-ylmethyl)(1-methylimidazol-2-ylmethyl))-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine H(L4), have been isolated, characterized and studied as functional models for intradiol-cleaving catechol dioxygenases. In the X-ray crystal structure of [Fe(L1)Cl(2)] 1, the tertiary amine nitrogen and two pyridine nitrogen atoms of H(L1) are coordinated meridionally to iron(III) and the deprotonated ethanolate oxygen is coordinated axially. In contrast, [Fe(HL3)Cl(3)] 3 contains the tertiary amine nitrogen and two pyridine nitrogen atoms coordinated facially to iron(III) with the ligand ethoxyethanol moiety remaining uncoordinated. The X-ray structure of the bis(μ-alkoxo) dimer [{Fe(L5)Cl}(2)](ClO(4))(2)5, where HL is the tetradentate N(3)O donor ligand N,N-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine H(L5), contains the ethanolate oxygen donors coordinated to iron(III). Interestingly, the [Fe(HL)(DBC)](+) and [Fe(HL3)(HDBC)X] adducts, generated by adding ～1 equivalent of piperidine to solutions containing equimolar quantities of iron(III) complexes 1-5 and H(2)DBC (3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol), display two DBC(2-)→ iron(III) LMCT bands (λ(max): 1, 577, 905; 2, 575,915; 3, 586, 920; 4, 563, 870; 5, 557, 856 nm; Δλ(max), 299-340 nm); however, the bands are blue-shifted (λ(max): 1, 443, 700; 2, 425, 702; 3, 424, 684; 4, 431, 687; 5, 434, 685 nm; Δλ(max), 251-277 nm) on adding 1 more equivalent of piperidine to form the adducts [Fe(L)(DBC)] and [Fe(HL3)(HDBC)X]. Electronic spectral and pH-metric titration studies in methanol disclose that the ligand in [Fe(HL)(DBC)](+) is protonated. The [Fe(L)(DBC)] adducts of iron(III) complexes of bis(pyridyl)-based ligands (1,2) afford higher amounts of intradiol-cleavage products, whereas those of mono/bis(imidazole)-based ligands (4,5) yield mainly the auto-oxidation product benzoquinone. It is remarkable that the adducts [Fe(HL)(DBC)](+)/[Fe(HL3)(DBC)X] exhibit higher rates of oxygenation affording larger amounts of intradiol-cleavage products and lower amounts of benzoquinone.     

Thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism of the stepwise dissociation and formation of Tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) in aqueous acid

pK(a) values for the hydroxamic acid, alpha-NH(3)(+), and epsilon-NH(3)(+) groups of L-lysinehydroxamic acid (LyHA, H(3)L(2+)) were found to be 6.87, 8.89, and 10.76, respectively, in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 M, NaClO(4)) at 25 degrees C. O,O coordination to Fe(III) by LyHA is supported by H(+) stoichiometry, UV-vis spectral shifts, and a shift in nu(CO) from 1648 to 1592 cm(-1) upon formation of mono(L-lysinehydroxamato)tetra(aquo)iron(III) (Fe(H(2)L)(H(2)O)(4)(4+)). The stepwise formation of tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) from Fe(H(2)O)(6)(3+) and H(3)L(2+) was characterized by spectrophotometric titration, and the values for log beta(1), log beta(2), and log beta(3) are 6.80(9), 12.4(2), and 16.1(2), respectively, at 25 degrees C and I = 2.0 M (NaClO(4)). Stopped-flow spectrophotometry was used to study the proton-driven stepwise ligand dissociation kinetics of tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) at 25 degrees C and I = 2.0 M (HClO(4)/NaClO(4)). Defining k(n) and k(-n) as the stepwise ligand dissociation and association rate constants and n as the number of bound LyHA ligands, k(3), k(-3), k(2), k(-2), k(1), and k(-1) are 3.0 x 10(4), 2.4 x 10(1), 3.9 x 10(2), 1.9 x 10(1), 1.4 x 10(-1), and 1.2 x 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. These rate and equilibrium constants are compared with corresponding constants for Fe(III) complexes of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and N-methylacetohydroxamic acid (NMAHA) in the form of a linear free energy relationship. The role of electrostatics in these complexation reactions to form the highly charged Fe(LyHA)(3)(6+) species is discussed, and an interchange mechanism mediated by charge repulsion is presented. The reduction potential for tris(L-lysinehydroxamato)iron(III) is -214 mV (vs. NHE), and a comparison to other hydroxamic acid complexes of Fe(III) is made through a correlation between E(1/2) and pFe.     

Dinuclear and 1D iron(III) Schiff base complexes bridged by 4-salicylideneamino-1,2,4-triazolate: X-ray structures and magnetic properties

Four new iron(III) complexes were obtained by the reaction of 4-salicylideneamino-1,2,4-triazole (Hsaltrz) and selected dinuclear μ-oxo-bridged iron(III) Schiff base complexes [{FeL(4)}(2)(μ-O)], where L(4) represents a terminal tetradentate dianionic Schiff-base ligand. X-ray structural analysis revealed a novel bridging mode of κN,κO of the saltrz ligand to form dinuclear complexes [{Fe(salen)(μ-saltrz)}(2)]·CH(3)OH (1) (H(2)salen = N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylimine)) and [{Fe(salpn)(μ-saltrz)}(2)] (2) (H(2)salpn = N,N'-1,2-propylenbis(salicylimine)), whereas one-dimensional (1D) zig-zag chains were formed in the case of [{Fe(salch)(μ-saltrz)}·0.5CH(3)OH](n) (3) (H(2)salch = N,N'-cyclohexanebis(salicylimine)) and [Fe(salophen)(μ-saltrz)](n) (4) (H(2)salophen = N,N'-o-phenylenebis(salicylimine)). It was also shown that the rigidity of the terminal ligand L(4) can be considered as the key factor for the molecular dimensionality of the products. The thorough magnetic analysis based on SQUID experiments, including the isotropic exchange and the zero-field splitting of both temperature and field dependent data, was performed for dimeric (1 and 2) and also for polymeric compounds (3 and 4) and revealed weak antiferromagnetic exchange mediated by the saltrz anions with much larger D-parameter (|D|?|J|).     

Geometric and electronic structures of peroxomanganese(III) complexes supported by pentadentate amino-pyridine and -imidazole ligands

Three peroxomanganese(III) complexes [Mn(III)(O(2))(mL(5)(2))](+), [Mn(III)(O(2))(imL(5)(2))](+), and [Mn(III)(O(2))(N4py)](+) supported by pentadentate ligands (mL(5)(2) = N-methyl-N,N',N'-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, imL(5)(2) = N-methyl-N,N',N'-tris((1-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, and N4py = N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine) were generated by treating Mn(II) precursors with H(2)O(2) or KO(2). Electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field MCD data demonstrate that these complexes have very similar electronic transition energies and ground-state zero-field splitting parameters, indicative of nearly identical coordination geometries. Because of uncertainty in peroxo (side-on η(2) versus end-on η(1)) and ligand (pentadentate versus tetradentate) binding modes, density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to distinguish between three possible structures: pentadentate ligand binding with (i) a side-on peroxo and (ii) an end-on peroxo, and (iii) tetradentate ligand binding with a side-on peroxo. Regardless of the supporting ligand, isomers with a side-on peroxo and the supporting ligand bound in a tetradentate fashion were identified as most stable by >20 kcal/mol. Spectroscopic parameters computed by time-dependent (TD) DFT and multireference SORCI methods provided validation of these isomers on the basis of experimental data. Hexacoordination is thus strongly preferred for peroxomanganese(III) adducts, and dissociation of a pyridine (mL(5)(2) and N4py) or imidazole (imL(5)(2)) arm is thermodynamically favored. In contrast, DFT computations for models of [Fe(III)(O(2))(mL(5)(2))](+) demonstrate that pyridine dissociation is not favorable; instead a seven-coordinate ferric center is preferred. These different results are attributed to the electronic configurations of the metal centers (high spin d(5) and d(4) for Fe(III) and Mn(III), respectively), which results in population of a metal-peroxo σ-antibonding molecular orbital and, consequently, longer M-O(peroxo) bonds for peroxoiron(III) species.     

Novel iron(III) complexes of sterically hindered 4N ligands: regioselectivity in biomimetic extradiol cleavage of catechols

The iron(III) complexes of the 4N ligands 1,4-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diazepane (L1), 1,4-bis(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4-diazepane (L2), and 1,4-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,4-diazepane (L3) have been generated in situ in CH 3CN solution, characterized as [Fe(L1)Cl 2] (+) 1, [Fe(L2)Cl 2] (+) 2, and [Fe(L3)Cl 2] (+) 3 by using ESI-MS, absorption and EPR spectral and electrochemical methods and studied as functional models for the extradiol cleaving catechol dioxygenase enzymes. The tetrachlorocatecholate (TCC (2-)) adducts [Fe(L1)(TCC)](ClO 4) 1a, [Fe(L2)(TCC)](ClO 4) 2a, and [Fe(L3)(TCC)](ClO 4) 3a have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, absorption spectral and electrochemical methods. The molecular structure of [Fe(L1)(TCC)](ClO 4) 1a has been successfully determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex 1a possesses a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around iron(III). The two tertiary amine (Fe-N amine, 2.245, 2.145 A) and two pyridyl nitrogen (Fe-N py, 2.104, 2.249 A) atoms of the tetradentate 4N ligand are coordinated to iron(III) in a cis-beta configuration, and the two catecholate oxygen atoms of TCC (2-) occupy the remaining cis positions. The Fe-O cat bond lengths (1.940, 1.967 A) are slightly asymmetric and differ by 0.027 A only. On adding catecholate anion to all the [Fe(L)Cl 2] (+) complexes the linear tetradentate ligand rearranges itself to provide cis-coordination positions for bidentate coordination of the catechol. Upon adding 3,5-di- tert-butylcatechol (H 2DBC) pretreated with 1 equiv of Et 3N to 1- 3, only one catecholate-to-iron(III) LMCT band (648-800 nm) is observed revealing the formation of [Fe(L)(HDBC)] (2+) involving bidentate coordination of the monoanion HDBC (-). On the other hand, when H 2DBC pretreated with 2 equiv of Et 3N or 1 or 2 equiv of piperidine is added to 1- 3, two intense catecholate-to-iron(III) LMCT bands appear suggesting the formation of [Fe(L)(DBC)] (+) with bidentate coordination of DBC (2-). The appearance of the DBSQ/H 2DBC couple for [Fe(L)Cl 2] (+) at positive potentials (-0.079 to 0.165 V) upon treatment with DBC (2-) reveals that chelated DBC (2-) in the former is stabilized toward oxidation more than the uncoordinated H 2DBC. It is remarkable that the [Fe(L)(HDBC)] (2+) complexes elicit fast regioselective extradiol cleavage (34.6-85.5%) in the presence of O 2 unlike the iron(III) complexes of the analogous linear 4N ligands known so far to yield intradiol cleavage products exclusively. Also, the adduct [Fe(L2)(HDBC)] (2+) shows a higher extradiol to intradiol cleavage product selectivity ( E/ I, 181:1) than the other adducts [Fe(L3)(HDBC)] (2+) ( E/ I, 57:1) and [Fe(L1)(HDBC)] (2+) ( E/ I, 9:1). It is proposed that the coordinated pyridyl nitrogen abstracts the proton from chelated HDBC (-) in the substrate-bound complex and then gets displaced to facilitate O 2 attack on the iron(III) center to yield the extradiol cleavage product. In contrast, when the cleavage reaction is performed in the presence of a stronger base like piperidine or 2 equiv of Et 3N a faster intradiol cleavage is favored over extradiol cleavage suggesting the importance of bidentate coordination of DBC (2-) in facilitating intradiol cleavage.     

The effect of ligand charge on the coordination geometry of an Fe(III)ion: five- and six-coordinate Fe(III) complexes of tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amine

By using the tripodal tetradentate ligand tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (H(3)ntb), which can have several charge states depending on the number of secondary amine protons, mononuclear octahedral and dinuclear trigonal bipyramidal Fe(III) complexes were prepared. The reaction of mononuclear octahedral [Fe(III)(H(3)ntb)Cl(2)]ClO(4), 1, with 3 equiv of sec-butylamine in methanol led to the formation of mononuclear cis-dimethoxo octahedral Fe(III)(H(2)ntb)(OMe)(2), 2. One equivalent of the sec-butylamine was used to generate the monoanionic H(2)ntb(-) ligand where one of the three amines in the benzimidazolyl groups was deprotonated. The remaining 2 equiv were used to generate two methoxides that were coordinated to the octahedral Fe(III) ion in a cis fashion as demonstrated by the chlorides in 1. Reaction of 1 with excess (7 equiv) sec-butylamine generated the doubly deprotonated dianionic Hntb(2-) that stabilized the dinuclear mu-oxo Fe(III)(2)O(Hntb)(2), 3, adopting a five-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The magnetic data for 3 are consistent with the antiferromagnetically coupled Fe(III) (S = 5/2) sites with the coupling constant J = -127 cm(-1).     

Fe (III) complexes of a bis-benzimidazolyl diamide ligand: spectral and catalytic studies

A new tetradentate bis benzimidaozlyl diamide ligand N,N'-Bis (benzimidazol-2-yl-methyl)-hexane-1,6-dicarboxamide (GBSA) has been synthesized and utilized to prepare new Fe(III) complexes with exogenous anionic ligand X=Cl(-) and NO(3)(-). Isomer shift values are in the range found for Iron in the +3 oxidation state while Quadrupole Splitting indicates large distortion from a six coordinate geometry, a finding supported by low temperature EPR work. The E(1/2) values are found to be quite cathodic indicating stability of the Iron (III) complexes. The oxidation of alcohols was investigated using [Fe(GBSA)Cl(3)] as the catalyst with TBHP as an alternate source of oxygen. The respective carbonyl products have been isolated and characterized by (1)H NMR, electronic spectroscopy, mass and IR spectral studies.     

Ligand topology variations and the importance of ligand field strength in non-heme iron catalyzed oxidations of alkanes

A series of iron(II)-bis(triflate) complexes [Fe(L)(OTf)2] containing linear tetradentate bis(quinolyl)-diamine and bis(quinolylmethyl)-diamine ligands with a range of ligand backbones has been prepared. The coordination geometries of these complexes have been investigated in the solid state by X-ray crystallography and in solution by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Because of the labile nature of high-spin iron(II) complexes in solution, dynamic equilibria of complexes with different coordination geometries (cis-alpha, cis-beta, and trans) are observed with certain ligand systems. In these cases, the geometry observed in the solid-state does not necessarily represent the only or even the major geometry present in solution. The ligand field strength in the various complexes has been investigated by variable-temperature (VT) magnetic moment measurements and by UV-vis spectroscopy. The strongest ligand field is observed with the most rigid ligand that generates [Fe(L)(OTf)2] complexes with a cis-alpha coordination geometry, and the corresponding [Fe(L)(CH3CN)2]2+ complex displays spin crossover behavior. The catalytic properties of the complexes for the oxidation of cyclohexane have been investigated using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. An increased flexibility in the ligand results in a weaker ligand field, which increases the lability of the complexes. The activity and selectivity of the catalysts appear to be related to the strength of the ligand field and the stability of the catalyst.     

High-pressure pulse-radiolysis study of the formation and decomposition of complexes with iron-carbon sigma bonds: mechanistic comparison for different metal centers

Volumes of activation for the formation and homolysis of the transient complexes (hedta)Fe(III)-CO(2)(2-) and (hedta)Fe(III)-CH(3)(-) (HOCH(2)CH(2)N(CH(2)CO(2-))CH(2)CH(2)N(CH(2)CO(2-))(2) = hedta) were determined using high-pressure pulse-radiolysis techniques. A comparison of the results with those for analogous complexes with other central transition-metal cations (M(n+)) and ligands (L) points out that (i) the reaction of M(n)L(m) with aliphatic radicals (R(*)) proceeds via an interchange ligand substitution mechanism, i.e. M(n)L(m) + R(*) --> L(m-1)M(n+1)-R + L, (ii) the homolysis of the metal-carbon bonds naturally follows the same mechanism, and (iii) the volume of activation for the homolysis reaction depends strongly on the nature of the central cation, i.e. larger for M(n+1) = Cr(III), Co(III), Ni(III) and smaller for Fe(III). The volume of activation for the reaction (hedta)Fe(III)-CO(2)(2-) + CO(2)(*-) + 2H(+) --> Fe(II)(hedta)(H(2)O)(-) + CO + CO(2) was measured, and the results enable a tentative proposal for the nature of the transition state of this interesting reaction.     

Imidazole and imidazolate iron complexes: on the way for tuning 3D-structural characteristics and reactivity. Redox interconversions controlled by protonation state

X-ray structures for six Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes from two closely heptadentate N-tripodal ligands, L1H(3) = tris[(imidazol-4-yl)-3-aza-3-butenyl]amine and L2H(3) = tris[(imidazol-2-yl)-3-aza-3-butenyl]amine, are described: three complexes in the L1 series (namely, [Fe(II)(L1H(3))](2+) and [Fe(III)(L1H(3))](3+) at low pH and [Fe(III)(L1)](0) at high pH) and three complexes in the L2 series (namely, [Fe(II)(L2H(3))](2+) at low pH and [Fe(II)(L2H)](0) and [Fe(III)(L2)](0) at high pH). Most of these complexes are stable in both Fe(II) and Fe(III) redox states and with the ligand in various protonation states. In the solid state, hydrogen bonds networks were obtained. Structural differences induced by 2- or 4-imidazole substitution are described and discussed. In solution, interconversions between different forms, with regard to oxidation and protonation states, were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and potentiometry. The deprotonation pattern of these polyimidazole iron(II) and iron(III) complexes is described in detail. pK(a)s of the imidazolate/imidazole moieties in MeOH/H(2)O are reported. Two new species, namely, [Fe(II)(L1)](-) and [Fe(II)(L2)](-), were shown to be obtained in DMSO upon strong base addition and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Half-wave potentials of Fe(III)/Fe(II) complexes with ligand moieties in several protonation states are reported, both in DMSO and in MeOH/H(2)O. Because of the presence of free imidazole groups coordinated to the iron, the potential of the iron(III)/iron(II) couples can be tuned by pH. A shift of DeltaE = E(deprot) - E(prot) ranging from -270 to -320 mV per exchanged proton in DMSO was measured. This study shows moreover that interconversions (with regard to both redox and protonation states) can be reversed several times. As the complexes have been isolated in order to be tested as superoxide dismutase mimics, preliminary reactions with dioxygen and with superoxide, considered as oxidant and reducer of biological importance, are reported. In these two series, O(2)(-) behaves either as a base or as a reducer and no adducts have been observed.     

Disproportionation of O-methylhydroxylamine catalyzed by aquapentacyanoferrate(II)

The aquapentacyanoferrate(II) ion, [Fe(II)(CN)(5)H(2)O](3-), catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of O-methylhydroxylamine, NH(2)OCH(3), with stoichiometry 3NH(2)OCH(3) → NH(3) + N(2) + 3CH(3)OH. Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence support an initial N coordination of NH(2)OCH(3) to [Fe(II)(CN)(5)H(2)O](3-) followed by a homolytic scission leading to radicals [Fe(II)(CN)(5)(?)NH(2)](3-) (a precursor of Fe(III) centers and bound NH(3)) and free methoxyl, CH(3)O(?), thus establishing a radical path leading to N-methoxyamino ((?)NHOCH(3)) and 1,2-dimethoxyhydrazine, (NHOCH(3))(2). The latter species is moderately stable and proposed to be the precursor of N(2) and most of the generated CH(3)OH. Intermediate [Fe(III)(CN)(5)L](2-) complexes (L = NH(3), H(2)O) form dinuclear cyano-bridged mixed-valent species, affording a catalytic substitution of the L ligands promoted by [Fe(II)(CN)(5)L](3-). Free or bound NH(2)OCH(3) may act as reductants of [Fe(III)(CN)(5)L](2-), thus regenerating active sites. At increasing concentrations of NH(2)OCH(3) a coordinated diazene species emerges, [Fe(II)(CN)(5)N(2)H(2)](3-), which is consumed by the oxidizing CH(3)O(?), giving N(2) and CH(3)OH. Another side reaction forms [Fe(II)(CN)(5)N(O)CH(3)](3-), an intermediate containing the nitrosomethane ligand, which is further oxidized to the nitroprusside ion, [Fe(II)(CN)(5)NO](2-). The latter is a final oxidation product with a significant conversion of the initial [Fe(II)(CN)(5)H(2)O](3-) complex. The side reaction partially blocks the Fe(II)-aqua active site, though complete inhibition is not achieved because the radical path evolves faster than the formation rates of the Fe(II)-NO(+) bonds.     

Synthesis and thermal studies of tetraaza macrocylic ligand and its transition metal complexes. DNA binding affinity of copper complex

A Tetraaza Macrocylic Ligand (H2L) and its complexes, [Cd(H2L)(OH2)2](NO3)(2)·1/2OH2 (I), [Co(H2L)(OH2)](NO3)(2)·1/2OH2 (II), [Cu(H2L)(NO3)2]·3/2OH2 (III) and [Ni(H2L)(NO3)(OH2)]NO3·OH2 (IV), have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductivity, 1H NMR, UV-vis, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. All results confirm that the prepared compounds have 1:1 metal-to-ligand stoichiometry, octahedral configuration and the ligand behaves as a neutral tetradendate towards the metal ions. [CdL(OH2)2] (V), [CoL(OH2)2] (VI), [CuL(OH2)2] (VII) and [Ni(H2L)(NO3)2] (VIII) were synthesized pyrolytically in solid state from corresponding compounds (I-IV). Analytical results of complexes (V-VIII) show that the ligand behaves either as a neutral tetradendate or dianionic tetradentate ligand towards the metal ions. The binding of H2L and its copper complex (III) to DNA has been investigated by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The experiments indicate that H2L and its copper complex (III) can bind to DNA through an intercalative mode. The H2L and its copper complex (III) exhibited anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich Acites Carcinoma (E.A.C) at the concentration of 100 μg/ml.     

Supramolecular spin-crossover iron complexes based on imidazole-imidazolate hydrogen bonds

The [Fe(II)(H(3)L)](BF(4))(2).3H(2)O (1) complex was synthesized, where H(3)L (tris[[2-[(imidazole-4-yl)methylidene]amino]ethyl]amine) is a tripodal ligand obtained by condensation of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and 4-formylimidazole (fim) in a 1:3 molar ratio. Starting from 1, a series of complexes, [Fe(II)(H(1.5)L)](BF(4))(0.5) (2) (=[Fe(II)(H(3)L)][Fe(II)(L)]BF(4)), [Fe(H(1.5)L)]BF(4) (3) (=[Fe(II)(H(3)L)][Fe(III)(L)](BF(4))(2)), [Fe(III)(H(3)L)](BF(4))(3).fim.H(2)O (4), and [Fe(III)(L)].2.5H(2)O (5), has been synthesized and characterized. The single-crystal X-ray structure of each complex has been determined. The Fe(II) compound, 2, and a mixed valence Fe(II)-Fe(III) compound, 3, involve formally hemi-deprotonated ligands, H(1.5)L. The structure of 3 consists of a homochiral two-dimensional assembled sheet, arising from the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between [Fe(II)(H(3)L)](2+) and [Fe(III)(L)](0) (3). All but 5 exhibit spin crossover between low-spin (LS) and high-spin (HS) states. This is a rare case where both Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes containing the same ligand exhibit spin-crossover behavior. Magnetic susceptibility and M?ssbauer studies showed that 3 has three accessible electronic states: LS Fe(II)-LS Fe(III), HS Fe(II)-LS Fe(III), and HS Fe(II)-HS Fe(III). Compounds 1-3 show the light-induced excited spin-state trapping effect at the Fe(II) sites upon irradiation with green light. The solution magnetic properties, electronic spectra, and electrochemical properties of 1, 4, and 5 were also studied.     

On, off and intermediate coordination of a bridgehead triarylamine donor in tripodal complexes: towards the tuning of coordinative bond distance

A series of first row transition metal complexes of the tripodal ligand 2,2',2"-nitrilotribenzoic acid H3L has been prepared and characterised by X-ray crystallography: Mononuclear [M(L)]- species [Cu(H2O)4]3[Cu(L)(H2O)]6.25H2O (2), [Co(H2O)6][Co(L)(H2O)].8H2O (4), [Zn(H2O)6][Zn(L)(H2O)].8H2O (5) and a neutral [M(L)] complex [Fe(III)2(L)(H2O)3].5H2O (8) are formed as well as dimeric [M(L)]2 2- species (HNEt3)2[Cu(L)]2.2CH3CN (1), (HNEt3)3[Ni(L)]2(ClO4).H2O (3), (HNEt3)2[Fe(II)(L)]2.2CH3CN (6) and (HNEt3)2[Fe(III)2(L)2(mu-O)](7). The complexes display a unique variation in the M-N distance (2.09 A for Cu(II) to 3.29 A for Fe(III)) to the bridgehead triphenylamine donor and are classified into compounds with "On","Off" and "Intermediate" N-coordination. The trigonal-bipyramidal coordination polyhedron changes towards tetrahedral in the intermediate and octahedral in the Off-state. The M-N distance of individual complexes is reversibly tuned by external chemical input such as changes of metal ion oxidation state (Fe(II)/Fe(III)) or variation of the axial coligand as a consequence of solvent or pH variation. Possible reasons for the exceptional tolerance of the M-N bond to distance variations are discussed under consideration of gas phase DFT calculations of [Zn(L)]-.