一种基于多普勒频移光谱的中性束注入器气体靶厚度诊断的新方法

中性束注入是等离子体加热和电流驱动的最有效方法之一。中性束注入的三个基本过程为：离子束的产生,离子束的中性化和中性束的传输,其中,离子束的中性化是关键环节之一。对于EAST-NBI气体中性化室而言,中性化室内气体靶厚度会直接影响离子束的中性化效率,而且还会进一步影响到中性束的传输效率。基于多普勒频移效应,提出了一种新的诊断气体靶厚度的方法,并且已经被应用于EASTNBI测试平台上。该方法主要是基于中性束的束成分随气体靶厚度的演化过程,利用中性束发射Dα光谱线强度完成计算。因此,它被应用于中国科学院等离子体物理研究所EASTNBI装置上。在中性化室出口处的观测窗口上进行测量,在束能量为40~65 keV时,气体靶厚度值为(0.16~0.22)×1016 cm-2,随着引出束流的变化,气体靶厚度随之改变。根据质量守恒定律,对中性化室内的气体靶厚度进行一个粗略的估算,估算的结果与测量的结果基本保持一致,从而证明了该诊断方法的合理性。综上,实验结果表明,该种基于多普勒频移效应的光谱诊断法可以被用于测量中性化室内的气体靶厚度。     

热离子、超热离子和离子加热

通过区分热离子和超热离子,讨论了ＨＬ－１Ｍ等离子体中性粒子束加热的」初步实验结果,分析表明,虽然电子对离子的磁撞加热机制仍然占主导地位,但中性粒子束也加热了离子。     

Atomic collision processes relevant for heavy ion beam probes

Atomic collision processes of fast Tl and Cs ions with particles in a high temperature fusion plasma are investigated. At low beam energies (<5 MeV), ion impact collisions and charge exchange processes can be neglected compared to electron ionization processes. At beam energies above 5 MeV and high plasma ion temperatures, collisions with ions start to contribute significantly to signal generation and attenuation. Also, collisions with the neutral background gas in the beamlines can attenuate the ion beam significantly and lower the signal level, if the vacuum pressure is above 10^-4 Torr. For the heavy ion beam probes operating today, only electron impact ionization processes are important and accurate predictions of the secondary signal level and electron density profile measurements are possible because of the good knowledge of electron impact ionization cross sections for Cs ⁺ and Tl⁺ ions     

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中性束注入是等离子体加热和电流驱动的重要方式之一,对EAST中性束注入的精确模拟对未来物理实验至关重要.采用ONETWO和NUBEAM程序模拟4MW、80keV中性束同向注入,不同的等离子体密度剖面导致不同的电子和离子加热、穿透功率损失、束驱动电流以及中子发射等.等离子体密度在以上的物理参数的演化中起着重要的作用.对EAST两种密度方案下中性束注入的效果进行了分析和讨论,并对未来中性束实验提供了一些预言性的建议和方案.     

强流离子源光腔衰荡光谱应用研究

强流离子源是托卡马克中性束注入器的核心部件,为了满足未来对高能量离子束中性化效率的要求,负离子源成为中性束注入系统的首选。光腔衰荡光谱(cavity ring-down spectroscopy,CRDS)是一种超高灵敏探测吸收光谱技术。在强流负离子源中,利用氢负离子的光致剥离过程,CRDS可以用来测量氢负离子的绝对积分密度。与激光光致剥离法与光学发射光谱法相比,CRDS具有不受电磁干扰、不依赖等离子体参数、测量精度高等优点。强流离子源负离子密度测量所用CRDS系统由激光器、光学谐振腔、光电探测器和数据采集系统四部分组成。本文根据CRDS测量氢负离子密度的原理,详细推导了氢负离子密度的计算方法,给出了氢负离子密度测算表达式;然后,结合强流离子源实验室应用的具体情况,分析了各部分装置的选择原则与注意事项;最后,介绍了CRDS技术在德国马克斯-普朗克等离子体物理研究所、日本国立聚变科学研究所、意大利Consorzio RFX研究所强流负离子源研究中的应用情况。实验结果表明,源腔气压、源功率等源参数会影响氢负离子密度;铯的注入可以将氢负离子密度从1016 m-3量级提高到1017 m-3量级;同时,日本NIFS的实验结果证明氢负离子密度与引出电流呈线性关系。     

The Theory of the Low Pressure Discharge in the Strong Ionization Regime

A system of integro-differential equations describing the velocity distribution functions of the neutral atoms and of the ions and the radial profiles of the electric potential and the particle densities in the positive column at low pressures and high degrees of ionization is derived. This system is solved for a simplified, but self-consistent, plane model. Both the initial velocity of the ions and the neutral gas depletion caused by the ionization processes are taken into account. For a cylindrical model a solution is obtained for the region near the axis. With rising neutral gas temperature the radial ion flux density is slightly increasing. The pressure tensor, the heat flux tensor, and several components of the corresponding tensor of the fourth order for the ion gas are calculated. It is shown that on the axis the radial and the azimuthal ion temperatures are smaller than the neutral gas temperature because the ions generated out of neutral atoms are retarded during the flight to the axis.     

HL—1M装置1998年物理实验进展报告

报道了ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置１９９８年度物理实验的进展情况。主要包括等离子体密度极限,中性束注入加热,离子回旋共振加热,低温杂波离子加热,多发弹丸注入,超声分子束注入等实验的情况。     

Modeling of beam ions loss and slowing down with Coulomb collisions in EAST

This paper uses the implicit Monte-Carlo full-orbit-following parallel program ISSDE to calculate the prompt loss and slowing down process of neutral beam injection (NBI)-generated fast ions due to Coulomb collisions in the equilibrium configuration of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). This program is based on the weak equivalence of the Fokker-Planck equation under Rosenbluth MacDonald Judd (RMJ) potential and Stratonovich stochastic differential equation (SDE). The prompt loss with the LCFS boundary and the first wall (FW) boundary of the two co-current neutral injection beams are studied. Simulation results indicate that the loss behavior of fast ions using the FW boundary is very different from that of the LCFS boundary, especially for fast ions with a large gyration radius. According to our calculations, about 5.11% of fast ions generated by perpendicular injection drift out of the LCFS and then return inside the LCFS to be captured by the magnetic field. The prompt loss ratio of fast ions and the ratio of orbital types depend on the initial distribution of fast ions in the P_ζ-$\varLambda$ space. Under the effect of Coulomb collisions, the pitch-angle scattering and stochastic diffusion happens, which will cause more fast ion loss. For short time scales, among the particles lost due to collisions, the fraction of banana ions reaches 92.31% in the perpendicular beam and 58.65% in the tangential beam when the fraction of banana ions in the tangential beam is 3.4% of the total ions, which means that the effect of Coulomb collisions on banana fast ions is more significant. For long time scales, the additional fast ion loss caused by Coulomb collisions of tangential and perpendicular beams accounted for 16.21% and 25.05% of the total particles, respectively. We have also investigated the slowing down process of NBI fast ions.     

Fast-ion dynamics in the TEXTOR tokamak measured by collective Thomson scattering

Here we present the first measurements by collective Thomson scattering of the evolution of fast-ion populations in a magnetically confined fusion plasma. 150 kW and 110 Ghz radiation from a gyrotron were scattered in the TEXTOR tokamak plasma with energetic ions generated by neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating. The temporal behavior of the spatially resolved fast-ion velocity distribution is inferred from the received scattered radiation. The fast-ion dynamics at sawteeth and the slowdown after switch off of auxiliary heating is resolved in time. The latter is shown to be in close agreement with modeling results.     

非平衡磁控溅射系统的离子束流控制

在非平衡磁控溅射沉积非磁性金属薄膜过程中,离子,原子到达比、沉积速率等参数是影响薄膜结构和性能的重要因素。根据非平衡磁控溅射沉积过程中离子的分布特点,分别考虑离子和中性粒子的传输,导出了对圆形平面靶非平衡磁控溅射沉积薄膜的放电功率、气压和离子束流密度等参数之间的关系,阐明了放电参数对于沉积过程离子束流密度等参数的影响。在Ar放电条件下,测量了系统的伏安特性;采用偏压平面离子收集电极测量了溅射系统轴向离子束流密度随不同的气压、溅射电流和空间位置的变化规律。结果表明模型分析的结论和实验数据的变化趋势相符合。     

Visualization of density structures in tokamak edge plasmas usinglithium beam fluorescence

To study the local behavior of the edge plasma density in the DIII-D tokamak, we image the collisionally induced fluorescence from an injected neutral lithium beam using a gated intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera coupled to a UNIX workstation. The goal of these experiments is to search for spatially coherent structures in the plasma edge density which may be transiently illuminated by the beam. In our imaging studies to date we have been able to follow the evolution of the edge density as the main plasma discharge progresses through various confinement states under intense neutral beam injection (NBI) heating     

Process in high energy heavy ion acceleration

A review of processes that occur in high energy heavy ion acceleration by synchrotrons and colliders and that are essential for the accelerator performance is presented. Interactions of ions with the residual gas molecules/atoms and with stripping foils that deliberately intercept the ion trajectories are described in details. These interactions limit both the beam intensity and the beam quality. The processes of electron loss and capture lie at the root of heavy ion charge exchange injection. The review pays special attention to the ion induced vacuum pressure instability which is one of the main factors limiting the beam intensity. The intrabeam scattering phenomena which restricts the average luminosity of ion colliders is discussed. Some processes in nuclear interactions of ultra-relativistic heavy ions that could be dangerous for the performance of ion colliders are represented in the last chapter. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Growth of electron energies with ion beam injection in a double plasma device

This paper reports about the observed energy growth of both high and low energetic electron species in the target plasma region with the increase in plasma potential in the source region of a double plasma device. This situation can be correlated to the injection of an ion beam from source to target plasma region. Plasma is solely produced in the source region and a low-density diffuse plasma is generated in the target region by local ionization between the neutral gas and the high energetic electrons coming from the source region. The growth of electron energy is accompanied by a decrease in diffuse plasma density. It is observed that although energy of high energetic group increases with the injected beam energy, the diffuse plasma density falls due to their decreasing population.     

电子束离子阱对中性气体电荷交换的光谱诊断

在实验室天体物理研究中,电子束离子阱(EBIT)是极端紫外(EUV)和X射线波段能谱分析的重要实验平台,其中EBIT中心残余的中性气体对离子产生存在显著影响。研究了阱区中心残余中性气体对电荷态分布的影响,发现阱区中心残余中性气体和高电荷态离子之间的电荷/能量交换过程不仅影响离子的电荷分布, 而且对激发函数(离子分布比例随电子能量关系曲线)有着极大的影响。利用电离平衡分析方法成功诊断出阱区中心区域残留的中性气体分子数密度,以及内腔室的真空度。     

HL-2M装置中性束注入加热系统研制进展

为开展磁约束堆芯燃烧等离子体物理实验,正在建造的HL-2M装置拟建造3条5 MW的中性束注入加热束线。简要概述了HL-2M装置NBI加热系统的总体规划,第1条5MW-NBI加热束线的设计,离子源调试实验,注入器核心部件的安装和测试结果。通过调试,目前单个离子源引出束流达到36 A,加速电压75 kV,离子束功率达到2.4 MW,脉冲宽度3 s。通过测试发现:注入器的4条离子束汇聚角误差小于±0.1°,残留离子偏转磁体的磁场测试值与模拟计算值偏差小于±5%,注入器静态真空值达到1.0×10-3 Pa。注入器采用大型非标低温泵,低温泵的抽速达到2.40×106 L/s。第1条5MW-NBI加热束线的试装和测试结果表明,该束线能够满足HL-2M装置NBI加热的技术要求。     

时间分辨原子发射光谱诊断脉冲放电气体束等离子体

建成了一套脉冲放电气体束和原子发射光谱等离子体诊断实验装置,利用这套实验装置测量了不同放电条件下等离子体的时间分辨发射光谱,并采用玻尔兹曼作图法和Hα谱线斯塔克展宽法研究了等离子体的原子温度、离子温度和自由电子密度等参数的演化。实验结果表明,脉冲放电的总电量对等离子体参数的演化有较大影响;脉冲放电气体束等离子体中的离子温度远高于原子温度,自由电子密度相对较低,等离子体处于非局域热平衡状态。A special designed pulsed discharge nozzle (PDN) ion source and a plasma diagnostics system based on the atomic emission spectroscopy were constructed. The time-resolved emission spectra of Argon atoms and ions in the region of 300-800 nm were observed and analyzed. The plasma temperatures, including atomic and ionic temperatures, were simulated by Boltzmann plot method, and the free electron density was simulated through the Stark broadening of Hα line. The evolution of these plasma parameters were investigated by high-resolution time-resolved emission spectra. The results show that the total energy struck on the pulsed gas beam is the most important factor which determines the plasma properties and its evolution. The plasma in PDN is concluded into non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) during the evaluation because of the low electron density and the big difference between the temperatures of Argon atoms and ions in all discharge conditions.     

基于射频功率调节的负离子源束流反馈控制研究北大核心CSCD

基于射频负离子源的中性束注入系统是高功率长脉冲(稳态)运行中性束注入系统的最佳选择。负离子源是中性束注入系统的核心部件,需要实现稳定的负离子束引出和加速。在负离子源的运行过程中引出负离子电流会发生变化,尤其在长脉冲、高能量运行条件下会更加明显,因此无法满足稳定运行的要求。为了实现引出束流的稳定引出,开展了束流反馈控制研究,研发了一套基于射频功率调节的束流反馈控制系统,并将束流反馈控制系统应用在射频负离子源测试平台,开展了束流反馈控制测试。测试结果表明束流反馈控制系统能够实现对束流的实时反馈调节以获得束流的稳定引出,验证了基于射频功率调节的束流反馈控制的可行性,为高功率射频负离子源的研制提供支持。     

EAST中性束穿透损失分析

中性束注入(NBI)是托卡马克装置四种辅助加热手段(中性束注入、低杂波、离子回旋段波、电子回旋段波)中加热效率最高、物理机制最清楚的一种等离子体加热技术,是国际聚变界公认的最有效的辅助加热手段之一。为了探究EAST-NBI的穿透损失,通过对穿透损失率产生原理的理论分析,设计了具体硬件电路框图和实验方案,并通过实验验证了理论推导的正确性。具体做法首先通过对离子源束斑内中心点热电偶进行定量标定的方法作为穿透损失计算的标准。通过石墨瓦上热电偶单位能量下的温升与标定热电偶的温升之比来对穿透损失率进行计算。实验结果表明在一定的束能范围内,穿透损失率随着注入束能的增加而线性增长,穿透损失率随着等离子体密度增长呈指数衰减。