Spin effects in large angle πp→ρp interactions

Using a model previously introduced to describe spin-spin asymmetries in large angle elastic proton-proton scattering, we have computed the helicity density matrix of ρ vector mesons produced in πp→ρp interactions, at 90° in the c.m. system. Contrary to most other schemes, we obtain some nondiagonal elements sizeably different from zero; when comparing the ρ^? decay angular distribution with experimental data we have an excellent agreement. We also give predictions for the case of ρ⁺ production.     

New insights in the T dependence of the electrical resistivity in size-effect dominated pure metal foils from measurements on high-purity Au at low T

Analysis of Soffer's size-effect theory for electrical resistivity shows, for measurements in such a T range for which the temperature dependent portion of the resistivity, ρ_i, is always much smaller than the residual bulk resistivity ρ_∞(0) of the metal studied, that while size-effects leave the essential T dependence of ρ_i unchanged, it may increase its absolute value and the observed residual resistivity ρ(0), thus explaining recent results of Caplin et al. This also corrects the general conclusion arrived at by the latter authors, i.e. that the T dependence of ρ of a metal foil of given residual resistivity is the same as that of a bulk sample of the same residual resistivity provided that the latter is governed by impurity scattering, as being true for a narrow T range only, i.e. for which ρ_i(T) ? ρ_∞(0). However, for this T range a procedure is outlined which allows one to extract values of the surface specularity parameter p_S and also ρ_∞ of the metal foils studied.     

Wigner Function:from Ensemble Average of Density Operator to Its One Matrix Element in Entangled Pure States

We show that the Wigner function W = Tr(△ρ) (an ensemble average of the density operator ρ, △ is theWigner operator) can be expressed as a matrix element of ρ in the entangled pure states. In doing so, converting fromquantum master equations to time-evolution equation of the Wigner functions seems direct and concise. The entangledstates are defined in the enlarged Fock space with a fictitious freedom.     

Charged ρ photoproduction in the energy range 2.8–4.8 GeV

Measurements of the photoproduction processes γρ→ρ⁺ n and γρ→ρ^-Δ⁺⁺ (1236) are reported in the energy range 2.8 to 4.8 GeV. The data show shrinkage of the differential cross section in this energy region for the process γρ→ρ^-Δ⁺⁺ (1236); no shrinkage is observed for the ρ⁺ n process. The energy dependences of the ρ⁺ n and ρ^-Δ⁺⁺ (1236) total cross sections are much steeper than current model prediction. The ρ spin density matrices for each process are also presented.     

Self-diffusion in Kr compared with Van der Waals model

The predictions of the Van der Waals model for the self-diffusion in Kr are compared with the experimental results at 220 K and for 0.7ρ_c ? ρ ? 2.1ρ_c. The Van der Waals model fails to represent the Kr data while at the same temperature in the case of CH₄ this model works quite well for ρ_c < ρ ? 3ρ_c.     

A remark on the concavity of entropy

We investigate to what extent theorems about quantum mechanical or classical entropy can be generalized to functionals of the type ρ→Tr f(ρ), or ψ→∫f(ψ)dμ, respectively, wheref is an arbitrary concave function.     

Analytical representation of the density derivative of the Percus–Yevick hard-sphere radial distribution function

ABSTRACT

Explicit analytical expressions are presented for the density derivative, ?g_HS(R; ρ)/?ρ, of the Percus–Yevick approximation to the hard-sphere radial distribution function for R ≤ 6σ, where σ is the hard-sphere diameter and ρ = (N/V)σ³ is the reduced density, where N is the number of particles and V is the volume. A FORTRAN program is provided for the implementation of these for R ≤ 6σ, which includes code for the calculation of g_HS(R; ρ) itself over this range. We also present and incorporate within the program code convenient analytical expressions for the numerical extrapolation of both quantities past R = 6σ. Our expressions are numerically tested against exact results.     

Large deviations and Lifshitz singularity of the integrated density of states of random Hamiltonians

We consider the integrated density of states (IDS) ρ_∞(λ) of random Hamiltonian H_ω=?Δ+V_ω, V_ω being a random field on ? ^d which satisfies a mixing condition. We prove that the probability of large fluctuations of the finite volume IDS |Λ|^?1ρ(λ, H_Λ(ω)), Λ ? ? ^d , around the thermodynamic limit ρ_∞(λ) is bounded from above by exp {?k|Λ|},k>0. In this case ρ_∞(λ) can be recovered from a variational principle. Furthermore we show the existence of a Lifshitztype of singularity of ρ_∞(λ) as λ → 0⁺ in the case where V_ω is non-negative. More precisely we prove the following bound: ρ_∞(λ)≦exp(?kλ^?d/2) as λ → 0⁺ k>0. This last result is then discussed in some examples.     

Magnetoresistance of La<Subscript>0.67</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.33</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> epitaxial films grown on a substrate with low lattice mismatch

The structure, electrical resistivity, and magnetoresistance of La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ heteroepitaxial films (120-nm thick) practically unstrained by lattice mismatch with the substrate were studied. A strong maximum of negative magnetoresistance of ≈27% (for μ₀H = 4 T) was observed at T ≈360 K. While the magnetoresistance decreased monotonically in magnitude with decreasing temperature, it was still in excess of 2% at 150 K. For T < 250 K, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ of La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ films is fitted well by the relation ρ = ρ₀ + ρ ₁(H)T^2.3, where ρ₀ = 1.1×10^?4 Ω cm, ρ₁(H = 0) = 1.8×10^?9 Ω cm/K^2.3, and ρ₁(μ₀H = 4 T)/ρ₁(H = 0) ≈0.96. The temperature dependence of a parameter γ characterizing the extent to which the electrical resistivity of the ferromagnetic phase of La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ films is suppressed by a magnetic field (μ ₀H = 5 T) was determined.     

The ground state of two-dimensional electrons in a nonuniform magnetic field

An exact solution to the Schrödinger equation for the ground state of two-dimensional Pauli electrons in a nonuniform transverse magnetic field H is presented for two cases. In the first case, the field H depends on a single variable, H = H(y), while in the second case, the field is axially symmetric, H = H(ρ), ρ²=x ²+y ². The electron density distributions n = n(y) and n = n(ρ) that correspond to a completely filled lower level are found. For quasiuniform fields of fixed sign, the functions n(y) and n(ρ) are locally related to the magnetic field: n(y) = H(y)/?₀ and n(ρ) = H(ρ)/?₀, where ?₀ = hc/|e| is a magnetic flux quantum. Magnetic fields are considered that are periodic, singular, and bounded in the plane xy. Finite electron objects in a nonuniform magnetic field are analyzed.     

On the chiral phase transition in hadronic matter

A qualitative analysis of the chiral phase transition in QCD with two massless quarks and nonzero baryon density is performed. It is assumed that, at zero baryonic density, ρ=0, the temperature phase transition is of the second order. Due to a specific power dependence of baryon masses on the chiral condensate, the phase transition becomes of the first order at the temperature T=T_ph(ρ) for ρ>0. At temperatures T_cont(ρ)> _T>_Tph(ρ), there is a mixed phase consisting of the quark phase (stable) and the hadron phase (unstable). At the temperature T=T_cont(ρ), the system experiences a continuous transition to the pure chirally symmetric phase.     

An application of quantum fluid dynamics

Hydrodynamics is often applied to quantum phenomena such as heavy-ion collisions. But here it should be noted that local equilibrium is not always realized in these collision processes and also the quantum effect is not fully taken into account in hydrodynamics. In this sense, a fluid-dynamical treatment of quantum many-body systems which does not presuppose local equilibrium is required. As an attempt in this direction, we derive simultaneous equations governing the motion of local variables such as the particle density ρ(r, t) and velocity field ν(r, t) by averaging a many-body wave function. The equations obtained will be shown to unify into a single nonlinear Schrödinger-type equation. Hence this is worthy of being called a quantum fluid dynamics (QFD). In deriving the QFD, we have employed the time-dependent Hartree-Fock and the generalized scaling approximation. Particularly, in order to attain self-containedness, we have assumed a certain relation which is valid in the case of the locally isotropic strain tensor. The introduction of anisotropy requires other local variables reflecting explicitly the deviation from local equilibrium and thus has been left as a future task.     

Electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance of nonuniformly mechanically strained films (30 nm) of the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 manganite

The structure, electrical resistivity, and magnetoresistance of predominantly oriented La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃(30 nm)/LaAlO₃ films are investigated after partial relaxation of biaxial mechanical stresses. The negative magnetoresistance MR of the films reaches a maximum at T = 235–240 K. The full width at half-maximum of the peak in the curve MR(T) for a film is five to six times greater than that for a manganite layer grown on a substrate with a small lattice mismatch. For T < 150 K, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ of the films is fitted well by the relationship ρ = ρ₀ + ρ₁ (H)T ^4.5, where ρ₀ ≡ ρ(T = 4.2 K) and ρ₁(H) is a parameter that is independent of temperature but dependent on the magnetic field H. The parameter ρ₁(H = 0) for the La_0.67Ca_0.33MnO₃(30 nm)/LaAlO₃ films is several times larger than that for thin manganite layers only weakly strained by the substrate. The electrical resistivity ρ₁ decreases almost linear as the quantity μ₀ H increases in the field range 1–5 T.     

t-channel factorization description of γγ→V 1 V 2

At-channel factorization model is used to estimate cross sections for the processes γγ→V ₁ V ₂. WheneverV=ρ, the width of the ρ has been included in the calculations. The channels γγ→ρ⁰ρ⁰, ρ⁰?, ??, ωω, ρ⁰ω and ρ⁺ρ^? are calculated for two quasi-real photons. Predictions are also given for the process γ^*γ→ρ⁰ρ⁰ for virtual photon mass squaredQ ²<5 GeV². Our results are consistent with all available experimental data.     

Some conservative estimates in quantum cryptography

Relationship is established between the security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol and the forward and converse coding theorems for quantum communication channels. The upper bound Q _c ≈ 11% on the bit error rate compatible with secure key distribution is determined by solving the transcendental equation $H(Q_c ) = \bar C(\rho )/2$ , where ρ is the density matrix of the input ensemble, $\bar C(\rho )$ is the classical capacity of a noiseless quantum channel, and H(Q) is the capacity of a classical binary symmetric channel with error rate Q.     

How behavior of systems with sparse spectrum can be predicted on a quantum computer

Call a spectrum of Hamiltonian H sparse if each eigenvalue can be quickly restored within ε from its rough approximation within ε₁ by means of some classical algorithm. It is shown how the behavior of a system with a sparse spectrum up to time T=(1?ρ)/14ε can be predicted on a quantum computer with the time complexity t=4/(1?ρ)ε₁ plus the time of classical algorithm, where ρ is the fidelity. The quantum knowledge of Hamiltonian eigenvalues is considered as the new Hamiltonian W _H whose action on each eigenvector of H gives the corresponding eigenvalue. Speedup of evolution for systems with a sparse spectrum is possible, because, for such systems, the Hamiltonian W _H can be quickly simulated on the quantum computer. For an arbitrary system (even in the classical case), its behavior cannot be predicted on a quantum computer even for one step ahead. By this method, we can also restore the history with the same efficiency.     

Concrete Representation and Separability Criteria for Symmetric Quantum State

Using the typical generators of the special unitary groups S U(2), the concrete representation of symmetric quantum state is established, then the relations satisfied by those coefficients in the representation are presented. Based on the representation of density matrix, the PPT criterion and CCNR criterion are proved to be equivalent on judging the separability of symmetric quantum states. Moreover, it is showed that the matrix Γ _ρ of symmetric quantum state only has five efficient entries, thus the calculation of ∥Γ _ρ ∥ is simplified. Finally, the quantitative expressions of real symmetric quantum state under the ∥Γ _ρ ∥ separability criterion are obtained.     

On the complexity of search for keys in quantum cryptography

The trace distance is used as a security criterion in proofs of security of keys in quantum cryptography. Some authors doubted that this criterion can be reduced to criteria used in classical cryptography. The following question has been answered in this work. Let a quantum cryptography system provide an ε-secure key such that ½‖ρ_XE ? ρ_U ? ρ_E‖₁ < ε, which will be repeatedly used in classical encryption algorithms. To what extent does the ε-secure key reduce the number of search steps (guesswork) as compared to the use of ideal keys? A direct relation has been demonstrated between the complexity of the complete consideration of keys, which is one of the main security criteria in classical systems, and the trace distance used in quantum cryptography. Bounds for the minimum and maximum numbers of search steps for the determination of the actual key have been presented.     

Effect of the substrate crystalline structure on the magnetic, electrical, and crystallographic characteristics of La0.35Nd0.35Sr0.3MnO3 epitaxial films

A study has been made of the electrical resistivity ρ, magnetoresistance Δρ/ρ, and magnetization of La_0.35Nd_0.35Sr_0.3MnO₃ epitaxial films on ZrO₂(Y₂O₃), SrTiO₃, LaAlO₃, and MgO substrates. The first film can exist in four equivalent crystallographic orientations in the sample plane, while the other three have only one orientation. The maxima of ρ and Δρ/ρ of the first film are broadened considerably in the vicinity of the Curie point T _C compared to the three others, the magnitude of ρ itself being larger by 1.5 orders of magnitude, and a large negative magnetoresistance (|Δρ/ρ| ～ 10% in a field of 8.4 kOe) is observed at temperatures 80≤T≤200 K. In all films, the magnetic moment per molecule at 5 K is ～46% smaller than the pure spin value, due to the existence of magnetically disordered regions. The larger value of ρ of the film deposited on ZrO₂(Y₂O₃) is due to the electrical resistance of the boundaries separating regions with different crystallographic orientations, and the magnetoresistance is associated with polarized carriers tunneling through the boundaries coinciding with domain walls. The low-temperature magnetoresistance in fields above technical saturation is caused by the strong p-d exchange coupling within spin-ordered regions.     

Temperature dependence of the rho-meson mass and width

It is shown, to leading order in the virial expansion, that unitarity of the ππ scattering amplitude implies that if the ρ-meson widthΓ _ρ(T) increases with temperature, then the ρ-meson massM _ρ(T) must also increase. The temperature dependence ofM _ρ(T) is explicitly obtained from a simple, but physically motivated, parametrization of theI=J=1 ππ scattering amplitude.