3-甲基-1-戊烯-4-炔-3-醇的合成

以甲基乙烯酮为原料,用乙炔基格氏试剂对其加成,然后水解得到目标物3-甲基-1-戊烯-4-炔-3-醇。研究了温度对反应的影响,发现在25℃的反应温度下,目标化合物的气相色谱产率为50%,减压蒸馏纯化后收率为30%。目标产物用1HNMR、IR进行了表征。     

5,5-二甲基-1-邻氨基苯基-1,3-己二炔的合成与表征

二炔化合物不但是有机合成的重要中间体,而且是许多天然产物以及具有生理活性化合物的基本骨架[1].自1869年以来发展了许多高效合成二炔化合物的方法和技术[2-6],其中用铜做催化剂的Glaser偶联反应是合成1,3-二炔化合物最常用的方法,然而这种方法不能满足合成不对称1,3-二炔化合物的需要.     

3-苯基-5-(1-环己烯)-2-戊烯-4-炔酸甲酯的合成

在PEG-400反应介质中,以PdCl2(PPh3)2/CuBr为催化体系合成了3-苯基-5-(1-环己烯)-2-戊烯-4-炔酸甲酯,该反应产率高,对环境友好,且催化体系可以适当地重复使用.     

5-取代-3,4-二卤-2(5H)-呋喃酮的Sonogashira偶联反应

以5-取代-3,4-二卤-2(5H)-呋喃酮为底物进行Sonogashira偶联反应, 考察了反应温度、反应时间、钯催化剂种类与用量、碱种类与用量、溶剂、底物结构等对偶联反应的影响, 合成了28种新的2(5H)-呋喃酮衍生物, 其结构用IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS和元素分析等方法进行了表征. 在优化的反应条件下, 即反应溶剂为甲苯、催化剂为3 mol% Pd(PPh₃)₄和10 mol% CuI、碱为6 equiv. KF、反应时间72 h、反应温度30 ℃时, 反应产率42%～84%. 利用该Sonogashira偶联反应合成新型的多官能团烯二炔结构化合物, 不仅合成途径简捷、反应条件温和, 绝大部分反应产率中等以上, 而且无需额外加入配体, 适用于芳香的和脂肪的末端炔烃.     

高立体、区域选择性合成(Z)-1-芳硫基-2-芳硒基烯

氢氧化铯催化下,四氢呋喃作溶剂,室温、氮气保护下,炔基硫醚与硒酚发生亲核加成反应,立体选择性合成一系列(Z)-1-芳硫基-2-芳硒基烯,收率70%～93%.反应机理为氢氧化铯与硒酚反应产生的芳硒化铯,随后对炔硫醚进行亲核加成,形成的烯基负离子水解得到产物.     

钯催化吲哚直接羰化合成吲哚-3-炔酮类化合物

以Pd(OAc)2为主催化剂,以Cu为助催化剂,以碘为氧化剂,高效地实现了吲哚与苯炔直接羰化合成吲哚-3-炔酮,并优化了反应条件. 结果表明,该催化剂体系对带有不同取代基的吲哚、端炔类化合物具有非常好的适用性,最高分离产率可达94%. 生成的吲哚-3-炔酮产物可进一步与叠氮化钠和溴苄一锅反应,高产率地得到3-甲酰三唑基吲哚类化合物. 由于原料来源简单,产率高,且两类产物都是重要的中间体,因此该方法具有一定的应用价值.     

催化的端炔C-H键与α,β-不饱和-γ-内酰胺的亲核加成反应

吡咯啉酮是一类重要的五元杂环,广泛存在于许多天然产物、生物活性分子和高聚物中.在众多吡咯啉酮衍生物中,5-炔基-2-吡咯啉酮引起了化学家们广泛的关注.因为这种分子结构不仅存在于具有潜在治疗作用的药物分子(如眼部降压药、α7乙酰胆碱受体激动剂、抗惊厥和消炎药物)中,也存在于许多天然产物中,例如刺桐类生物碱和多环类生物碱.鉴于此,人们发展了许多合成这类化合物的方法.目前文献报道最多的方法是炔基负离子对5-位具有离去基团的吡咯啉酮化合物的亲核取代反应.离去基团主要有苯硫基、1-苯并咪唑基和烷氧基等.但是这些方法操作步骤繁琐,产生大量的副产物,原子经济性不高.
　　本课题组发展了一例新型的端炔C–H键与α,β-不饱和-γ-内酰胺的亲核加成反应,合成了一系列5-炔基-2-吡咯啉酮衍生物.该反应以环状N-酰亚胺正离子为反应活性中间体,反应条件温和,操作简便.据我们所知,这是一例原子经济地合成5-炔基-2-吡咯啉酮衍生物的新方法.环状N-酰亚胺正离子是一类高活性的亲电试剂,广泛应用于构建含氮杂环体系.本课题组利用这一策略实现了一系列C–C和C–N成键反应.基于此,本文原位形成环状N-酰亚胺正离子,以端炔作为亲核试剂,与其发生亲核加成反应,合成了一系列5-炔基-2-吡咯啉酮衍生物,原子经济性为100%.
　　首先,我们以5 mol%TsOH为Br?nsted酸,考察了Lewis酸效应对反应收率的影响.结果表明, Al(OTf)3给出最好的反应收率,不加Lewis酸没有亲核加成产物生成.然后,我们以5 mol%Al(OTf)3为Lewis酸,考察了Br?nsted酸效应对反应收率的影响.结果表明, HAuCl4·4H2O给出最佳的反应收率54%,不加Br?nsted酸也没有亲核加成产物生成.值得一提的是,当HAuCl4·4H2O为单一催化剂,不加Al(OTf)3时,反应收率也达到55%.然后,我们以HAuCl4·4H2O为催化剂,考察了溶剂效应和反应温度对反应收率的影响.结果表明,四氯乙烷(TTCE)为反应最佳的溶剂,50 oC反应最佳.为了进一步提高反应收率,我们又考察了催化剂用量对反应收率的影响.结果表明,10 mol%的催化剂给出最佳的反应收率60%.进一步优化反应条件,我们没有得到更好的结果.因此最佳的反应条件： N-苄基-α,β-不饱和-γ-内酰胺1(0.4 mmol),苯乙炔2a (1.2 mmol), HAuCl4·4H2O (10 mol%), TTCE (2.0 mL),50 oC下反应15 h.
　　在确定了最佳的反应条件后,我们对端炔类底物的适用性进行了考察.结果表明,给电子的苯乙炔表现出较高的反应活性;弱吸电子的苯乙炔也表现出较高的反应活性;强吸电子的苯乙炔则抑制反应的发生;位阻效应对该反应没有明显影响;杂环端炔也给出中等以上的收率;然而,简单脂肪端炔不能给出相应的亲核加成产物.
　　本文发展了一例催化的端炔C–H键与α,β-不饱和-γ-内酰胺的亲核加成反应.该反应以环状N-酰亚胺正离子为关键中间体.反应条件温和,操作简便.构建了一种以中等的收率(45%–76%)合成一系列5-炔基-2-吡咯啉酮衍生物的方法.     

1-甲基-3,4-二苯基喹啉-2(1H)-酮的合成和结构表征

以N-甲基苯胺和苯丙炔酸为原料,经过缩合、亲电环化、偶联反应合成了1-甲基-3,4-二苯基喹啉-2(1H)-酮;利用核磁共振谱和气相色谱-质谱表征了产物的结构.结果表明,所用合成方法具有产率高、反应条件温和、操作简单等优点,目标产物的总产率达62.7%.     

一种绿色高效合成恶唑烷-2-亚胺的策略

报道了一种绿色高效合成恶唑烷-2-亚胺的策略。首先由N-苄基炔丙胺与对氯苯异氰酸酯经过亲核加成反应合成了芳基取代的炔丙基脲(关环前体)，产率为94.9%；采用更为绿色的InCl₃、ZnI₂为反应试剂，芳基取代的炔丙基脲再经过O-环化异构化反应，合成出对应的恶唑烷-2-亚胺，反应条件为二氯甲烷作溶剂，室温条件下，反应过夜，最终得到较好的产率和收率，产率最高可达81.3%。该工作可为具有恶唑烷-2-亚胺骨架的天然产物的全合成提供一条可选的策略。     

微生物细胞催化还原苯甲酰丙酮合成（R）-／（S）-3-羟基-1-苯丁酮

从51株细菌和酵母中筛选到能够将苯甲酰丙酮(1)不对称催化还原为3-羟基-1-苯丁酮(2)的8株菌株,其中Yarrowia lipolytica CGMCC 2.150 2(A)和Trichosporon cutaneum CGMCC 2.250 0(B)具有高度的对映选择性[A还原1为(R)-(-)-2,B还原1为(S)-( )-2].A的最佳反应条件为:c(1)=30.9 mmol·L-1.c(A)=200 nag·mL-1,在1%乙醇中,pH6.5的条件下,于38℃反应20 h,(R)-(-)-2收率大于99.0%,e.e.98.7%;B的最佳反应条件为:c(1)=3.1 mmol·L-1.c(B)=200 mg·mL-1,在1%乙醇中,pH 8.0的条件下,于38℃反应36 h,(S)-( )-2收率96.2%,e.e.96.4%.     

Development of versatile cis- and trans-dicarbon-substituted chiral cyclopropane units: synthesis of (1S,2R)- and (1R,2R)-2-aminomethyl-1-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropanes and their enantiomers as conformationally restricted analogues of histamine

The cyclopropane ring can be used effectively in restricting the conformation of biologically active compounds to improve activity and also to investigate bioactive conformations. We designed (1S,2R)- and (1R,2R)-2-aminomethyl-1-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)cyclopropanes (1 and 2, respectively) and their enantiomers (ent-1 and ent-2) as conformationally restricted analogues of histamine. The four types of chiral cyclopropanes bearing two differentially functionalized carbon substituents in a cis or trans relationship on a cyclopropane ring, (1S,2R)-2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl-1-formylcyclopropane (7) and (1R,2R)-2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl-1-formylcyclopropane (8) and their enantiomers (ent-7 and ent-8), were developed as the key intermediates for synthesizing 1, 2, ent-1, and ent-2. The reaction between (R)-epichlorohydrin [(R)-12] and phenylsulfonylacetonitrile (13a) in the presence of NaOEt in EtOH followed by treatment with acid gave the chiral cyclopropane lactone 11a with 98% ee in 82% yield. Compound 11a was converted into both the cis- and trans-chiral cyclopropane units 7 and 8, respectively, via reductive desulfonylation with Mg/MeOH as the key step. The corresponding enantiomers, the cis-substituted ent-7 and the trans-substituted ent-8, were also prepared starting from (S)-epichlorohydrin [(S)-12]. The four conformationally restricted target histamine analogues 1, 2, ent-1, and ent-2 were successfully synthesized from 7, 8, ent-7, and ent-8, respectively. The chiral cyclopropane units 7, 8, ent-7, and ent-8 should be useful as versatile intermediates for synthesizing various compounds having an asymmetric cyclopropane structure.     

Iron complexes for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone: steric and electronic effects imposed by alkyl substituents at phosphorus

A series of iron(II) complexes, trans-[Fe(NCMe)(2)(PR(2)CH(2)CH═NCH(2)CH(2)N═CHCH(2)PR(2))][BPh(4)](2) (5, R = Cy; 7, R = iPr; 9, R = Et) were prepared via the template synthesis in one-pot involving air-stable phosphonium dimers, [cyclo-(-PR(2)CH(2)CH(OH)-)(2)](Br)(2) (4, R = Cy; 6, R = iPr; 8, R = Et), KOtBu, [Fe(H(2)O)(6)][BF(4)](2) and ethylenediamine in acetonitrile. In the synthesis of 9, a methanol/acetonitrile solvent mixture was required; otherwise an intermediate iron bis(tridentate) complex, [Fe(PEt(2)CH(2)CH═NCH(2)CH(2)NH(2))(2)](2+), formed as determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The crude iron(II) complexes from a template synthesis with ethylenediamine or (S,S)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine are stirred in acetone under a CO atmosphere (～2 atm) overnight to displace a NCMe ligand; however, in addition to this, bromide displaces an NCMe ligand as well to form a new class of the iron complexes trans-[Fe(CO)(Br)(PR(2)CH(2)CH═NCHR'CHR'N═CHCH(2)PR(2))](+) (10 R = Cy, R' = H; (S,S)-11, R = Cy, R' = Ph; 12, R = iPr, R' = H; (S,S)-13, R = iPr, R' = Ph; 14, R = Et, R' = H; (S,S)-15, R = Et, R' = Ph). These complexes were isolated in moderate yields (55-84%) as tetraphenylborate salts. Complexes 10-15 were tested for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in basic iso-propanol at 25 and 50 °C. The complexes 10-13 (where R = Cy or iPr) were inactive while the complexes 14 and (S,S)-15 (where R = Et) were active at 25 °C but had better activity at 50 °C. Complex (S,S)-15 was higher in activity than complex 14, achieving turnover frequencies as high as 4100 h(-1), conversions of acetophenone to (R)-1-phenylethanol as high as 80% and an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 50% in the product. As catalysis progressed, the e.e. diminished to as low as 26%.     

Acylated mono-, bis- and tris- cinchona-based amines containing ferrocene or organic residues: synthesis, structure and in vitro antitumor activity on selected human cancer cell lines

A series of novel functionalized mono-, bis- and tris-(S)-{[(2S,4R,8R)-8-ethyl-quinuclidin-2-yl](6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)}methanamines including ferrocene-containing derivatives was obtained by the reaction of the precursor amine with a variety of acylation agents. Their in vitro antitumor activity was investigated against human leukemia (HL-60), human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), human hepatoma (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-assay and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values were determined. Our data indicate that the precursor amine has no antitumor activity in vitro, but the bis-methanamines with ureido-, thioureido and amide-type linkers display attractive in vitro cytotoxicity and cytostatic effects on HL-60, HepG2, MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cells. Besides 1H- and 13C-NMR methods the structures of the new model compounds were also studied by DFT calculations.     

Unusual interaction of alkynes with nine-vertex arachno-monocarbaboranes 4-CB8H14 and [4-CB8H13]-

Alkynes R(1)R(2)C(2) react with the neutral monocarbaborane arachno-4-CB(8)H(14) (1) at elevated temperatures (115-120 degrees C) under the formation of the derivatives of the ten-vertex dicarbaborane nido-5,6-C(2)B(8)H(12) (2) of general formula 9-Me-5,6-R1,R2-nido-5,6-C(2)B(8)H(9) (where R1,R2 = H,H 2a; Me,Me 2b; Et,Et 2c, H,Ph 2d, and Ph,Ph 2e) in moderate yields (26-52%). Side reaction with PhC(2)H also yields 1-Ph-6-Me-closo-1,2-C(2)B(8)H(8) (3d). In contrast, the reaction between [arachno-4-CB(8)H(13)](-) anion ((-)) and PhC(2)H produces a mixture of the closo anions [1-CB7H8]- (4-) and [1-CB6H7]- (5-) (yields 32 and 24%, respectively). Individual compounds were isolated and purified by liquid chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy ((11)B, (1)H and (13)C) combined with two-dimensional [(11)B-(11)B]-COSY and (1)H-{(11)B(selective)}NMR techniques.     

Photo-Arbuzov rearrangements of 1-arylethyl phosphites: stereochemical studies and the question of radical-pair intermediates.

The direct UV irradiation of the 1-arylethyl phosphites 7, 8, and 9 was carried out in acetonitrile, benzene, and cyclohexane, as was the triphenylene-sensitized reaction of 9. Dimethyl 1-phenylethyl phosphite, 7, gives the photo-Arbuzov rearrangement product, dimethyl 1-phenylethylphosphonate (10), in 67% average yield and minor amounts (2%) of 2,3-diphenylbutane (11a) in quantum yields of 0.32 and 0.02, respectively. The photorearrangement of optically active, predominantly (R)-1-phenylethyl phosphite 7 (R/S = 97/3; 94% ee), at 35-40 degrees C proceeds with a high degree of stereospecificity at the stereogenic migratory carbon to give predominantly (R)-10 (R/S = 86/14, 72 +/- 2% ee). Use of the nitroxide radical trap TEMPO affords phosphonate 10, presumably all cage product, from predominantly (R)-7 (R/S = 97/3; 94% ee) in 64% yield (80% ee, R/S = 90/10). By contrast, the 1-(4-acetylphenyl)-ethyl phosphite, predominantly (S)-8 (S/R = 98/2, 96% ee), on direct irradiation gives the corresponding phosphonate (12) in only 20% yield along with dimer 11b in 40% accountability yield. Phosphonate 12 is nearly racemic (R/S = 52/48). Direct irradiation of predominantly (R)-9 (R/S = 98/2, 96% ee), a 1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl phosphite, results in a product distribution similar to that from predominantly (R)-7, but with a somewhat higher degree of retention of configuration in the product phosphonate 13 (R/S = 93/7, 86 +/- 3 ee). By contrast, the triplet triphenylene-sensitized photorearrangement of largely (R)-9 (R/S = 98/2, 96% ee) leads to product distributions similar to those from direct irradiation of predominantly (S)-8 and is accompanied by almost total loss of stereochemistry in its product phosphonate, 13 (R/S = 51/49). The partial loss of stereochemistry on direct irradiation of 7 and 9 provides evidence for radical pair formation. Furthermore, these stereochemical results are diagnostic of the multiplicity of the initial radical pair formed. Values for kcomb/krot for the proximate free radical pairs from 7 and 9, derived experimentally, are severalfold larger than those for the proximate singlet pair from Ph2C=C=N-CHPhMe, corrected to 35 degrees C. The possibility that kcomb is increased for the pairs from 7 and 9 is proposed.     

A new approach for asymmetric synthesis of (R)-3-methylpyrrolidine alkaloids from (S)-malic acid

Diastereoselective methylation of dimethyl (S)-malate 7, followed by two, three-step reductive de-hydroxylation procedures afforded dimethyl (R)-2-methylsuccinate 11 in 80.2% e.e. and 84.7% e.e., respectively. The latter compound was further transformed into the natural enantiomers of the ant venom alkaloids (R)-leptothoracine 1 and (R)-3-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-pyrrolidine 2.     

手性亚砜法合成粉 虫性信息素

5-氯-2-戊酮(2)经四步反应制得(R)-(+)-4-甲基-3-戊烯基对甲苯基亚砜(6), 化合物6与乙醛进行不对称加成反应得手性醇(7), 7经兰尼镍还原性脱硫反应即合成出目标产物粉 虫性信息素(1), 其光学纯度可达45%。     

Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Bis(hydroxymethyl)-Branched Cyclohexenyl and Cyclohexyl Purines as Potential Inhibitors of HIV

The synthesis of the enantiomerically pure bis(hydroxymethyl)-branched cyclohexenyl and cyclohexyl purines is described. Racemic trans-4,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohexene [(+/-)-6] was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to give the racemic diol (+/-)-7. Resolution of (+/-)-7 via a transesterification process using lipase from Pseudomonas sp. (SAM-II) gave both diols in enantiomerically pure form. The enantiomerically pure diol (S,S)-7was benzoylated and epoxidized to give the epoxide 9. Treatment of the epoxide 9 with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene followed by dilute hydrochloric acid gave (1R,4S,5R)-4,5-bis[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-1-hydroxycyclohex-2-ene (10). Acetylation of 10 gave (1R,4S,5R)-1-acetoxy-4,5-bis[(benzoyloxy)methyl]cyclohex-2-ene (11). (1R,4S,5R)-1-Acetoxy-4,5-bis[(benzoyloxy)methyl]cyclohex-2-ene (11) was converted to the adenine derivative 12 and guanine derivative 13 via palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling with adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine, respectively. Hydrogenation of 12 and 13 gave the correspondning saturated adenine derivative 14 and guanine derivative 15. (1R,4S,5R)-4,5-Bis[(benzoyloxy)methyl]-1-hydroxycyclohex-2-ene (10) was converted to the adenine derivative 16 and guanine derivative 17 via coupling with 6-chloropurine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine, respectively, using a modified Mitsunobu procedure. Hydrogenation of 16 and 17 gave the corresponding saturated adenine derivative 18 and guanine derivative 19. Compounds 12-19 were evaluated for activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but were found to be inactive. Further biological testings are underway.     

Crystal Structure of （R）-3,3＇- Bis （b enzyloxymethyl）- 1,1 ＇-bi- 2,2＇-naphthol and Its Applications in Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalyzed Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes

The title compound (R)-3,3'-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,1'-bi-2,2'-naphthol (R)-3 has been synthesized through the deprotection of MOM group by iprOH/HC1 in 83% isolated yield and the suitable single crystals for X-ray diffraction were obtained by recrystallization at room temperature from the mixture solvents. Crystallographic data for (R)-3: C36H30O4, Mr = 526.60,triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.057(6), b = 11.934(7), c = 12.314(6) (A), α = 85.52(2), β =70.245(13), γ = 76.554(11)°, Z= 2, V= 1352.8(13) (A)3, Dc = 1.293 g/cm3, F(000) = 556, R = 0.0745,wR = 0.1933 and μ(MoKα) = 0.083 mm-1. The title compound (R)-3 was found to be effective in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes both in the presence and absence of Ti(OiPr)4. In the latter case, (R)-3 showed much higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity than (R)-BINOL's.     

Crystal Structure of (R)-3,3′-Bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,1′-bi-2,2′-naphthol and Its Applications in Enantioselective Lewis Acid Catalyzed Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes

The title compound (R)-3,3′-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,1′-bi-2,2′-naphthol (R)-3 has been synthesized through the deprotection of MOM group by iPrOH/HCl in 83% isolated yield and the suitable single crystals for X-ray diffraction were obtained by recrystallization at room temperature from the mixture solvents. Crystallographic data for (R)-3: C36H30O4, Mr = 526.60, triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.057(6), b = 11.934(7), c = 12.314(6) , α = 85.52(2), β = 70.245(13), γ = 76.554(11)o, Z = 2, V = 1352.8(13)3, Dc = 1.293 g/cm3, F(000) = 556, R = 0.0745, wR = 0.1933 and μ(MoKα) = 0.083 mm-1. The title compound (R)-3 was found to be effective in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes both in the presence and absence of Ti(OiPr)4. In the latter case, (R)-3 showed much higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity than (R)-BINOL′s.