负载型双金属铁钯纳米催化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

探讨膨润土负载双金属铁钯(B-Fe/Pd)纳米材料催化降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的效果和机理.结果表明,在5mgL-1的MC-LR溶液中加入0.1g的纳米B-Fe/Pd,初始pH为6.86,振荡速度为250rmin-1,温度为298K的条件下,经过180min后对MC-LR的降解效率达96.86%.降解溶液的UV-vis和HPLC结果表明,MC-LR在238nm的特征峰消失.通过SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR和XPS技术对B-Fe/Pd降解前后的样品进行表征,结果显示,降解后纳米B-Fe/Pd中的Fe形成了Fe的氧化物与氢氧化物.降解过程的动力学拟合结果显示,B-Fe/Pd降解MC-LR符合伪一级动力学,活化能为12.77kJmol-1.根据降解、表征和动力学结果分析其反应机理,推断是MC-LR首先吸附在B-Fe/Pd颗粒表面,接着纳米铁与水反应产生的氢气在Pd的催化作用下产生大量的氢自由基,并与MC-LR发生链式还原反应,使得MC-LR中最具毒性的共轭双键断开而降解.     

铁柱撑膨润土的微波合成及对甲基橙的光催化氧化降解作用

在微波作用下,由钙基膨润土和铁溶胶快速制备铁柱撑膨润土,分别用XRD、BET、SEM-EDS和TC-DSC测试技术表征了催化剂的组成和结构,结果表明,羟基铁阳离子进入膨润土层间取代Ca2+形成柱撑,膨润土孔结构基本不变,比表面积增加.考察了铁柱撑膨润土对光催化降解甲基橙反应的催化活性,确定了最佳降解反应条件为:体系pH=3,微波500W、80℃辐射10min制备的铁柱撑膨润土为催化剂,用量1.5g/L,H2O2浓度为7.345×10-3mol/L,甲基橙浓度100mg/L,紫外光照射60min,甲基橙的降解率可达98.1％.     

不同直径改性PAN纳米纤维膜与Fe3+的配位反应及其配合物对有机染料降解的催化性能

使用静电纺丝技术和偕胺肟反应制备了三种不同直径的改性聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维膜,然后将它们作为配体分别与Fe3+进行配位反应制备改性PAN纳米纤维膜铁配合物,重点研究了三种改性PAN纳米纤维膜与Fe3+配位反应的动力学特性及其温度和Fe3+初始浓度的影响.最后将其作为非均相Fenton反应催化剂应用于染料降解反应中,考察了改性PAN纳米纤维膜直径对其催化活性的影响.结果表明,在所涉及的温度和浓度范围内,改性PAN纳米纤维膜与Fe3+之间配位反应不仅符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式,而且可理想地使用Lagergren准二级动力学方程进行描述,反应速率常数随着Fe3+初始浓度的增加而逐渐降低.在相同反应条件下,较小直径的纤维膜更容易与Fe3+发生配位反应,且反应速率常数和Fe3+配合量均随着纤维直径的降低而增大.不同直径改性PAN纳米纤维膜铁配合物在暗态条件下对染料的氧化降解反应表现出很好的催化活性,且在辐射光下其催化活性得到加强.改性PAN纳米纤维膜铁配合物的催化作用受到纤维直径的显著影响,由中等直径纳米纤维构成的配合物表现出最高的催化活性.     

可见光辐射下活性炭-铁酸镍杂化催化剂光催化氧化氨氮

铁酸镍（NiFe₂O₄）中的镍原子抑制其光芬顿催化活性. 然而,活性炭（AC）能激活其光芬顿催化活性,结果导致复合催化剂AC-NiFe₂O₄在过氧化氢存在时可见光辐射下也可催化氧化氨氮. 用X射线衍射（XRD）,透射电镜（TEM）,傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱,紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）,比表面积和振动样品磁强计对催化剂进行了表征. 光催化降解氨氮的实验表明,该复合催化剂在10 h内氨氮的降解率可达到91.0%,而同样条件下没有催化剂时氨氮的去除率只有24.0%. 对照实验表明,裸铁酸镍在可见光辐射下,氨氮的降解率只有30.0%. 这表明活性炭加速了氨氮的氧化速率. 动力学研究表明,氨氮的氧化遵循一级反应动力学规律,其表观反应动力学常数为3.538×10^-3 min^-1. 机理研究表明,氨氮的氧化是通过生成HONH₂ 中间体,然后转化为NO₂^- .8次循环实验表明该复合催化剂容易分离、可循环使用、且催化活性十分稳定. 因此,该催化剂具有潜在的应用价值.     

铁钛双金属共柱撑膨润土光催化-Fenton降解苯酚

 通过简单的离子交换方法成功合成了铁钛双金属共柱撑膨润土催化剂, 并利用 N2 吸附、X 射线衍射和等离子体发射光谱对所合成的样品进行了表征. 以苯酚为目标污染物, 考察了 pH 值、催化剂的投加量以及双氧水的加入量等对苯酚降解性能的影响. 结果表明, 在中性条件和紫外光照射下, 铁钛双金属柱撑膨润土上苯酚降解率和矿化率都高达 95%, 且铁离子的溶出率始终低于 2 mg/L, 均优于单一铁柱撑膨润土催化剂. 经过五次循环测试, 催化剂均表现出较高的活性. 即使在碱性 (pH = 9.0) 条件下, 反应 180 min 苯酚降解率也高达 70.3%, 表现出较好的酸碱适应性. 并讨论了双金属柱撑土所具有较大的比表面积和较强的表面酸性与活性之间的关系.     

纳米TiO2低温制备及光催化降解有毒有机污染物

通过设计不同的实验方案低温（180℃）制备得到纳米TiO2,并在紫外光（λ≤387nm）照射下利用有机染料罗丹明B（Rhodamine B,RhB）光催化降解为探针反应,以有机污染物降解活性最佳为目的,优选低温制备得到纳米TiO2最佳方案．结果表明以Ti（SO4）2为原料,在低温条件下通过蒸汽热法制得TiO2为最佳方案．对制备高催化活性的纳米TiO2利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）对其进行了物理特性及光化学性质的初步表征,探讨了纳米TiO2制备时反应温度和反应时间对其粒径大小、晶型转变以及光催化活性的影响．实验结果表明：在以紫外光（λ≤387nm）照射下的探针反应有良好的光催化降解效果为条件,优选低温制备得到纳米TiO2最佳反应温度为180℃,最佳反应时间为12h．通过紫外-可见光谱（UV—vis）、红外光谱（FTIR）和总有机碳（TOC）的测定分析,发现UV／TiO2体系在pH=3．00的条件下,能使RhB发生有效的降解和矿化,矿化率达到93．2％．     

以陶瓷球为载体的铁掺杂氧化锌纳米棒光催化降解甲醛气体

采用简单的湿化学法在陶瓷球上制备了纯氧化锌和铁掺杂的氧化锌纳米棒。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和紫外可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）对样品的结构、形貌和光学性能进行了结构表征和分析。研究了纯氧化锌及铁掺杂的氧化锌在紫外光照射下对甲醛气体的降解效率。结果表明与纯氧化锌相比,铁掺杂的催化剂表现出更优越的光催化活性。当Fe的掺杂量为4%时,催化剂对甲醛的降解效率最高。催化剂具有良好的稳定性,可以重复利用,循环使用10次之后,催化效率仍可达到85%。     

天然有机质在生物炭负载纳米镍铁降解十溴联苯醚过程中的影响作用机理辨识

天然有机质（NOM）对纳米铁基材料去除污染物过程中的影响作用机理仍存争议.本工作选取腐殖酸（HA）作为NOM的代表物,研究了HA对生物炭负载纳米镍铁（BC@Ni/Fe）降解十溴联苯醚（BDE209）的动力学影响,结果表明HA对BC@Ni/Fe降解BDE209产生抑制作用,且随着HA浓度的升高,抑制作用越显著.通过HA与BC@Ni/Fe相互作用实验发现,HA能够快速地被BC@Ni/Fe吸附;通过HA对BC@Ni/Fe的Zeta电位和沉降影响实验发现,随着HA浓度的升高可有效提高BC@Ni/Fe的稳定性以及表面电荷,这表明HA不是通过影响BC@Ni/Fe颗粒的性能对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209产生抑制作用的.BC@Ni/Fe的腐蚀能力随着HA浓度的升高而降低,这与HA对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209反应活性影响成正相关关系.HA中具有电子传递作用的典型醌类化合物2-羟基-1,4-萘醌（Lawsone）和蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠（AQDS）,在反应过程中并没有起到电子传递作用促进反应进行,反而对BC@Ni/Fe去除BDE209起抑制作用.结合BDE209和HA之间的竞争吸附实验发现,HA抑制BC@Ni/Fe反应活性的主导原因是HA优先于BDE209被BC@Ni/Fe吸附,HA包覆于BC@Ni/Fe颗粒表面占据了活性位点,阻碍BC@Ni/Fe与H₂O的接触,减少了Fe⁰的腐蚀,从而抑制了BC@Ni/Fe对BDE209的降解.     

纳米金属铁降解有机卤化物的研究进展

有机卤化物是一种毒性强、难生物降解的环境污染物,传统处理技术存在着降解不完全、效率低等不足。纳米技术的发展给有机卤化物的处理带来了一种新的颇具潜力的方法,即应用纳米金属/双金属颗粒对有机卤化物进行脱卤。目前,以Fe(Ⅱ) 和 Fe(Ⅲ)等常见原料合成纳米铁颗粒的技术已经成熟,纳米颗粒对有机卤化物也显示出高效的降解性能。更重要的是,其可灵活应用于地下水和土壤的原位和异位修复,尤其适用于原位修复。本文综述了纳米铁颗粒降解有机卤化物的研究进展,包括纳米铁颗粒的合成与修饰, 降解效能、降解机理、降解动力学、示范工程等,以及发展前景和今后的研究方向。     

纳米零价铁对水中砷和硒去除的比较研究

采用纳米零价铁去除水中的砷和硒,考察了不同溶解氧、纳米零价铁投加量、接触时间以及溶液初始pH值等条件下纳米零价铁去除水中砷和硒的效果,并比较了反应前后固体的形貌、组成、溶液pH值及反应机制.结果表明,纳米零价铁可广泛用于去除水中的砷/硒污染,去除效果顺序依次为Se（IV）> As（Ⅲ）> Se（VI）> As（V）;水中溶解氧（DO）对As（Ⅲ）和Se（IV）的去除没有显著的影响,而高浓度的DO对As（V）和Se（VI）的去除产生了一定的抑制作用;增加纳米零价铁投加量可促进砷和硒的去除;溶液初始pH值对纳米零价铁去除As（Ⅲ）,As（V）和Se（VI）的影响较大,而对Se（IV）的去除几乎没有影响;反应后固体的形貌、组成及溶液pH值存在差异.纳米零价铁与砷、硒反应机理的不同造成了去除效果及反应后固液两相的差异.     

Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles tend to agglomerate, resulting in a significant loss in reactivity. To address this issue, synthesized bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (B-nZVI) was used to remove azo dye methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution. Batch experiments show that various parameters, such as pH, initial concentration of MO, dosage, and temperature, were affected by the removal of MO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that B-nZVI increased their reactivity and a decrease occurred in the aggregation of iron nanoparticles for the presence of bentonite (B). Using B-nZVI, 79.46% of MO was removed, whereas only 40.03% when using nZVI after reacting for 10 min with an initial MO concentration of 100 mg/L (pH=6.5). Furthermore, after B-nZVI reacted to MO, XRD indicated that iron oxides were formed. FTIR showed that no new bands appeared, and UV-vis demonstrated that the absorption peak of MO was degraded. Kinetics studies showed that the degradation of MO fitted well to the pseudo first-order model. A degradation mechanism is proposed, including the following: oxidation of iron, adsorption of MO to B-nZVI, formation of Fe(II)-dye complex, and cleavage of azo bond. Finally, the removal rate of MO from actual wastewater was 99.75% when utilizing B-nZVI.     

Ion-pair reversed-phase and low-molecular-weight aqueous gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the determination of amoxicillin oligomers

Summary Polymeric substances formed from concentrated sodium amoxicillin in an aqueous solution have been separated using two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. We used a C₁₈ reversed-phase column with tetrabutylammonium chloride as an ion-pairing agent with an acetonitrile gradient and a TSKgel G2500PWxl column with water as the solvent for gel permeation chromatography. The separated materials, ranging in size from the monomer to the tetramer, have been characterized by functional-group chemical analysis, while the identification of the piperazine-2,5-dione was done using a pure standard. A greater number of peaks which were also better defined were obtained using the ion-pair reversed-phase method, and open and closed beta-lactam ring polymer forms could be distinguished. Using the gel permeation method, only a few monomer, piperazine-2,5-dione, dimer, trimer and combined amoxicillin trimer and tetramer peaks were obtained with water, although those obtained were quite well defined. The data on the time-course of formation of the oligomers and the amoxicillin degradation product were virtually identical by both methods. In some countries, particularly the UK, the name of the compound is amoxycillin.     

常温常压下五元杂环的催化加氢反应

 考察了常温常压下吡咯、呋喃和噻吩的催化加氢反应;用紫外吸收光谱、气相色谱和酸碱度测定分析了反应物质;用比表面积测定、X射线衍射、透射电镜及高分辨电镜表征了催化剂．结果表明,在纳米量级的镍基催化剂作用下,双键五元杂环的加氢反应过程是多反应同时进行：主要有环上双键先加氢生成四氢化物单键环,继而开环加氢生成若干小分子气体;也有直接开环反应．总体上是在还原条件下实现降解反应．超声波的介入有利于保持催化剂的活性．对反应机理进行了探讨．     

Simultaneous determination of β-lactamic antibiotics by a new high-performance low-pressure chromatographic system using a multisyringe burette coupled to a monolithic column (MSC)

A technique based on multisyringe chromatography (MSC) was developed to determine three beta-lactamic antibiotics. Amoxicillin (AMOXI), ampicillin (AMPI) and cephalexin (CEPHA) were analyzed using a system with a very simple design and very low-cost equipment consisting of a multisyringe module, three low-pressure solenoid valves, a monolithic Chromolith Flash RP-18e column and a diode array spectrophotometric detector monitoring at 250 nm. Mobile phases containing methanol:acetic acid (0.1 M)-sodium acetate (0.1 M), pH 6.2, were tested for various ratios of methanol:acetic acid-sodium acetate, but a ratio of 10:90 gave optimum results with a flow rate of 2 ml min(-1). Validation parameters were evaluated for amoxicillin. The response to amoxicillin was linear over the range 0.04-0.4 mg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996; precisions, evaluated as the repeatability for 0.04, 0.16 and 0.4 mg/mL amoxicillin, were 0.6%, 0.1% and 0.6%, respectively. Recovery from a generic formulation of amoxicillin was evaluated. The method showed selectivity in the presence of excipients commonly used in capsules, and satisfactory specificity was observed for amoxicillin and hydrolytic degradation products. The linearity was also evaluated for cephalexin and ampicillin. The conditions selected for MSC separation were compared with those for a HPLC system, and similar results were obtained in terms of chromatographic parameters but a difference in retention times was observed.     

Sequential injection analysis for the simultaneous determination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin in pharmaceuticals using second-order calibration.

In this paper, we report on a method for quantifying clavulanic acid and amoxicillin simultaneously in pharmaceuticals using sequential injection analysis (SIA) with a diode-array spectrophotometric detector and multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). We optimized the experimental parameters so that the analytical sequence could distinguish the concentrations and spectrum profiles of the species of interest with optimum resolution quality. After establishing the optimum conditions, we quantified clavulanic acid and amoxicillin in four pharmaceuticals. In most cases our results were slightly higher than those in the prospectus of the pharmaceutical. The relative standard deviations were below 5% for amoxicillin and below 7% for clavulanic acid. These results are acceptable because, to prevent degradation due to bacteriostatic activity, the concentration of the main reactant is usually higher.     

A sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ambroxol in human plasma with segmental monitoring

Amoxicillin (AMO) degrades in plasma at room temperature and readily undergoes hydrolysis by the plasma amidase. In this paper, a novel, rapid and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method operated in segmental and multiple reaction monitoring has been developed for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and ambroxol in human plasma. The degradation of amoxicillin in plasma was well prevented by immediate addition of 20 μL glacial acetic acid to 200 μL aliquot of freshly collected plasma samples before storage at ?80°C. The sensitivity of the method was improved with segmental monitoring of the analytes, and lower limits of quantitation of 0.5 ng/mL for ambroxol and 5 ng/mL for amoxicillin were obtained. The sensitivity of our method was five times better than those of the existing methods. Furthermore, the mass response saturation problem with amoxicillin was avoided by diluting the deproteinized plasma samples with water before injection into the LC‐MS/MS system. The method was successfully employed in a pharmacokinetic study of the compound amoxicillin and ambroxol hydrochloride tablets. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facile one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their sensing protocol

This communication reports facile one pot synthesis of amoxicillin and sodium salt of amoxicillin stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Primarily the cyclic thioether linkage i.e. the thiozolidine ring of amoxicillin is utilized for sequestering Au(III). Fluorescence quenching of these clusters makes it an efficient protocol for sensing Cu(2+) at nano scale levels.     

A carbon-rich g-C3N4 with promoted charge separation for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin

A novel carbon-rich g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with large surface area was prepared by facile thermal polymerization method using urea and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol. Plenty of carbon-rich functional groups were introduced into the surface layers of g-C₃N₄, which constructed the built-in electric field (BIEF) and resulted in improved charge separation; therefore, the carbon-rich g-C₃N₄ displayed superior photocatalytic activity for amoxicillin degradation under solar light. The contaminant degradation mechanism was proposed based on radical quenching experiments, intermediates analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Moreover, the reusing experiments showed the high stability of the material, and the amoxicillin degradation under various water matrix parameters indicated its high applicability on pollutants treatment, all of which demonstrated its high engineering application potentials.     

New synthesis of estradiol from androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione

A new method for the aromatization of ring A in androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, available from sterols by means of the microbiological degradation of the side chain, was developed. The method consists of the reduction of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione to the corresponding dienediol followed by double C,O-deprotonation of ring A, accompanied by expulsion of the 19-methyl group and formation of estradiol in a high yield. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 599–601, March, 1999.     

Behavior of amoxicillin in wastewater and river water: identification of its main transformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The identification of transformation products (TPs) of pharmaceuticals in the environment is essentially a challenging task due to the lack of standards and the instrumental capabilities required to detect compounds (sometimes unknowns) that are produced under environmental conditions. In this work, we report the use of liquid chromatography/electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS/MS) as a tool for the identification of amoxicillin (AMX) and its main TPs in wastewater and river water samples. Laboratory degradation experiments of AMX were performed in both alkaline and acidic media in order to confirm that the expected transformation pathway in the aquatic media is through the β-lactam ring cleavage. A thorough study was carried out with both standards and real samples (wastewater and river water samples). Four compounds were identified as main TPs: both amoxicillin diketopiperacine-2',5' and amoxilloic acid diastereomers. Amoxilloic acid stereoisomers are reported for the first time in environmental matrices. The transformation product (5R)-amoxicillin diketopiperacine-2',5' was frequently detected in river waters. Besides, another AMX transformation product formed during analysis was also structurally elucidated for the first time (amoxicilloic acid methyl ester) via accurate mass measurements. Collected data show that although AMX is not present as such in environmental samples, different TPs occur. This study represent a valuable indicator of the potential of LC/QTOF-MS/MS for the identification and structural elucidation of TPs in the environment using accurate MS/MS experiments, enabling thus the recognition of the environmental transformation pathway.