p-tert-Butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene/p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene: Transition and Heavy Metal Cation Extraction and Transport Studies by Ketone and Ester Derivatives

The binding properties of two phenylketones (2a and 3a) and two ethylesters (2b and {3b) derived from p-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene or from p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene, in the cone conformation, towards transition (Ag⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺) and heavy (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺) metal cations have been determined by extraction studies with metal picrates and liquid membrane transport experiments with the same salts. The affinity of these ligands for Ag⁺ has also been investigated by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Both ketones are better extractants than the esters, and show a strong preference for Ag⁺, while Cu²⁺ is the most extracted cation with the esters. ¹H NMR titrations with AgSO₃CF₃ indicate 1 : 1 complexes for all ligands, those with ketones are more stable, on the NMR time scale, than those with esters. Both esters are good carriers for Ag⁺, and 2b exhibits the highest transport rate (4.7 mol h^-1) found until now with dihomooxacalix[4]arene derivatives.     

A convenient synthesis of new thiaazacrown ethers and study of their complexation reactions with some transition metal cations in binary acetonitrile–chloroform mixture using the conductometric method

Three novel thiaazacrown ethers 1, 2 and 3 were synthesized in a simple way and in high yield. The complex formation between Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ metal cations with thiaazacrown ethers 1, 2 and 3 have been studied in acetonitrile:chloroform (1:1) binary solvent system using conductometric technique. The conductance data show that the stochiometry of the complexes with Ag⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ cations is 1:1 (L:M), but in the case of Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ cations, a 1:2 (L:M) complex is formed in solutions. The formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined from the molar conductance-mole ratio data at 25 °C. It was found that the stability constants of 1-Ag²⁺, 2-Ag⁺ and 3-Ag⁺ complexes are higher than those of their corresponding Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ complexes and found to vary in order 3 > 1 > 2 for Ag⁺.     

Crystal Structure Formation in Compounds with [Hg2]2+ Dimers

This paper describes the arrangement of cations in the structures of inorganic compounds HgVO₃, HgReO₄, Hg₂MoO₄ ( and , Hg₂Mo₂O₇, Hg₂Mo₅O₁₆, Hg₅Re₂O₁₀ (two modifications), Hg₂ReO₅, and Hg₂VO₄. To isolate crystal-forming planes and cation sublattices, it is preferable to consider the [Hg₂]²⁺ dumbbell pair as a single cation. Two types of mutual orientation of close-packed cation planes intersecting at an angle of 60° or 90° (45°) have been found. Details of three-dimensional ordering of cations and possible methods of structure modification in polymorphous transformations are discussed.     

Studies on the Complexes of N,N′-Bis[o-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene]ethylenediamine with Transition Metal Ions

The thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, andAg⁺ with the new title ligand have been determined by titration calorimetry in 50% THF–methanol (V/V) at 25 °C.Ag⁺ exhibited remarkably higher complexation selectivity.Ag⁺ and several transition metal ions have been transportedusing this ligand as carrier in a bulk liquid membrane. CompetitiveAg⁺–M²⁺ transport studies have also beencarried out for the same system. In this membrane transport study, high transport of Ag⁺ was observed in both single and competitiveAg⁺–M²⁺ transport studies. The complexformation of N,N-bis[o-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene]ethylenediamine (P₂N₂) with silver,[Ag(P₂N₂)] (NO₃), (1) is reported. Complex 1 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. 1 ismonoclinic, space group P2_1/n (No. 14), with cell dimensionsa = 13.398(4) , b=12.577(5) , c = 21.521(4) , =100.14(2) , V = 3570(2) ³ and Z = 4.     

Der Nachweis des Bleis durch selektive Papierchromatographie

Zusammenfassung Eine mit dem Pinsel auf das Papier aufgetragene CdS-Zone fällt die Ionen Hg²⁺, Hg⁺, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Bi³⁺, jedoch nicht Pb²⁺. Das Blei wird nach Durchwandern der Zone mit Ammoniumsulfid nachgewiesen. Es können 20 g Blei neben 20 mg Hg²⁺, 3 mg Cu²⁺, 15 mg Ag⁺ und 0,6 mg Bi³⁺ erkannt werden, wenn man die Chromatographie im Reagensglas durchführt.Herrn Professor Dr. Glemser danke ich für die Unterstützung der Arbeit durch Institutsmittel.     

Heavy metal complexation by N-acyl(thio)urea-functionalized cavitands: synthesis, extraction and potentiometric studies

The synthesis and binding properties of resorcinarene-based cavitands functionalized with N-acylthiourea moieties towards different cations are described. Extraction studies with metal (Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Eu³⁺, Fe³⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Ca²⁺) picrates and the incorporation in ion selective electrodes (ISEs), show that there is more than a 40% increase of the Ag⁺ extraction for N-acylthiourea ionophores (2, 3, and 8) in comparison with N-benzoyl-N′-benzylthiourea (9). Ionophore 8, which has a C₃ chain between the platform and the ionophore, extracts two times more Cu²⁺ than the more rigid one (2). Stoichiometry studies showed for ligand 2 a ligand/metal ratio of 1:1, while for model compound 9 a ratio of 1:2 was found. Potentiometric studies of electrodes revealed that cavitands 2, 3, and 8 induce a significantly different selectivity pattern compared to the cation-exchanger used, as well as model compound 9. Especially, a considerable enhancement of the selectivity towards Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ over K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na²⁺ ions was observed.     

Ma?analyse und Katalyse

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß sich katalysierte Indicatorreaktionen auch zur Endpunktsermittlung unter Verwendung eines automatischen Titrationsgerätes eignen. Beispiele für photometrische (Mn²⁺ mit ÄDTA), potentiometrische (Hg²⁺ und Ag⁺ mit KJ, J^– mit Hg²⁺) und biamperometrische (Cu²⁺ mit ÄDTA) Steuerung des Titrationsgerätes illustrieren diese Technik. Dabei werden auch Beispiele beschrieben, bei denen nicht — wie sonst üblich — mit dem Katalysator, sondern mit dem Inhibitor (Titration mit der Bremse) titriert wird.Teil VII: Kiss,T.: diese Z. 252, 12 (1970).     

Chelatometrie. XVII

Zusammenfassung Der p_H-Indicator Pyridin-(2-azo-4)-resorcin (PAR) bildet mit zahlreichen Metallionen intensiv rot bis orange gefärbte und durch Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure (ÄDTA) zerlegbare Chelate. Arbeitsbereiche für direkte chelatometrische Bestimmungen von Ca²⁺-, Cu²⁺-, Zn²⁺-, Cd²⁺-, Hg²⁺-, Pr³⁺-, Nd³⁺, Pb²⁺-, Bi³⁺-, Mn²⁺-, Ni²⁺- sowie Al³⁺-Ionen werden gegeben. PAR ist wegen seines größeren Anwendungsbereiches und seiner Wasserlöslichkeit dem PAN vorzuziehen.In einer mit Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan gepufferten Lösung (p_H9–10) lassen sieh chelatometrisch Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ und Pb²⁺ gegen PAR, außerdem Mn²⁺ gegen PAR und Eriochromrot B und des weiteren Co²⁺ gegen Murexid bestimmen. Der Tris-Puffer (p_H-Bereich7–10) zeigt ähnlich wie der bewährte Hexamethylentetramin-Puffer (p_H-Bereich5–7) nur eine schwach ausgeprägte Komplexbildungstendenz. Aus diesem Grunde können jetzt für den p_H-Bereich von 5–10 durch richtige Pufferung ideale chelatometrische Titrationsverhältnisse geschaffen werden.Mitteilung XVI dieser Reihe: diese Z. 158, 321 (1957).     

Highly Efficient and Selective Membrane Transport of Silver(I) Using Dibenzodiaza‐15‐Crown‐4 as a Selective Ion Carrier

A chloroform membrane system containing dibenzodiaza‐15‐crown‐4 was found to be a highly efficient and selective transport of Ag⁺ ions through a chloroform liquid membrane. In the presence of thiosulfate ion as a suitable ion stripping agent in the receiving phase, the amount of silver transported across the liquid membrane after 105 minis 95 ± 1.3%. The selectivity of Ag⁺transport from aqueous solutions containing Tl⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺was investigated. The interfering effect of Cu²⁺ ions was drastically diminished in the presence of EDTA as a proper masking agent in the source phase.     

Ion-pair extraction of transition metal cations from aqueous media using novel N2O2-macrocyclic crown ligands

Three new macrocyclic crown ether ligands containing nitrogen–oxygen donor atoms were designed and synthesized from 1,4-bis(2′-formylphenyl)-1,4-dioxabutane and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. Ion-pair extraction of metal picrates such as Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, and Pb²⁺ from aqueous phase to the organic phase was carried out using the novel ligands. The solvent effect over the metal picrate extractions was investigated at 25 ± 0.1 °C by using UV–visible spectrometry. The extractability and the values of the extraction constants (log K_ex) were determined for the extracted complexes.     

Photoactive chemosensors 4: a Cu protein cavity mimicking fluorescent chemosensor for selective Cu recognition

Fluorescent chemosensor 3 can sense Cu²⁺ ions (1-8 μM) even in the presence of elevated levels of Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ and Pb²⁺ (5000 μM). 3 can also analyze for Ag⁺ ions (50-500 μM) in the presence of Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺ (5000 μM) but Cu²⁺ strongly interferes.     

The Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel vic-Dioxime and its Mononuclear Complexes Bearing an 18-Membered 2 O 2 S 2 Macro-Cycle and Their Characteristics as Extractants for Transition Metal Ions

A new (E, E)-dioxime (H ₂ L) containing a diazadioxadithia macrocyclic moieties has been synthesized by reaction of an aromatic primary amine with cyanogendi-N-dioxide. The BF₂ ⁺-capped Ni²⁺ mononuclear complex of this new oxime has been synthesized using a precursor hydrogen-bridged mononuclear Ni²⁺ complex. The solvent extraction of transition metal cations by (3) and (6) with picrate anion into chloroform has been studied at 25 °C and UV-visible spectroscopy. The extractability and selectivity of transition metal picrates, (Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ag⁺) has been evaluated. The structures of new compounds are identified by using elemental analysis, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR, IR and MS spectral data.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel indole-containing half-crowns as new emissive metal probes

Two new indole derivatives have been synthesized by a one-pot procedure and their potential as fluorescence probes for metal ions was investigated. The sensor capability of 1 and 2 toward cations such as Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Hg²⁻ was studied in dichloromethane solution by absorption, fluorescence emission, and ¹H NMR titrations. Both probes showed selectivity for Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺ ions. The results suggest that these compounds may serve as promising models for future design of novel and more potent sensors.     

Influence of metal cation on chromophore properties of complexes of some <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> metals with α,α-dipyrrolylmethene

In complexes of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Hg²⁺ with 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4,4-dibutyl-2,2-dipyrrolylmethene, the d-metal ion exerts an auxochromic effect on the system of the ligand, manifested in a bathochromic shift of the first absorption band in the spectrum of the complex, compared to the free ligand. Polarization of the chromophore system in the complexes increases in the order Zn²⁺ < Hg²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Cu²⁺. The Hg²⁺ ion in the complex with dipyrrolylmethene participates in mercuration of benzene and chloroform; the reaction with chloroform is faster, with the rates of both reactions strongly depending on temperature.Translated from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 74, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1383–1387.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Guseva, Antina, Berezin, Vyugin.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES AS COMPLEXING AGENTS X. THERMODYNAMICS OF COMPLEX FORMATION OF N,N'-BIS-(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-ETHYLENEDIAMINE AND OF TWO HIGHER HOMOLOGUES

Abstract

The complex formation of Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Ag⁺ with three amines of the type with n values from 2 to 4, has been investigated. The stability constants and the heats evolved by formation of the 1:1 complexes have been determined. The thermodynamic data are discussed in relation of the preferred stereochemistry of the cation and of the steric requirements of the ligands using also visible spectra of solutions, i.r. and reflection spectra of solid complex salts.     

Synthesis and metal-ion binding properties of new N2S4- and N2S5-donor macrocycles

Synthetic procedures for new N₂S₄- and N₂S₅-donor macrocycles (2 and 4) were given. The ligands were prepared by the reaction of NaBH₄ with the appropriate macrocyclic diamide in the presence of boron trifluoride ethyl etherate in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF). Solvent extraction method was used to evaluate metal-ion binding properties of the new ligands. The solvent extraction experiments suggested that the reduced macrocycles have Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺ selectivities compared to Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. The extraction constants (log K _ex) and complex compositions were determined for Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺ complex of compound (4).     

Synthesis and metal extraction studies of a novel chromogenic 5,17-bisazocalix[4]arenes

Three novel chromogenic cone azocalix[4]arenes 5a–c, which have cavity and the azo groups as metal-binding sites and as coloration sites were synthesized. They were studied by the liquid–liquid extraction of selected metal cations (Sr²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg⁺, Hg²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺). Through examination of the extraction, a novel selectivity of these compounds toward Hg²⁺ cations has been determined. Besides, it has been also found that azocalix[4]arene 5c is highly sensitive to acid–base titration, which can be detected by the naked eye.     

A highly selective turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for copper(II) ion

A new pyrene derivative (1) containing a diaminomaleonitrile moiety exhibits high selectivity for Cu²⁺ detection. Significant fluorescence enhancement was observed with chemosensor 1 in the presence of Cu²⁺. However, the metal ions Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ produced only minor changes in fluorescence values for the system. The apparent association constant (K_a) of Cu²⁺ binding in chemosensor 1 was found to be 5.55×10³ M⁻¹. The maximum fluorescence enhancement caused by Cu²⁺ binding in chemosensor 1 was observed over the pH range 5-7.5.     

Spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Kobalt in Bleilegierungen

Zusammenfassung Die vorgeschlagene spektrophotometrische Methode beruht auf der Reaktion von Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC) mit dem Thiocyanatokomplex des Kobalts(II). Bleilegierungen werden in Salpetersäure gelöst, das Blei mit Natriumchlorid gefällt und durch Abfiltrieren entfernt. Das Kobalt wird mit TTC und Thiocyanat in (TT)₂ [Co(CNS)₄] übergeführt, mit Chloroform extrahiert und unter Verwendung eines gelben Lichtfilters photometriert.Das Beersche Gesetz ist in den Grenzen 2–100g Co erfüllt. Die Bestimmung wird in Gegenwart von Ascorbinsäure und Thiosulfat durchgeführt und durch Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mo⁴⁺ und Zn²⁺ nicht gestort.Der mittlere Relativfehler der Methode ist 5,60%.

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The photometric determination of cobalt in lead alloys

Summary The proposed spectrophotometric method is based on the reaction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) with the thiocyanato complex of cobalt(II). Lead alloys are dissolved in nitric acid, the lead is precipitated with sodium chloride and removed by filtration. The cobalt is converted into (TT)₂ [Co(CNS)₄] by means of TTC and thiocyanate, extracted with chloroform and photometrized with employment of a yellow light filter.Beer's law is valid between the limits 2–100g CO. The determination is conducted in the presence of ascorbic acid and thiosulfate and there is no interference by Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mo⁴⁺ and Zn²⁺.The mean relative error of the method is 5.60%.