Linear analysis of a three-dimensional rectangular Cerenkov maser with a sheet electron beam

A linear theory of a rectangular Cerenkov maser (RCM) with a sheet electron beam is developed by using the field-match method. Based on the three-dimensional beam-wave interaction model proposed in this paper, a hybrid-mode dispersion equation and its analytical solution are derived for the RCM. Through numerical calculations, the effects of the beam-grating gap, beam thickness, current density, beam voltage and waveguide width on the linear growth rate are analysed. Moreover, the performance difference between the RCM with the closed transverse boundary and that with the upper open boundary is compared. The results show that the closed RCM model can avoid the effect of RF radiation on beam-wave interaction, which is more rational for practical applications.     

介质加载的矩形截面Cerenkov脉塞中带状电子注与慢波结构互作用的研究

本文建立了介质加载的矩形截面Cerenkov脉塞中带状电子注与慢波结构互作用的三维物理模型. 采用Borgnis函数法和场匹配法求解了多层介质中场的匹配问题, 获得了注波互作用结构的混合模热色散方程(含电子注)及其近似解. 通过数值计算, 分析了热态下介质层厚度、电子注电压、电流密度、电子注厚度及电子注与 介质层间隙距离等主要结构和电参数对注波互作用增长率的影响.     

Simplified nonlinear theory of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser

To rapidly and accurately investigate the performance of the dielectric loaded rectangular Cerenkov maser, a simplified nonlinear theory is proposed, in which the variations of wave amplitude and wave phase are determined by two coupled first-order differential equations. Through combining with the relativistic equation of motion and adopting the forward wave assumption, the evolutions of the forward wave power, the power growth rate, the axial wave number, the accumulated phase offset, and the information of the particle movement can be obtained in a single-pass calculation. For an illustrative example, this method is used to study the influences of the beam current, the gap distance between the beam and the dielectric surface, and the momentum spread on the forward wave. The variations of the saturated power and the saturation length with the working frequency for the beams with different momentum spreads have also been studied. The result shows that the beam-wave interaction is very sensitive to the electron beam state. To further verify this simplified theory, a comparison with the result produced from a rigorous method is also provided, we find that the evolution curves of the forward wave power predicted by the two methods exhibit excellent agreement. In practical applications, the developed theory can be used for the design and analysis of the rectangular Cerenkov maser.     

Analysis and design of the taper in metal-grating periodic slow-wave structures for rectangular Cerenkov masers

The hybrid-mode dispersion equation of the metal-grating periodic slow-wave structure for a rectangular Cerenkov maser is derived by using the Borgnis function and field-matching methods.An equivalent-circuit model for the taper of the groove depth that matches the smooth waveguide to the metal-grating structure is proposed.By using the equivalentcircuit method,as well as the Ansoft high frequency structure simulator(HFSS) code,an appropriate electromagnetic mode for beam-wave interaction is selected and the equivalent-circuit analysis on the taper is given.The calculated results show that a cumulative reflection coefficient of 0.025 for the beam-wave interaction structure at a working frequency of 78.1 GHz can be reached by designing the exponential taper with a TE z10 rectangular waveguide mode as the input and the desired TE x10 mode as the output.It is worth pointing out that by using the equivalent-circuit method,the complex field-matching problems from the traditional field-theory method for taper design can be avoided,so the taper analysis process is markedly simplified.     

一种矩形截面切伦柯夫脉塞金属周期慢波结构的分析方法

 分析了矩形截面切伦柯夫脉塞周期金属慢波结构的色散特性,以及结构参数的变化对色散曲线的影响。为避免慢波结构两端突变引起的反射振荡,采用等效电路法分析了用于连接光滑波导和慢波结构的渐变段。将线性形、两段形和指数形的渐变段进行了比较。指数形渐变段末端的功率反射系数最小, 并且整体的变化最平缓, 因此可将其作为实现慢波与快波间转换的较优选择。分析了频率和实际加工误差对指数形渐变段功率反射系数的影响:在频率较小时,功率反射系数也较小;固定频率下,较小的加工误差能使交界处功率反射系数的变化较平缓。在此基础上设计了一个功率反射系数小于0.01的指数渐变段,实现了工作模式和快波模式之间的良好匹配。与耦合模理论分析方法相比,等效电路方法更为简洁,二者结果相符合。     

一种矩形截面切伦柯夫脉塞金属周期慢波结构的分析方法

分析了矩形截面切伦柯夫脉塞周期金属慢波结构的色散特性,以及结构参数的变化对色散曲线的影响。为避免慢波结构两端突变引起的反射振荡,采用等效电路法分析了用于连接光滑波导和慢波结构的渐变段。将线性形、两段形和指数形的渐变段进行了比较。指数形渐变段末端的功率反射系数最小, 并且整体的变化最平缓, 因此可将其作为实现慢波与快波间转换的较优选择。分析了频率和实际加工误差对指数形渐变段功率反射系数的影响:在频率较小时,功率反射系数也较小;固定频率下,较小的加工误差能使交界处功率反射系数的变化较平缓。在此基础上设计了一个功率反射系数小于0.01的指数渐变段,实现了工作模式和快波模式之间的良好匹配。与耦合模理论分析方法相比,等效电路方法更为简洁,二者结果相符合。     

Linear theory of an electron cyclotron maser operating at the fundamental

The linear theory of an electron cyclotron maser (ECM) operating at the fundamental is developed. A set of analytic expressions, valid for all TE cavity modes, is derived for the starting current and frequency detuning using the Vlasov-Maxwell equations in the weakly relativistic limit. These results are applicable for an arbitrary electron velocity distribution as well as any longitudinal distribution of the RF field. It is shown that the starting current can be expressed in a simple form which contains the Fourier trans-form of the longitudinal field distribution. Analytic results are presented for specific longitudinal field variations, including uniform, sinusoidal, and Gaussian. It is found that the starting characteristics of an ECM are strongly influenced by the axial dependence of the RF field, but weakly affected by the velocity spread of the electron beam. The problem of multimode oscillation is treated in the linear theory by using a Slater expansion of the cavity field. The complete formulation for mode competition based on this expansion is presented and preliminary results are derived. This comprehensive analysis of ECM linear theory should be useful as a diagnostic of ECM performance and should facilitate comparison between theory and experiment.Work supported by U.S.D.O.E. Contract DE-AC-02-80ER52059Supported by U.S. Department of EnergySupported by National Science Foundation     

介质加载矩形波导栅行波管的小信号增益计算

介质加载矩形波导栅行波管是一类新型毫米波大功率器件.给出了此结构引入电子束后的“热”色散方程,并利用“牛顿下山”法求解了此复杂系数超越方程,研究了介质加载以及电子束参数对小信号增益的影响.计算结果表明：介质加载可以扩大矩形波导栅行波管的带宽,而增益有所减小.为了弥补增益的降低,可以适当增加槽深度,也可在一定的范围内提高电子束电流.给出的结论对于研制此类行波管具有一定的指导意义. 关键词： 介质加载 矩形波导栅 小信号增益 “热”色散方程     

Field theory of dielectric Cherenkov maser

The effect of three-dimensional perturbed velocity and three-dimensional perturbed current density on the beam-wave interaction of dielectric Cherenkov maser is analysed by use of the self-consistent linear field theory. Three distinct cases are considered. First, the propagation of the electron beam in an annular dielectric liner enclosed by a loss-free conducting wall is investigated. The dispersion equation and the simultaneous condition of the beam-wave interaction are derived. It's clearly shown that the instability of the interaction results from the coupling of the TM mode in the dielectric lined slow-wave waveguide to the beam mode via the electron beam. And the coupling is proportional to the density of the beam. The growth rate of the wave produced by the electron beam are obtained. Then, the case of a relativistic electron beam guided by a longitudinal magnetic field in the same slow-wave structure is examined. The motion of electrons could be approximated to be one-dimensional when the simultaneous condition of the beam-wave interaction of dielectric Cherenkov maser is satisfied. Finally, the effect of the background plasma on the instability of the beam-wave interaction is studied.This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

On the kineteic theory of electron cyclotron maser

This paper starts from the kinetic theory to expound the method of characteristics. Influence of the equilibrium distribution functionf _o upon analyzed result is fully investigated. Dispersion equation is rigorously derived in waveguide coordinate system in case of interaction between TE _mn field in a circular waveguide and a single momentum ring-shaped electron beam. In the meantime, we make some critical review of previous papers and clarify their confusion and ambiguities.     

THz回旋自谐振脉塞多模束波互作用非线性模拟

为了有效分析模式竞争,建立了回旋自谐振脉塞（CARM）多模束波互作用自洽非线性理论模型,并具体模拟研究了工作模式为TM51、频率为0.35 THz的高阶横磁模CARM中大轨道相对论电子束与多电磁模式的互作用过程。模拟结果表明：与回旋管不同,THz频段CARM可以有效工作于高阶TM模式,且具有较高的输出功率和增益;通过对工作参数的优化,可使工作模式的功率增长具有绝对优势,而竞争模式得到有效抑制;高阶TM模式THz频段CARM的性能对工作参数的变化十分敏感,在参数设计过程中必须对其进行多模束波互作用模拟分析。     

THz回旋自谐振脉塞多模束波互作用非线性模拟

为了有效分析模式竞争,建立了回旋自谐振脉塞（CARM）多模束波互作用自洽非线性理论模型,并具体模拟研究了工作模式为TM51、频率为0.35 THz的高阶横磁模CARM中大轨道相对论电子束与多电磁模式的互作用过程。模拟结果表明:与回旋管不同,THz频段CARM可以有效工作于高阶TM模式,且具有较高的输出功率和增益;通过对工作参数的优化,可使工作模式的功率增长具有绝对优势,而竞争模式得到有效抑制;高阶TM模式THz频段CARM的性能对工作参数的变化十分敏感,在参数设计过程中必须对其进行多模束波互作用模拟分析。     

离子通道电子束回旋脉塞的等离子体波效应

研究了离子通道回旋电子束脉塞（ICECM）中的等离子体波非线性效应。利用流体理论与自洽非线性理论方法对ICECM中等离子体波效应的微观机理进行了分析。研究发现,等离子体波加强了电子束的纵向群聚,束-波互作用的能量交换效率及系统增益得到明显提高。数值模拟计算表明,对于中等等离子体密度、1.5kA电流和1MV加速电压的电子束,系统能够获得的脉冲功率和频率分别为200MW和280GHz的毫米波束。     

电子束电流对介质切伦科夫脉塞色散关系的影响

采用等离子体流体理论,从线性扰动方程出发,研究了电子束电流大小对介质切伦科夫脉塞中束波相互作用色散关系的影响,得到了当等离子体返回电流能有效中和与不能有效中和电子束电流两种情形下色散关系和波的增长率,并讨论了电子束电流对束波相互作用色散关系和波增长率的影响。研究表明,等离子体返回电流能有效中和与不能有效中和电子束电流两种情况下有着不同的色散关系和波的增长率。在波导参数和背景等离子体参数固定的情况下,电子束电流并不是越大越好,电子束电流过大不利于提高器件效率,它们之间存在最佳匹配关系。     

带状注行波管双矩形螺旋线慢波结构高频特性

针对新型螺旋线慢波结构双矩形螺旋线慢波结构,即在金属屏蔽框内平行加载两个具有矩形横截面形状的自由螺旋线慢波结构,利用三维电磁仿真软件对其高频特性（色散特性和耦合阻抗）进行模拟研究。结果表明：在相同位置处,与单矩形螺旋线慢波结构相比,双矩形螺旋线慢波结构色散特性变化很小,却有着更高的耦合阻抗;同时,在包含这些位置的空间部分,可采用带状电子注与该慢波结构进行注波互作用,使输出功率进一步得到提高。     

Ka波段带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器的分析与设计

带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器是一种高功率、高频率的微波毫米波放大型器件, 具有广阔的应用前景. 本文分析了扩展互作用结构多间隙谐振腔的渡越时间效应, 推导了2π模场情况下谐振腔的能量交换系数和电子负载电导, 且通过计算表明工作在2π模式三间隙腔的电子负载电导是单间隙腔的9倍左右, 多间隙结构有利于提高器件效率. 利用三维粒子仿真软件, 对工作在Ka波段的带状注相对论扩展互作用速调管放大器进行了模拟研究, 采用宽高比为30:1的带状电子束以降低空间电荷效应, 在电子束电压为500 kV, 束流为1 kA, 轴向引导磁感应强度为0.8 T的情况下, 器件输出微波功率为190 MW, 频率为40 GHz, 器件效率为38%, 器件增益为69 dB.     

Powerful millimeter-wave generators based on the stimulated Cerenkov radiation of relativistic electron beams

Effective relativistic Cerenkoy generators of various types were studied experimentally: orotrons, surface wave oscillators, and Smith-Purcell free-electron masers that were first realized. Single-mode generation was obtained in multimode systems using electrodynamic and electron methods of mode selection. The power obtained in this regime was 100 MW at 8.6 mm with the efficiency 10%, 50 MW at 5.5 mm with the efficiency 5%, and 8 MW at 2.4 mm with the efficiency 3%. In a multimode regime the power of 0.5 MW was obtained at 0.9 mm. The study of the dependence of the generation power on the value of the focusing magnetic field revealed the presence of zones of cyclotron power absorption, that were earlier observed in centimeter-wave generators.     

Linear analysis of an axially grooved rectangular gyrotron for harmonic operation

In an axially grooved rectangular waveguide the linearized Vlasov equation is solved to find the perturbed distribution function resulting from the electromagnetic forces on the electrons. The resulting beam current and the propagating electromagnetic waves of the cold tube are used in the inhomogeneous Maxwell's equation to derive the general dispersion equation. This equation is then transformed into the electron beam frame and the resulting linear growth rate of amplification is calculated. By maximizing the linear growth rate, the operational parameters of the gyrotron are then optimized.Work supported in part by NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio     

离子通道电子束回旋脉塞的等离子体波效应

 研究了离子通道回旋电子束脉塞（ICECM）中的等离子体波非线性效应。利用流体理论与自洽非线性理论方法对ICECM中等离子体波效应的微观机理进行了分析。研究发现，等离子体波加强了电子束的纵向群聚，束-波互作用的能量交换效率及系统增益得到明显提高。数值模拟计算表明，对于中等等离子体密度、1.5kA电流和1MV加速电压的电子束，系统能够获得的脉冲功率和频率分别为200MW和280GHz的毫米波束。     

束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器的初步理论分析

 利用求解格林函数的方法,对束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器进行了初步理论分析。分析结果表明,相同参数入射电子束同轴虚阴极振荡器的束波转换效率正比于预调制深度的平方,提高预调制的深度可以很好地提高束波转换效率;任意的束波互作用区结构参数和入射束流分布参数,都会存在一个对应工作状态下最大束波转换效率的最佳预调制频率,合理选择预调制频率可以优化同轴虚阴极振荡器的微波输出。