HITFiL中能束运线的纵向匹配

基于中国科学院近代物理研究所正在研制的兰州重离子治疗专用装置(HITFiL)的参数和指标, 对从回旋加速器到同步加速器之间中能传输段的纵向束流匹配过程进行了模拟分析。 根据主加速器的注入要求, 在束运线上采用了散束器以降低束流动量分散,从理论上分析了中能传输段末端可能实现的最小动量分散和达到最小动量分散的条件,讨论了散束效果与初始动量分散、 束团相宽和漂移长度的关系。 并利用MathCAD程序对束团在束运线上的纵向运动进行了跟踪模拟,使用PBO Lab程序进行了验算, 得到了当散束器射频电压为102 kV时,末端动量分散为最小值2.764×10-4。 进一步提出了中能传输段的基本参数,也为下一步的优化设计提供了基础。Based on the parameters of the Middle Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) of the Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou (HITFiL), which is now under design and construction at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMPCAS), a debuncher will be used to reduce the momentum spread for the injection requirement of the synchrotron according to the injection demand of the synchorotron. Both analytical model and tracking simulation with MathCAD are used for the choice of debuncher’s parameters. The conclusion shows that the effective cavity voltage of the debuncher is 102 kV and the minimum finial momentum spread is 2.764×10-4.     

HITFiL同步加速器剥离注入

一台新的治癌专用加速器HITFiL正在设计和建造中,其中一台同步加速器为其主加速器,以高紧凑性、高可靠性和低成本为设计目标。同步加速器的注入系统采用剥离注入方式,剥离注入与单圈注入方式相比能达到较高的注入效率,而其造价明显低于多圈注入加电子冷却的注入方式。治癌采用碳粒子束,从ECR离子源产生的C5+离子经过回旋加速器预加速后在同步加速器注入点处剥离成为C6+注入到环里。详细阐述了该注入系统的设计方案,并对整个注入过程进行了计算机模拟。在模拟过程中,对束流的注入效率、束流损失机制和粒子数增益进行了研究,得到了实空间和相空间的粒子分布和发射度增长趋势,得到了满足要求的束流流强。     

HITFiL同步加速器剥离注入

一台新的治癌专用加速器HITFiL正在设计和建造中,其中一台同步加速器为其主加速器,以高紧凑性、高可靠性和低成本为设计目标。同步加速器的注入系统采用剥离注入方式,剥离注入与单圈注入方式相比能达到较高的注入效率,而其造价明显低于多圈注入加电子冷却的注入方式。治癌采用碳粒子束,从ECR离子源产生的C5+离子经过回旋加速器预加速后在同步加速器注入点处剥离成为C6+注入到环里。详细阐述了该注入系统的设计方案,并对整个注入过程进行了计算机模拟。在模拟过程中,对束流的注入效率、束流损失机制和粒子数增益进行了研究,得到了实空间和相空间的粒子分布和发射度增长趋势,得到了满足要求的束流流强。     

Simulation of stripping injection into HITFiL with carbon ion

Stripping injection is one of the crucial stages in the accumulation process of the hadron therapy synchrotron HITFiL(Heavy Ion Therapy Facility in Lanzhou).In order to simulate the stripping injection process of carbon ions for HITFiL,the interactions between carbon ions and foil has been studied,and simulated with a code developed by ourselves.The optimized parameters of the injecting beam and the scheme of the injection system have been presented for HITFiL.     

Pion-induced knock-out reactions

A strong absorption model for pion-induced knock-out reactions is proposed. The distortion of the incoming and outgoing pions has been included by (i) computing the pion wave number in a nuclear medium (dispersive effect) and (ii) excluding the central region of the nucleus where the real pion absorption is dominant (absorption effect). In order to study the dependence of the (π⁺, π⁺p) reaction on the off-shell pion-nucleon t-matrix, different off-shell extrapolations are used. The magnitude of the cross sections seems to be sensitive to the type of off-shell extrapolation; their shapes, however, are similar. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data. The agreement between the theoretical results for separable off-shell extrapolation and the data is good.     

Proton knock-out in Hall A

Proton knock-out is studied in a broad program in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. The first experiment performed in Hall A studied the ¹⁶O(e,e'p) reaction. Since then proton knock-out experiments have studied a variety of aspects of that reaction, from single-nucleon properties to its mechanism, such as final-state interactions and two-body currents, in nuclei from ²H to ¹⁶O. In this review the accomplishments of this program will be summarized and an outlook given of expected future results.Received: 1 November 2002, Published online: 15 July 2003PACS: 25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions - 24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactionsFor the Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration     

Hole states in single-particle knock-out reactions

The hole states created in single-particle knock-out reactions are physical states but have finite lifetime. The hole is moving in a complex potential, the imaginary part of which is related to the width of the state, and the hole energy and wave functions are complex. The influence of these features on the momentum distributions of the hole is studied for the knock-out of the 1s and 1p protons from ¹²C and is found to be rather insignificant. However it is interesting to note that the overlap integral in momentum space shows a significant change.     

On the formalism of knock-out reactions

A different approach to knock-out reactions is presented. A new equation of a distorted wave theory is obtained as well as the ordinary DWTA equation. Also obtained is an exact formal solution for the distorted wave theory.     

考虑溅射损失的RF共振法离子引出和收集

采用PIC-MCC方法研究了AVLIS工程中一维RF共振法离子引出和收集过程，重点研究离子在收 集板上造成的溅射损失以及离子的收集效率.模拟结果表明，RF共振法与平行板静电场法相 比，引出时间较短，碰撞损失和溅射损失较低，收集率较高；增加引出电压，可以缩短引出 时间，降低碰撞损失，但是增加了溅射损失，使得收集率降低；增大磁场强度，使碰撞损失 降低，溅射损失增加，收集率降低. 关键词： AVLIS PIC-MCC 离子引出 溅射     

Importance of nucleon knock-out in inelasticα and6Li scattering

At 26 MeV/A, inelastic scattering of⁶Li ions from²⁸Si proceeds predominantly via direct one-nucleon removal, while inelasticα scattering leads, in addition, to excitation of the target nucleus.     

The single-nucleon form factor for knock-out and pick-up reactions in deformed nuclei

The single-nucleon form factor, or overlap integral, is a fundamental link between the nuclear structure and the reaction amplitude for knock-out or pick-up reactions. A formalism for calculating form factors between deformed nuclear states by means of angular momentum projection is presented. Intrinsic states are generated by the modified oscillator potential and refinements by isospin projection and an effective interaction are made. Results from applications to the reactions ¹⁶O(p, 2p)¹⁵N and ¹²C(p, 2p)¹¹B are presented.     

On the role of the exchange processes in quasi-free deuteron knock-out reactions

An estimate of the contribution of the spin-flip knock-out processes in the (p, pd) reaction on ¹²C and ⁶Li is carried out and possibilities of observation of such exchange processes in experiments are discussed.     

光阴极RF腔中微波过程研究

由于光阴极RF腔注入器中电子束的脉冲结构由激光控制的特点,根据其电子束脉冲结构的特点,利用微波腔的等效电路,给出了这种微波腔中微波场变化公式,和关于光阴极RF腔的最佳耦合计算公式,并以CAEP光阴极RF腔注入器为例进行理论分析,给出这些变化对电子束参数(如能散度)的影响. 关键词： 光阴极RF腔注入器 光阴极 注入器 能散度     

Relative RF coil performance in carotid imaging

PURPOSE: Computer simulations and measurements on human volunteers were used to test the extent to which the quality of carotid imaging might be improved by coil arrays that are not limited by a constraint on the number of RF coil receiver ports. METHODS: Analytic near-field equations for the magnetic and electric fields of a rectangular loop resonator were used to estimate the relative signal-to-noise ratio (rSNR) along the length of a simulated carotid artery as a function of loop size, loop position and vessel depth. The sizes, positions and number of elements in a linear coil array that resulted in the maximum composite SNR along the length of a simulated carotid artery were then estimated. The linear array results were used to predict the total number of elements needed for optimal imaging of the carotid arteries. Also, three normal volunteers were imaged with a variety of RF coils, and the rSNR measurements along the lengths of the carotid artery were evaluated for each coil combination. RESULTS: The analytic simulation and the human volunteer measurements both show that improved SNR (e.g., >300% at the bifurcation) can be obtained with coils tailored to each specific region of the carotid artery in comparison to that obtained with four-element arrays designed and used to image the entire carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting number of coil ports, 16 to 24, required for full coverage of the carotid arteries is consistent with the number of channels just becoming available on recently developed clinical scanners.     

RF Ion Beam Sources Used in Etching

Ion beam technology is used widely in many fields such as electric, material, optics, medicine, biology and so on. At the same time, it brings some huge technological effects and economical benefits, especially for the optical applocations. According for the technology, the properties of high accuarate spectral analyzer also can be improved by manufacturing the lage-area holographic ion beam eathing（HIBE） grating. Simultaneously, as one of the parts of ion beam technology, the developments of ion beam sources have some important effects to content the demands of ion beam technology such as large ion beam flux, excellent optical qualities. In this paper, an ion beam source called inductively coupled plasma（ICP） ion beam source was introduced, and the extractor system, the application prospect were also discussed.     

射频漂移管加速器的电聚焦作用

利用透镜近似方法,研究新型质子直线加速结构射频漂移管加速器(RFD)的性质,推导出其运动方程、透镜转换矩阵及稳定加速条件.     

Low-pressure RF discharge in the free-flight regime

The self-consistent equations system for low-pressure RF discharge in the free-flight regime is formulated. The expressions for the electron energy diffusion coefficient due to electron-neutral collisions and to the electron collisions with the plasma-space charge moving boundary (stochastic heating) are derived. If the electron-neutral elastic collisions frequency exceeds the inelastic one, the conventional two-term approximation for the electron distribution function (EDF) can be generalized, and the space-time-averaged electron kinetic equation can be reduced to the one-dimensional energy diffusion one. The fast electrons attached to the electrode surface can also be accounted for in this equation. It is shown that in the cases of (a) spatially uniform ion profile, (b) for frequencies that are small compared with the electron bounce frequency, and (c) for frequencies exceeding the electron plasma one in the sheath, the stochastic heating vanishes     

Ionization wave in a longitudinal RF field

We investigate a stationary one-dimensional ionization wave produced in a cold gas by an alternating electric field of frequency (the field is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave). Primary attention is given to specific features associated with the existence of a plasma resonance transition region at the front of the wave, where the electric-field amplitude and, therefore, the collisional ionization rate of the gas have a pronounced maximum at low electron-collision frequencies . We investigate analytically and calculate numerically the parameters of the wave, which is described by a nonlinear diffusion equation. It is shown that a made of ultrafast discharge propagation with ionization wave velocity V for /0 can be established in the gas due to resonance effects even if the external electric field has amplitude far below breakdown.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 991–1000, October, 1995.     

Negative Ion Kinetics in RF Glow Discharges

Using temporally and spatially resolved laser spectroscopy, we have determined the identities, approximate concentrations, effects on the local field, and kinetics of formation and loss of negative ions in RF discharges. Cl- and BCl3- are the dominant negative ions found in low-frequency discharges through Cl2 and BCl3, respectively. The electron affinity for Cl is measured to be 3.6118 ± 0.0005 eV. Negative ion kinetics are strongly affected by application of the RF field. Formation of negative ions by attachment of slow electrons in RF discharges is governed by the extent and duration of electron energy relaxation. Similarly, destruction of negative ions by collisional detachment and field extraction is dependent upon ion energy modulation. Thus, at low frequency, the anion density peaks at the beginning of the anodic and cathodic half-cycles after electrons have attached but before detachment and extraction have had time to occur. At higher frequencies, electrons have insufficient time to attach before they are reheated and the instantaneous anion density in the sheath is greatly reduced. When the negative ion density is comparable to the positive ion density, the plasma potential is observed to lie below the anode potential, double layers form between sheath and plasma, and anions and electrons are accelerated by large sheath fields to electrode surfaces.