大展弦比后掠机翼静气弹效应对气动载荷的影响实验与分析

通过实验与理论分析结合的方法,针对静气弹效应对大展弦比后掠机翼气动载荷影响的问题进行了研究。加工了三副刚度各不相同的机翼,在一系列工况中进行风洞实验,对各个模型的气动载荷进行测量,通过对比可以得到机翼弹性对气动载荷的影响量。在理论分析中通过工程梁理论计算弹性机翼变形,通过升力面理论计算弹性变形引起的气动力增量,在二者之间迭代收敛后得到机翼弹性对气动载荷的影响量,并将其与实验结果进行对比。对比结果表明理论分析和实验吻合程度较好,表明了在机翼气动载荷计算中计入静气弹效应后,大展弦比后掠机翼的弯矩会有显著的降低,对于减轻结构重量有重要的意义。     

高速铁路隧道缓冲结构气动载荷与结构应力特性分析

高速列车通过隧道时,会引起车隧气动效应.在隧道洞口设置缓冲结构是简便有效的应对措施之一.而缓冲结构一般设置在隧道洞口,列车通过隧道产生气动载荷对该结构的影响也不容忽视.本文采用数值方法,利用Ansys软件的workbench模拟平台,对列车通过隧道产生的气动载荷作用在顶部单开口缓冲结构上的压应力变化进行模拟.研究结果表明:气动载荷所引起的结构附加应力作用明显.当行车速度为350 km/h时,附加应力可以达到80 kPa,而缓冲结构开口周围成为气动载荷附加应力集中区.对于双线隧道,近车壁面与远车壁面的附加压应力规律一致,但近车侧应力值要大于远车侧.与压力波在隧道内的传播特性类似,气动载荷所引起的附加压应力具有往复传播特征.另外,对顶部缓冲结构开口附近出现附加应力集中的原因进行了分析,确定缓冲结构形式是引起应力集中的决定因素.以上结论对隧道洞口缓冲结构的设计及安全巡查具有一定的指导意义.     

基于动网格技术的柔性后缘自适应机翼气动特性分析

研究了带柔性后缘的可变弯度自适应机翼在自适应变弯度过程中的气动特性.自适应变弯度过程中的气动力计算采用了基于弹簧理论的非结构动网格技术,求解NS方程时采用有限体积的二阶迎风格式离散,时间推进为隐格式双时间推进方法.通过计算柔性后缘机翼的升力特性、阻力特性及升阻比特性,并与带刚性后缘机翼的气动特性进行比较,发现柔性后缘机翼在后缘偏转时,其最大升阻比对应的迎角随着偏转角增大而降低.在中等迎角及接近失速迎角情况下,柔性后缘机翼升力系数明显优于刚性后缘机翼,并且其升力线变化较为平缓,有效迎角范围更大.     

冰脊压剪试验及其对直立结构冰载荷的离散元分析

为更准确地分析冰脊与海洋结构的相互作用,本文提出一种基于粘结球体单元的冰脊离散元方法,其中龙骨与脊帆由不同尺寸的单元随机排列而成,整体呈各向同性.采用该方法模拟了一系列龙骨压剪试验,结果表明此方法能较好地表现龙骨的力学特性,且弹性模量、粘聚强度、内摩擦角等计算参数不仅影响龙骨的压剪强度,还影响其破坏模式.最后计算了冰脊...     

飞机机翼损伤的气动模型及故障诊断研究

为了确保机翼损伤后飞机的飞行安全,提出了一种在线的故障诊断方法. 首先,根据输入输出特性,采用遗忘因子递推最小二乘法对飞机故障后的气动导数进行辨识,建立了机翼损伤故障的数学模型;然后,结合多模型方法和中心差分卡尔曼滤波器（central difference Kalman filter,CDKF）各自的优点,实现对机翼损伤的故障诊断,并采用强跟踪滤波器在线更新CDKF 的采样点,以增强CDKF 的自适应能力. 最后,通过仿真结果验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

冲击载荷下岩石压胀对其性质的影响

采用落锤动态加载岩石实验系统,通过调节落锤质量、下落距离及活塞杆垫板材料,记录岩石瞬间形成冲击压力脉冲,研究压胀对不同岩石性质影响的规律。实验结果表明,压胀产生后岩石的性质发生了改变,岩石的渗透率有不同程度的增加,且岩石越致密,渗透率增加倍数越大;岩石的弹性模量和弹性极限随岩石体积的增加而降低;压胀产生后纵波和横波在岩石中的传播速度减小,岩样内部产生了微裂纹或原有微裂纹延伸扩展造成孔隙度增加。     

曲率半径对前缘气动热与结构响应的影响

针对高超声速飞行器铌合金前缘结构, 研究了不同曲率半径对前缘结构 温度场、应力场和变形场的影响. 首先建立高超声速气动加热模型, 采用有限体积法得到热 环境参数, 并运用有限元法计算结构的温度、应力和变形. 结果表明: 不同时间的温度场分 布和曲率半径密切相关, 温升过程中应力最大值出现在曲率半径为1\,mm时; 随时间推移, 曲 率半径越大应力越低; 而位移随曲率半径的增加而增大.     

基于分段进化的遗传算法在机翼气动外形设计上的应用

与传统的优化方法相比,遗传算法以其极强的鲁棒性、随机搜索特性以及优化结果的全局性等特点而在工程优化中得到越来越广泛的应用.标准遗传算法中使用的二进制编码类似于生物染色体的组成,使算法易于用生物遗传学理论加以解释,同时也使交叉、变异等遗传操作易于实现.此外,使用二进制编码还有助于充分发挥算法隐含的并行性.本文对传统遗传算法加以改进,在二进制编码下引入分段进化的概念,再配以高效的交叉、变异算子,充分发挥二进制编码固有优势的同时在很大程度上提高了算法的优化效率,并与Euler方程数值解法相结合,对机翼外形进行了气动优化设计.优化后机翼的升阻比有了显著提高,表明建立的优化模型是合理有效的.     

声场-结构耦合系统声压约束下板重量优化设计研究

为了减小振动板重量并使其振动噪声满足设计要求,基于声场-结构耦合有限元模型,提出了使结构重量最小化、满足声压约束的优化设计模型。用有限元直接法计算耦合系统的声响应及域点声压对结构设计变量的灵敏度,用可行方向法对其进行了优化设计研究。以一矩形平板和立方体声场耦合系统为实例,以壳厚度为设计变量,给出了域点声压对结构设计变量的灵敏度、优化前和优化后声压级对比图及最优的设计变量值。经过优化设计,在1Hz~200Hz频段内域点声压最大值降低6分贝,结构重量减少1.88千克。结果表明,声压约束下结构重量最小化设计,通过对结构重量的重新分布,能同时满足结构轻量化及噪声指标的要求。     

均压槽结构形状对静压干气密封性能影响分析

静压干气密封(DGS)中的均压槽起着均布压力和二次节流的作用,开展了典型形状均压槽静压DGS的性能对比和结构优选.基于静压气体润滑理论,建立了圆形、椭圆形、扇形和环形等四种典型均压槽静压型DGS的几何模型和数学模型,采用有限差分法求解获得了四种均压槽静压型DGS端面的膜压分布和稳态密封性能参数,分析了径向开槽比和周向开槽比对四种均压槽静压型DGS密封性能的影响规律;以获得较大的密封开启力和气膜刚度为目标,计算得到了均压槽径向开槽比和周向开槽比的优选值范围.结果表明:当均压槽径向开槽比0.15Wd0.45时,环形均压槽静压型DGS可获得较大的开启力和气膜刚度,其他三种均压槽静压型DGS的径向开槽比优选值范围为0.3Wd0.45;扇形和椭圆形均压槽静压型DGS具有相似的密封性能,其密封性能仅次于环形均压槽静压型DGS;当均压槽周向开槽比0.6Lθ1.0时,扇形均压槽静压型DGS可获得较大的开启力和气膜刚度.     

Effects of unsteady deformation of flapping wing on its aerodynamic forces

Effects of unsteady deformation of a flapping model insect wing on its aerodynamic force production are studied by solving the Navier-Stokes equations on a dynamically deforming grid.Aerodynamic forces on the flapping wing are not much affected by considerable twist,but affected by camber deformation.The effect of combined camber and twist deformation is similar to that of camber deformation.With a deformation of 6% camber and 20°twist(typical values observed for wings of many insects),lift is increased bv 10%～20%and lift-to-drag ratio by around 10%compared with the case of a rigid flat-plate wing.As a result.the deformation can increase the maximum lift coefficient of an insect.and reduce its power requirement for flight.For example,for a hovering bumblebee with dynamically deforming wings(6?mber and 20°twist),aerodynamic power required is reduced by about 16%compared with the case of rigid wings.     

Effects of wing deformation on aerodynamic performance of a revolving insect wing

Flexible wings of insects and bio-inspired micro air vehicles generally deform remarkably during flapping flight owing to aerodynamic and inertial forces,which is of highly nonlinear fluid-structure interaction（FSI）problems.To elucidate the novel mechanisms associated with flexible wing aerodynamics in the low Reynolds number regime,we have built up a FSI model of a hawkmoth wing undergoing revolving and made an investigation on the effects of flexible wing deformation on aerodynamic performance of the revolving wing model.To take into account the characteristics of flapping wing kinematics we designed a kinematic model for the revolving wing in two-fold：acceleration and steady rotation,which are based on hovering wing kinematics of hawkmoth,Manduca sexta.Our results show that both aerodynamic and inertial forces demonstrate a pronounced increase during acceleration phase,which results in a significant wing deformation.While the aerodynamic force turns to reduce after the wing acceleration terminates due to the burst and detachment of leading-edge vortices（LEVs）,the dynamic wing deformation seem to delay the burst of LEVs and hence to augment the aerodynamic force during and even after the acceleration.During the phase of steady rotation,the flexible wing model generates more ver-tical force at higher angles of attack（40°–60°）but less horizontal force than those of a rigid wing model.This is because the wing twist in spanwise owing to aerodynamic forces results in a reduction in the effective angle of attack at wing tip,which leads to enhancing the aerodynamics performance by increasing the vertical force while reducing the horizontal force.Moreover,our results point out the importance of the fluid-structure interaction in evaluating flexible wing aerodynamics：the wing deformation does play a significant role in enhancing the aerodynamic performances but works differently during acceleration and steady rotation,which is mainly induced by inertial force in acceleration but by aerodynamic forces     

Calculation of nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a wing using a 3‐D panel method

The nonlinear aerodynamic characteristic of a wing is investigated using the frequency‐domain panel method. To calculate the nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a three‐dimensional wing, the iterative decambering approach is introduced into the frequency‐domain panel method. The decambering approach uses the known nonlinear aerodynamic characteristic of airfoil and calculates two‐variable decambering function to take into consideration the boundary‐layer separation effects for the each section of the wing. The multidimensional Newton iteration is used to account for the coupling between the different sections of wing. The nonlinear aerodynamic analyses for a rectangular wing, a tapered wing, and a wing with the control surface are performed. Present results are given with experiments and other numerical results. Computed results are in good agreement with other data. This method can be used for any wing having different nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil. The present method will contribute to the analysis of aircraft in the conceptual design because the present method can predict the nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a few computing resources and significant time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

快速成型弹性风洞模型高速气动特性研究

利用光固化快速成型技术加工了内部金属骨架、外部光敏树脂外形的弹性轻质AGARD-B模型.采用气动与结构并发分析方法对其跨声速气动特性进行了初步研究,完成了风洞验证实验.研究结果表明:在马赫数0.6和1.2、较小攻角(α≤4°)的条件下,弹性轻质模型气动力特性与金属模型基本吻合;较大攻角(α>4°)条件下,因弹性轻质模型刚度比全金属模型小,试验过程中受气动载荷作用,特别是升力的影响,结构机翼变形较大,导致气动力特性与全金属模型差异较大,故气动力系数需要进行弹性变形修正.初步实验结果指出:在跨声速范围内,弹性轻质模型可直接用于气动布局选型设计与研究、基本状态等研究;但同时弹性轻质模型刚度不足,易变形.     

扑翼柔性及其对气动特性的影响

以往对扑翼气动特性的研究基本上都是基于简单的匀速刚性模型,但是通过大量观察不同飞鸟的扑翼动作发现,该模型与鸟翼的实际扑动还有很大差别。鸟翼不但上扑段和下扑段所需时间不同,而且在扑动过程中,鸟翼的形状无论沿弦向或展向都存在着相当大的柔性变形。本文在原有匀速刚性模型的基础上,加入了扑动速率变化和形状变化的影响,得出新的变速柔性扑翼分析模型,使之更接近鸟翼柔性扑动的真实情况。通过对比计算发现,柔性变形对扑翼的升力与推力都有着显著影响,如果控制得当,柔性变形能大大改善扑翼的气动性能。     

Effect of longitudinal riblets on the aerodynamic characteristics of a straight wing

The results of balance aerodynamic tests on model straight wings with smooth and ribbed surfaces at an angle of attack =–4°–12°, Mach number M=0.15–0.63, and Reynolds number Re=2.4·10⁶–3.5·10⁶ are discussed. The nondimensional riblet spacings ⁺, which determines the effect of the riblets on the turbulent friction drag, and the effect of riblets on the upper and/or lower surface of a straight wing on its drag, lift, and moment characteristics are estimated.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 33–38, March–April, 1995.     

Influence of wing flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of a tethered flapping bumblebee

The sophisticated structures of flapping insect wings make it challenging to study the role of wing flexibility in insect flight. In this study, a mass-spring system is used to model wing structural dynamics as a thin, flexible membrane supported by a network of veins. The vein mechanical properties can be estimated based on their diameters and the Young's modulus of cuticle. In order to analyze the effect of wing flexibility, the Young's modulus is varied to make a comparison between two different wing models that we refer to as flexible and highly flexible. The wing models are coupled with a pseudo-spectral code solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, allowing us to investigate the influence of wing deformation on the aerodynamic efficiency of a tethered flapping bumblebee. Compared to the bumblebee model with rigid wings, the one with flexible wings flies more efficiently, characterized by a larger lift-to-power ratio.     

Rotary aerodynamic derivatives in the asymptotic theory of a high-aspect-ratio wing

The linear problem of inviscid incompressible flow around a high-aspect-ratio wing at an angle of attack and in the presence of steady pitching and rolling rotation is considered. The main integral equation of the problem is reduced to a sequence of one-dimensional integral equations without use of the matched asymptotic expansions method. The first few terms of the series for the circulation distribution over the wing surface are calculated. For an elliptic high-aspect-ratio wing the corresponding aerodynamic forces are calculated. The derivatives of the aerodynamic coefficients of the wing with respect to the angle of attack and the angular velocities are determined. The asymptotic expressions obtained are compared with the results of numerical calculations of the corresponding derivatives using the discrete vortex method.