热环境对超高温陶瓷材料抗热震性能的影响

基于超高温陶瓷材料相关材料参数对温度的敏感性,以现有的抗热震断裂评价理论为基础,通过考虑温度对超高温陶瓷材料物理性能的影响,探讨了热震温度范围内热应力衰减系数、表面热传递系数、热冲击初始环境温度等热环境参数对抗热冲击阻力参数、断裂临界温差和断裂临界温度的影响.      

热障涂层材料性能和失效机理研究进展

热障涂层材料破坏由大尺度屈曲和层离机制产生, 而这些机制又是微裂纹形核、扩展及相互连通结果的积累.由于特殊制备工艺和使用环境, 材料性能涉及到许多特殊机制.近半个世纪的研究,人们对其性能有了充分认识.综述 近几年的研究结果,内容包括:热生长氧化现象及其热力学描述;热生长应力与材料失效的联系;材料破坏机理与性能 控制参数和材料微组织的联系;微缺陷演化产生的材料屈曲和层离所需的能量释放率;破坏 准则、服役寿命预计模型和评价标准等.     

考虑微结构特征的陶瓷材料含损伤本构模型

为了研究不同微结构陶瓷材料的冲击破坏特征,以从微结构角度出发、描述陶瓷材料非弹性变形和断裂行为的Deshpande-Evan模型为基础构建本构模型,计算了无约束条件下材料的应力状态。为了验证改进模型的有效性,将VUMAT子程序编程方法将与ABAQUS有限元软件相结合,并将其应用于典型陶瓷材料（YAG透明陶瓷）冲击破坏过程的分析模拟。采用改进模型分析应变率、应力三轴度、晶粒尺寸及初始缺陷分布密度对YAG透明陶瓷动态力学行为和损伤演化机制的影响规律。结果表明：随着晶粒尺寸和裂纹分布密度的增加,YAG透明陶瓷破坏程度随之加剧,完全损伤区域面积也随之增加,晶粒尺寸对YAG透明陶瓷宏观破坏特征的影响程度要大于裂纹分布密度;YAG透明陶瓷失效强度以及断裂应变随着晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度的增大而减小;随着应变率不断增加,YAG透明陶瓷在不同晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度下的峰值应力和断裂应变均随之增加;裂纹扩展速度会随着晶粒尺寸的增加呈现出先增加而后平缓的趋势,裂纹扩展速度与初始缺陷分布密度系数成线性关系。改进模型可以描述YAG透明陶瓷微结构对其宏观破坏特征的影响,为进一步分析微结构对陶瓷材料宏观...     

陶瓷材料动态压缩损伤本构模型

运用细观损伤力学理论,从动态压缩载荷下陶瓷材料内翼型裂纹的产生和扩展的损伤机理出发,建立了陶瓷材料的弹脆性动态损伤本构模型,给出相应的损伤演化方程.假设裂纹成核满足Weibull分布,讨论了成核分布参数、原始缺陷尺寸对材料动态断裂应力、断裂应变的影响,并用动态损伤演化模型计算了冲击载荷下AD90陶瓷的动态应力应变曲线,计算结果和实验结果符合很好.     

准脆性材料断裂过程区中的圆饼微裂纹损伤计算

准脆性工程材料及结构在外力作用下,不仅引起内部缺陷变化和微裂纹的出现及发展,且使得其结构承载能力降低或性能劣化．在其材料失效过程中常存在裂缝与断裂损伤过程区．为研究材料细观缺陷或微裂纹与宏观破坏的规律,通过细观力学方法,对于代表性体积单元RVE中的圆饼型微裂纹的尺寸与密度变化,探讨其宏观断裂过程区力学参量与损伤之间的量化关系．借助宏观断裂过程区的黏聚裂纹模型,将损伤单元RVE嵌入到宏观裂缝端部的断裂过程区中,对其进行联接细观损伤到宏观破坏的力学多尺度研究．文中也通过实验数据,对其理论计算结果进行了算例的讨论与分析．     

粉末冶金材料各向异性连续型损伤模型研究

在采用微裂纹扩展区描述脆性材料损伤状态的基础上,通过引入颗粒度大小和微裂纹概率分布密度函数来研究粉末冶金材料特征体积单元的损伤演化.同时结合Hill自洽模型采用空间混合平均的方法,可考虑粉末冶金材料的微结构特征及微裂纹间相互作用的影响,可描述粉末冶金类材料的各向异性连续型损伤.     

氢对金属中裂纹形核的影响

本文建立了金属中裂纹形核的一个理论模型，通过理论分析，讨论了氢对裂纹形核的影响。定义了与材料晶粒和脆性沉淀物尺寸有关的材料影响参数。结果表明，本文提出的模型有更明确的物理意义，环境中的氢参加裂纹形核和生长的三个阶段。     

随机分布共线微裂纹的强相互作用

微裂纹串接为宏观灾难性裂纹的过程取决于相邻微裂纹的强相互作用。微裂纹的分布规律影响材料的强度和韧性。本文研究简单的共线微裂纹构型，确定由于微裂纹长度和韧度尺寸的统计分布所产生的影响。研究结果预计了脆性材料的尺度效应，即对于相同密度的微裂纹分布，大尺寸构件的强度比小尺寸构件要低。计算还表明脆性体的强度随微裂纹分布函数标准方差的增加而减小。     

高超声速飞行器两类典型防热材料的性能表征与评价

针对高超声速飞行器翼前缘用超高温陶瓷材料及机身大面积金属热防护结构材料在高温环境下的力学响应分析与评价方法进行了全面的回顾和总结.综述了大面积金属热防护系统在传热、静力学、热力耦合性能、疲劳性能及抗冲击性能等方面国内外的研究进展;以及超高温陶瓷材料在热冲击、增韧机制、抗氧化性能等方面评价与表征技术,并结合国内研究状况展望了今后的发展方向.      

含微裂纹的95%Al2O3陶瓷的力学性能

本文采用三种不同加载方式(单轴拉伸,三点弯曲以及圆盘压缩)研究含微裂纹Al_2O_3的陶瓷的弹性性能及其抗拉强度.微裂纹是通过对材料瞬时突变加热和冷却(简称热冲击)形成的.试验结果表明:1)三点弯曲试验得到的力学性能参数较其它两种加载方式所得到的结果要稳定和集中.单轴拉伸试验结果分散性最大.2)热冲击温度越高,材料的等效弹性模量?和等效泊松比?以及各种加载方式下试件的抗拉强度??都有不同程度的下降.电镜观察证实了力学性能参数下降主要与材料内部微裂纹密度增加有关.3)Budiansky-O'Connell方法被用来估计不同热冲击处理后的圆盘试件在断裂过程中的微裂纹密度变化,结果表明实际材料的微裂纹密度较理想材料的微裂纹密度都有一定的偏差.     

Effects of mechanical boundary conditions on thermal shock resistance of ultra-high temperature ceramics

The effects of mechanical boundary conditions, often encountered in thermalstructural engineering, on the thermal shock resistance (TSR) of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are studied by investigating the TSR of a UHTC plate with various types of constraints under the first, second, and third type of thermal boundary conditions. The TSR of UHTCs is strongly dependent on the heat transfer modes and severity of the thermal environments. Constraining the displacement of the lower surface in the thickness direction can significantly decrease the TSR of the UHTC plate, which is subject to the thermal shock at the upper surface. In contrast, the TSR of the UHTC plate with simply supported edges or clamped edges around the lower surface is much better.     

Properties and appropriate conditions of stress reduction factor and thermal shock resistance parameters for ceramics

Through introducing the analytical solution of the transient heat conduction problem of the plate with convection into the thermal stress field model of the elastic plate, the stress reduction factor is presented explicitly in its dimensionless form. A new stress reduction factor is introduced for the purpose of comparison. The properties and appropriate conditions of the stress reduction factor, the first and second thermal shock resistance (TSR) parameters for the high and low Biot numbers, respectively, and the approximation formulas for the intermediate Biot number-interval are discussed. To investigate the TSR of ceramics more accurately, it is recommended to combine the heat transfer theory with the theory of thermoelasticity or fracture mechanics or use a numerical method. The critical rupture temperature difference and the critical rup- ture dimensionless time can be used to characterize the TSR of ceramics intuitively and legibly.     

Crack patterns corresponding to the residual strength plateau of ceramics subjected to thermal shock

The formation mechanism of the residualstrength plateau of ceramics subjected to thermal shockis addressed.A set of thermal shock experimentsof 99Al2O3 are conducted,where the thin specimensof 1 mm × 10 mm × 50 mm exhibit parallel through edgecracks,and thus permit quantitative measurements of thecrack patterns.The cracks evolve with the severity of thermal shock.It is found that there is a correlation between thelength and density of the thermal shock cracks.The increaseof crack length weakens the residual strength,whereas theincrease of crack density improves it.In a considerably widetemperature range,the two contrary effects just counteracteach other;consequently a plateau appears in the variationcurve of the residual strength.A comparison between thenumerical and experimental results of the residual strengthis made,and they are found in good agreement.This work ishelpful to a deep understanding of the thermal shock failureof ceramics.     

多孔铁电陶瓷冲击压缩响应与损伤演化的离散元数值模拟

采用flat-joint粘结模型,建立多孔铁电陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的PFC (particle flow code)颗粒流离散元模型,通过数值模拟再现了平板撞击实验中实测的自由面速度剖面历史,并揭示了多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程与损伤演化机制。多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程可分4个阶段:弹性变形、失效蔓延、冲击压溃变形、冲击Hugoniot平衡状态;其中,失效蔓延的内在机制是由剪切裂纹的成核与增长,而冲击压溃变形的主要机制是孔洞的塌缩以及层状剪切裂纹的形成与扩展;冲击速度与孔隙率对铁电陶瓷的响应有显著的影响,Hugoniot弹性极限强烈依赖于孔隙率,但与冲击速度的大小无关,宏观损伤累积随着冲击速度和孔隙率的增加而增加。     

Heuristic approach to thermal shock damage due to single and multiple crack growth

Multiple cracking caused by thermal shock of smooth specimens is predicted qualitatively by invoking time dependent energy release rates. The results suggest that the experimentally observed final crack pattern may have developed stably from an intermediate transient state of unstable crack growth initiated from preexisting flaws. In this way, thermal shock damage and its dependence on the temperature difference in quenching and on initial strength are explained.     

热冲击下物性与温度相关性对热弹性响应的渐进分析

计及材料物性与温度的相关性,基于Green-Naghdi能量无耗散广义热弹性理论(G-N II理论),对热冲击下具有变物性特征材料的热弹性响应进行了求解分析。借助Laplace正、反变换技术以及Krichhoff变换,在热物性参数随真实温度呈线性规律的前提下,推导了半无限大体受热冲击作用时热弹性响应的解析表达式,通过求解分析,得到了热冲击下热波、热弹性波的传播规律,位移场、温度场以及应力场的分布情况,以及物性随温度相关性对热弹性响应的影响效果。结果表明：当考虑材料物性随温度的变化时,热波、热弹性波的传播以及各物理场的分布均受到不同程度的影响,且物性随温度相关性对热弹性响应的作用效果将受到材料热-力耦合特性的影响。     

Mechanical behaviors and damage constitutive model of ceramics under shock compression

One-stage light gas gun was utilized to study the dynamic mechanical properties of AD90 alumina subjected to the shock loading. Manganin gauges were adopted to obtain the stress-time histories. The velocity interferometer system for any reflector （VISAR） was used to obtain the free surface velocity profile and determine the Hugoniot elastic limit. The Hugoniot curves were fitted with the experimental data. From Hugoniot curves the compressive behaviors of AD90 alumina were found to change typically from elastic to ＂plastic＂. The dynamic mechanical behaviors for alumina under impact loadings were analyzed by using the path line principle of Lagrange analysis, including the nonlinear characteristics, the strain rate dependence, the dispersion and declination of shock wave in the material. A damage model applicable to ceramics subjected to dynamic compressive loading has been developed. The model was based on the damage micromechanics and wing crack nucleation and growth. The effects of parameters of both the micro-cracks nucleation and the initial crack size on the dynamic fracture strength were discussed. The results of the dynamic damage evolution model were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was found.     

Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier coatings under thermal shock loading

Residual stress evolution regularity in thermal barrier ceramic coatings (TBCs) under different cycles of thermal shock loading of 1100°C was investigated by the microscopic digital image correlation (DIC) and micro-Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The obtained results showed that, as the cycle number of the thermal shock loading increases, the evolution of the residual stress undergoes three distinct stages: a sharp increase, a gradual change, and a reduction. The extension stress near the TBC surface is fast transformed to compressive one through just one thermal cycle. After different thermal shock cycles with peak temperature of 1100°C, phase transformation in TBC does not happen, whereas the generation, development, evolution of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer and micro-cracks are the main reasons causing the evolution regularity of the residual stress.     

Thermal strain ageing and crack initiation during low cycle thermal shock fatigue

Presented in this work is a qualitative assessment of microstructure damage caused by thermal shock fatigue for steels tested at different elevated temperatures. Subgrains are developed prior to the nucleation of microcracks. Changes in the metallurgical structure are also identified. Quantitative assessment of these observed events remains to be done. A possible candidate as a criterion is the Absorbed Specific Fracture Energy.