温度对介电弹性体材料力电耦合变形的影响（固体力学大会文章）

介电弹性体（Dielectric elastomer,简称DE）材料是一类在电场激励下可以产生大幅度尺寸或形状变化的新型柔性功能材料。DE材料具有非常宽的温度应用范围,这种宽的温度工作范围和快速大变形性能为各种柔性致动器结构提供了良好的基础,但作为一种粘弹性高分子材料,温度对其性能的影响也是非常明显的。然而到目前为止,所有关于DE材料驱动性能的研究仅局限于室温条件下,温度变化对DE材料力电耦合稳定性的影响几乎没有相关报道。基于此,通过实验研究了温度对最常用的DE材料（VHB 4910,3M）力电耦合变形的影响,结果表明：升高温度可以提高DE材料的力电耦合变形;温度越高,DE材料越容易发生力电耦合失效。然后,从热力学和粘弹性力学出发,建立了考虑温度影响后的DE材料的粘弹性力电耦合模型,数值模拟理论结果和实验结果非常吻合。     

温度对介电弹性体材料力电耦合变形的影响

介电弹性体(Dielectric Elastomer,简称DE)材料是一类在电场激励下可以产生大幅度尺寸或形状变化的新型柔性功能材料.DE材料具有非常宽的温度应用范围,这种宽的温度工作范围和快速大变形性能为各种柔性致动器结构提供了良好的基础,但作为一种粘弹性高分子材料,温度对其性能的影响也是非常明显的.然而到目前为止,所有关于DE材料驱动性能的研究仅局限于室温条件下,温度变化对DE材料力电耦合稳定性的影响几乎没有相关报道.基于此,通过实验研究了温度对最常用的DE材料(VHB 4910,3M)力电耦合变形的影响,结果表明:升高温度可以提高DE材料的力电耦合变形;温度越高,DE材料越容易发生力电耦合失稳.然后,从热力学和粘弹性力学出发,建立了考虑温度影响后的DE材料的粘弹性力电耦合模型,数值模拟理论结果和实验结果定性地吻合.     

具有线性介电常数的Ogden型介电弹性体的本构关系和机电稳定性

应用多材料常数的Ogden弹性应变能函数分析了介电弹性体的力学行为,研究了介电弹性体的机电稳定性.数值结果表明,通过对材料系数(如材料常数比和电致伸缩系数等)的恰当调节可以使得介电弹性体材料或介电弹性体结构更趋稳定.这些有益于深入理解介电弹性体的机电稳定性行为,进而设计恰当的介电弹性体器件.     

电学开路挠曲电悬臂梁自振频率分析

挠曲电效应是一种新兴的机电耦合效应,在微纳米尺度的传感器、致动器和俘能器方面有广阔的应用前景．本文基于挠曲电材料的变分原理和电吉布斯自由能,推导了表面覆盖电极的挠曲电悬臂梁在电学开路条件下的机电耦合动力学控制方程和相应的力电边界条件．进一步获得了求解电学开路条件下挠曲电悬臂梁自振频率的超越方程．以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)材料为算例,讨论了挠曲电系数、末端质量块和梁尺寸对结构自振频率和电学开路/短路条件下结构自振频率有效频移的影响．计算结果表明,挠曲电系数的增大会提高梁的自振频率;末端质量的增大可以降低梁的自振频率,并且末端质量块的转动效应对悬臂梁自振频率的影响很小;悬臂梁结构的有效频移随着结构尺寸减小而增加,并在某一厚度尺寸趋于饱和值．     

介电弹性作动器主动隔振模糊控制试验研究

采用模糊控制策略,开展介电弹性作动器的主动隔振性能试验研究。基于介电弹性材料的Maxwell应力模型建立了作动器的力电耦合模型,分析了作动器的非线性特性;针对隔振系统设计了Mamdani型模糊控制器,建立了控制电压信号与振动响应之间的关系;在此基础上,开展了介电弹性作动器主动隔振试验研究,并与加速度反馈控制进行了对比。试验结果表明,在相同驱动电压的情况下,基于模糊控制策略的主动隔振性能要优于加速度反馈控制,且能够显著降低由于非线性驱动力导致的倍频响应幅值,有助于提高隔振系统的稳定性。     

层合结构压电器件的机电耦合响应

压电传感嚣和致动器都可以看成是由压电材料层和非压电(弹性)材料层交替铺设而成。对于这类任意铺设的层合板悬臂梁结构,推导出了表示力学变形与外加电场之间耦合效应的解析表达式。进而,又推导出了两类(一类为单层压电-弹性层。另一类为双层压电-弹性层)层合型悬臂梁结构机电耦合性能的解析公式。在该机电耦合模型中,包括了两个压电常数d211和d222。最后。通过比较解析解、实验值以及有限元计算结果,发现它们吻合得很好。     

丙烯酸弹性体的率相关分数阶黏弹性模型研究

丙烯酸弹性体VHB 4910作为一种重要的介电弹性体,在软体机器人、致动器、俘能器和智能隔振器等领域有很好的应用前景.但材料的非线性黏弹性对其力学行为有显著影响.近来分数阶模型在复杂材料的建模中取得了成功.本文基于分数阶有限变形Kelvin-Voigt流变学模型建立弹性体的三维张量本构,并进一步推导单向拉伸情况下的本构...     

层合结构压电器件的机电耦合效应

压电传感器和致动器都可以看成是一种复合材料层合板结构，由压电材料层和非压电(弹性)材料层交替铺设而成。对于这类任意铺设的层合板悬臂梁结构，我们推导出了表示力学变形与外加电场之间耦合效应的解析表达式。进而，又推导出了两类(一类为单层压电-弹性层，另一类为双层压电-弹性层)层合型悬臂梁结构机电耦合性能的解析公式。在该机电耦合模型中，包括了两个压电常数d211和d222。此外，还建立了含压电材料的有限元算式，进行了实验测量。最后，通过比较解析解(包括考虑了d222参数的理论值和没有考虑d222参数的理论值)，实验值以及有限元计算结果，发现它们吻合得很好，而且考虑d222是十分必要的。     

磁致伸缩作动器的电-磁-机耦合动力特性

基于磁致伸缩材料的本构关系模型,结合磁致伸缩作动器结构动力学模型建立了可描述磁致伸缩作动器的电-磁-机耦合动力特性的运动方程.方程中考虑了作动器工作时磁致伸缩材料的弹性模量随着应力和磁场的改变而发生的变化,磁致伸缩材料的这种特性使得作动器系统表现出具有时变刚度的参数振动特性.通过对此参数振动方程进行数值求解,得到磁致伸缩作动器的参数频响特性,并研究了激励电流幅值以及作动器负载质量对作动器频响特性的影响.     

介电高弹聚合物理论

软材料受刺激会发生变形, 该变形会引起相应的功能, 这种材料称为活性软材料(soft active material, SAM). 本综述主要讨论介电高弹聚合物这一类活性软材料. 当介电高弹聚合物薄膜受到厚度方向的电压作用时, 薄膜厚度减小同时面积增大, 可导致超过100{\%}的应变. 介电高弹聚合物作为转换器被广泛应用, 包括柔性机器人、智能光学器件、盲文显示屏、发电机等. 本文综述了建立在连续介质力学和热力学框架内的、并且基于分子理论描述和经验观测的介电高弹聚合物理论. 该理论耦合了大变形和电势, 描述了非线性和非平衡行为, 如力电失稳和黏弹性. 采用该理论能够通过有限元方法模拟实际构型的转换器, 计算力电能量转换的效率, 给出电致大变形的可行途径. 该理论有助于材料和器件设计.     

A 3D multi-field element for simulating the electromechanical coupling behavior of dielectric elastomers

We propose a multi-field implicit finite element method for analyzing the electromechanical behavior of dielectric elastomers. This method is based on a four-field variational principle, which includes displacement and electric potential for the electromechanical coupling analysis, and additional independent fields to address the incompressible constraint of the hyperelastic material. Linearization of the variational form and finite element discretization are adopted for the numerical implementation. A general FEM program framework is developed using C ++ based on the open-source finite element library deal.II to implement this proposed algorithm. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy, convergence properties, mesh-independence properties, and scalability of this method. We also use the method for eigenvalue analysis of a dielectric elastomer actuator subject to electromechanical loadings. Our finite element implementation is available as an online supplementary material.     

RATE DEPENDENT STRESS-STRETCH RELATION OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS SUBJECTED TO PURE SHEAR LIKE LOADING AND ELECTRIC FIELD

The performance of dielectric elastomer(DE) transducers is significantly affected by viscoelastic relaxation-induced electromechanical dissipations.This paper presents an experimental study to obtain the rate dependent stress-stretch relation of DE membranes(VHB TM 9473) subjected to pure shear like loading and electric loading simultaneously.Stretching rate dependent behavior is observed.The results also show that the tensile force decreases as the voltage increases.The observations are compared with predictions by a viscoelastic model of DE.This experiment may be used for further studies of dynamic electromechanical coupling properties of DEs.     

A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER TRANSDUCERS

We present a finite element method for dielectric elastomer(DE) transducers based on the nonlinear field theory of DE.The method is implemented in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS,which provides a large library functions to describe finite elasticity.This method can be used to solve electromechanical coupling problems of DE transducers with complex configurations and under inhomogeneous deformation.     

A mathematical model for cylindrical,fiber reinforced electro-pneumatic actuators

In recent years, dielectric elastomers have received increasing attention due to their unparalleled large strain actuation response (>100%). The force output, however, has remained a major limiting factor for many applications. To address this limitation, a model for a fiber reinforced dielectric elastomer actuator based on the deformation mechanism of McKibben actuators is presented. In this novel configuration, the outer cylindrical surface of a dielectric elastomer is enclosed by a network of helical fibers that are thin, flexible and inextensible. This configuration yields an axially contractile actuator, in contrast to unreinforced actuators which extend. The role of the fiber network is twofold: (i) to serve as reinforcement to improve the load-bearing capability of dielectric elastomers, and (ii) to render the actuator inextensible in the axial direction such that the only free deformation path is simultaneous radial expansion and axial contraction. In this paper, a mathematical model of the electromechanical response of fiber reinforced dielectric elastomers is derived. The model is developed within a continuum mechanics framework for large deformations. The cylindrical electro-pneumatic actuator is modeled by adapting Green and Adkins’ theory of reinforced cylinders to account for the applied electric field. Using this approach, numerical solutions are obtained assuming a Mooney–Rivlin material model. The results indicate that the relationship between the contractile force and axial shortening is bilinear within the voltage range considered. The characteristic response as a function of various system parameters such as the fiber angle, inflation pressure, and the applied voltage are reported. In this paper, the elastic portion of the modeling approach is validated using experimental data for McKibben actuators.     

Dielectric elastomer composites: A general closed-form solution in the small-deformation limit

A solution for the overall electromechanical response of two-phase dielectric elastomer composites with (random or periodic) particulate microstructures is derived in the classical limit of small deformations and moderate electric fields. In this limit, the overall electromechanical response is characterized by three effective tensors: a fourth-order tensor describing the elasticity of the material, a second-order tensor describing its permittivity, and a fourth-order tensor describing its electrostrictive response. Closed-form formulas are derived for these effective tensors directly in terms of the corresponding tensors describing the electromechanical response of the underlying matrix and the particles, and the one- and two-point correlation functions describing the microstructure. This is accomplished by specializing a new iterative homogenization theory in finite electroelastostatics (Lopez-Pamies, 2014) to the case of elastic dielectrics with even coupling between the mechanical and electric fields and, subsequently, carrying out the pertinent asymptotic analysis.Additionally, with the aim of gaining physical insight into the proposed solution and shedding light on recently reported experiments, specific results are examined and compared with an available analytical solution and with new full-field simulations for the special case of dielectric elastomers filled with isotropic distributions of spherical particles with various elastic dielectric properties, including stiff high-permittivity particles, liquid-like high-permittivity particles, and vacuous pores.     

Temperature effects on the dynamic response of viscoelastic dielectric elastomer

Viscoelasticity and temperature can significantly affect the performance of a dielectric elastomer. In the current study, we use a thermodynamic model to describe the effect of temperature and viscoelasticity on the electromechanical response undergoing a cyclic electric load by taking into account of the temperature dependent dielectric constant. Because of the significant viscoelasticity in the dielectric elastomer, the deformation and the nominal electric displacement can not keep in phase with the electric field at low frequencies. The results show that the magnitude of the cyclic electromechanical actuation strain increases with the decrease of the temperature and decreases with the increasing frequency, and viscoelasticity can result in significant hysteresis for dielectric elastomers under a relative low temperature and a low frequency.     

Electro-viscoelastic behaviors of circular dielectric elastomer membrane actuator containing concentric rigid inclusion

The time-dependent electro-viscoelastic performance of a circular dielectric elastomer (DE) membrane actuator containing an inclusion is investigated in the context of the nonlinear theory for viscoelastic dielectrics. The membrane, a key part of the actuator, is centrally attached to a rigid inclusion of the radius a, and then connected to a fixed rigid ring of the radius b. When subject to a pressure and a voltage, the membrane inflates into an out-of-plane shape and undergoes an inhomogeneous large deformation. The governing equations for the large deformation are derived by means of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and viscoelasticity of the membrane is characterized by a rheological spring-dashpot model. In the simulation, effects of the pressure, the voltage, and design parameters on the electromechanical viscoelastic behaviors of the membrane are investigated. Evolutions of the considered variables and profiles of the deformed membrane are obtained numerically and illustrated graphically. The results show that electromechanical loadings and design parameters significantly influence the electro-viscoelastic behaviors of the membrane. The design parameters can be tailored to improve the performance of the membrane. The approach may provide guidelines in designing and optimizing such DE devices.     

铁电复合材料的力电耦合行为

对铁电复合材料力电耦合行为的研究进行综述．介绍了铁电复合材料的一些基本特点和线性压电有效性能的研究进展．阐述铁电复合材料中由于铁电相的铁电畴变与铁弹畴变以及基体相的弹性、粘弹性和介电弛豫性质所引起的铁电复合材料的非线性力电耦合行为．介绍了基于细观力学方法对铁电复合材料的本构关系进行研究的一些结果．