一种考虑非比例附加损伤的多轴低周疲劳模型

在实际工作环境中,机械结构往往承受着多轴非比例循环载荷.相比多轴比例循环加载,多轴非比例循环加载由于产生了附加强化现象,造成机械结构疲劳寿命下降.通过分析薄壁圆筒管件在非比例加载工况下应力应变变化规律和发生破坏位置,本文基于临界面法提出一种考虑多轴非比例附加损伤的疲劳模型.该模型将最大剪切应变幅平面作为临界面,提出一个新的附加强化因子,结合临界面上切应变幅和正应变幅组成新的多轴疲劳损伤参量.此参量不仅考虑了非比例加载下临界面上正应变幅和切应变幅对材料造成的疲劳损伤,还考虑到应变路径的变化和材料非比例加载敏感特性对材料疲劳寿命的影响.考虑到实际情况下模型所需材料附加强化系数有时难以获得的情况,给出了材料附加强化系数的有关近似计算公式.只需要材料基本力学参数便可得到材料附加强化系数,方便工程实际应用.采用8种材料的多轴疲劳寿命数据对提出的新模型进行检验,结果表明所提出的新模型与传统多轴疲劳模型相比预测寿命精度更高.     

一种考虑非比例附加损伤的多轴低周疲劳模型

在实际工作环境中,机械结构往往承受着多轴非比例循环载荷.相比多轴比例循环加载,多轴非比例循环加载由于产生了附加强化现象,造成机械结构疲劳寿命下降.通过分析薄壁圆筒管件在非比例加载工况下应力应变变化规律和发生破坏位置,本文基于临界面法提出一种考虑多轴非比例附加损伤的疲劳模型.该模型将最大剪切应变幅平面作为临界面,提出一个新的附加强化因子,结合临界面上切应变幅和正应变幅组成新的多轴疲劳损伤参量.此参量不仅考虑了非比例加载下临界面上正应变幅和切应变幅对材料造成的疲劳损伤,还考虑到应变路径的变化和材料非比例加载敏感特性对材料疲劳寿命的影响.考虑到实际情况下模型所需材料附加强化系数有时难以获得的情况,给出了材料附加强化系数的有关近似计算公式.只需要材料基本力学参数便可得到材料附加强化系数,方便工程实际应用.采用8种材料的多轴疲劳寿命数据对提出的新模型进行检验,结果表明所提出的新模型与传统多轴疲劳模型相比预测寿命精度更高.      

基于塑性应变能复杂应力场非比例加载疲劳寿命分析

本文提出了一种以应变能预测多轴应变加载低周疲劳寿命的新方法,该方法最大特点假设疲劳裂纹是由最大剪应力和其相对应的正应力引起,解决了其他方法不能反映非比例强化的问题;该方法建立等效内应力、外加有效应力与塑性应变能的关系,从而分析得到基于塑性应变能的多轴非比例疲劳寿命的计算模型,及多轴疲劳寿命公式中材料参数确定、剪应力及其所在平面所对应的正应力、塑性应变能等的获取方法.凭借Al5083、S460N材料光滑试件、GH4169材料缺口件、Al5083焊接件的多轴非比例加载进行寿命预测的验证,证明该模型可以预测不同材料、不同加载路径下的多轴非比例应变加载低周疲劳寿命.     

考虑非比例附加损伤的多轴低周疲劳寿命模型

基于临界面法, 提出了一种能够反映非比例疲劳寿命锐减现象的多轴低周疲劳寿命模型. 与传统临界面模型只考虑附加强化效果不同, 新的模型在疲劳损伤参量中引入新定义的非比例附加损伤系数, 能综合考虑非比例加载条件下附加强化和载荷路径两种因素对疲劳寿命减少的影响, 并且分别以最大切应变和最大损伤平面作为临界面来构建疲劳损伤参量, 反映了临界面的选取对模型预测结果的重要影响. 从已发表文献中选用8 种材料的多轴疲劳试验结果进行验证, 新模型能同时适用于比例和非比例加载, 并且具有很好的寿命预测精度和材料适用性.      

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳研究

基于正交设计, 分别在680℃和850℃下进行DD3镍基单晶合金薄壁圆管试样([001]取向)拉/扭非比例加载低周疲劳试验, 研究等效应变范围、应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角、循环特性和温度诸因素对镍基单晶合金多轴低周疲劳寿命的影响作用. 疲劳试验数据的极差分析表明, 应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角和等效应变范围是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素. 将菱形应变加载路径区分为比例加载段和非比例加载段, 提出了表征非比例加载效应的等效应变参量, 并通过引入单晶应变三轴性因子反映拉/扭应变路径角对多轴疲劳寿命的影响. 用考虑非比例加载效应的等效应变范围和单晶应变三轴性因子构造循环塑性应变能损伤参量, 进行多元线性回归分析, 疲劳寿命回归模型与试验寿命具有很好的相关性, 所有试验数据都落在2.0倍的偏差分布带之内.      

转动惯量法在多轴疲劳本构关系预测中的应用

一些金属材料在承担多轴非比例加载过程时,会产生额外非比例附加强化或软化现象,这一现象往往会导致在评估疲劳寿命时因为材料本构关系的不确定而引起预测结果出现较大误差．因此基于单轴疲劳理论得出的寿命预测模型并不能准确地预测多轴非比例疲劳加载下的材料寿命．针对此问题,本文阐述了非比例附加强化效应产生的原因及结果,结合转动惯量法的理论和塑性增量法,建立了预测多轴低周疲劳加载下循环应力-应变曲线的数值计算模型．利用316L 不锈钢试样在5 种加载路径下的实验数据对预测结果进行了验证,结果表明该模型具有良好的预测有效性及精度．     

非比例循环载荷下内时本构理论的修正

非比例加载下，应力、应变的求解是个困难的问题。通过修正内蕴时间尺度，本文用内时本构理论给出了计算循环稳定应力、应变滞环的简便方法。这对于低周疲劳寿命的预测是非常必要的     

金属材料多轴非比例低周疲劳寿命预测概述

工程中的大多数构件承受着比例或非比例多轴疲劳荷载作用,而非比例强化效应会大大影响其多轴疲劳寿命。精确预测金属材料在多轴非比例荷载下的低周疲劳寿命需要同时考虑等向强化、随动强化及非比例强化效应下的材料本构关系,并在临界面上计算出相应应力应变值,根据不同疲劳失效形式选取不同类型的失效模型来确定疲劳寿命．本文针对这一过程中重要知识点进行阐述,并介绍了相关模型与理论．     

63Sn-37Pb钎料合金在非比例循环加载下的非弹性流动特性研究

基于63Sn-37Pb钎料舍金在多种非比例应变循环加载下的实验结果,通过考察材料的非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化规律,对63Sn-37Pb钎料合金的非弹性流动特性进行了定量分析。分析结果显示：在相同的非比例加载路径下,当加载等效应变幅值相同时,等效应变率越高,非弹性应变率与偏应力之间夹角平均水平越低,当等效应变率相同时,等效应变幅值越大,相应的夹角平均水平越低;在保持时间范围内,非弹性应变率方向与偏应力方向趋于一致;当非比例路径形状不同时,其非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化趋势明显不同。研究表明,材料的非弹性流动特性强烈依赖于等效应变幅值、等效应变率、保持时间、非比例路径形状。     

Q235钢缺口试样拉压低循环疲劳的实验研究

以Q235钢制U型缺口板试样为研究对象,用有限元方法计算其缺口根部等效应变幅对应的试样标距段位移,以此控制试验机进行拉压循环疲劳试验。然后用局部应力应变法对试验测得的寿命结果进行分析。结果表明：无论用有限元还是修正Neuber公式计算缺口根部的应力应变,局部应力应变法的疲劳寿命评估只适用于缺口半径较大的试样;对缺口半径较小试样的估计寿命明显低于实测值,且有限元法比修正Neuber法更保守。进而又对试样缺口区域应变梯度的影响进行了探讨：参照有限元计算的应变梯度,利用Taylor模型估算了缺口根部的屈服应力和流动应力;在此基础上重新计算应变分布并估计试样的疲劳寿命,结果证实考虑应变梯度影响可改善缺口试样的疲劳寿命估计。     

轨道车辆空气弹簧疲劳分析

利用基于开裂能理论的疲劳分析方法对空气弹簧进行寿命评估. 借助有限元技术对带有附加气室的空气弹簧系统进行仿真, 提取空气弹簧胶囊每个单元中心的应变历程, 将应变历程代入开裂能计算公式计算每个单元中心所有可能开裂平面的开裂能峰值, 再利用开裂能峰值计算撕裂能峰值, 进而计算对应的等效撕裂能, 最后利用等效撕裂能计算每个单元中心所有可能开裂平面的裂纹扩展速率和对应的疲劳寿命. 将疲劳预测寿命与实验寿命进行比较, 结果表明疲劳预测寿命是实验寿命的1.91 倍, 验证了疲劳仿真模型和方法的可靠性.     

一种统一的多轴疲劳损伤参量

According to the critical plane principle, a unified multiaxial fatigue damage parameter is presented based on the varying behaviour of the strains on the critical plane. Both parameters of the maximum shear strain amplitude and normal strain excursion between adjacent turning points of the maximum shear strain on the critical plane are considered in the presented multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. An equivalent strain is made with both parameters of the maximun shear strain amplitude and normal strain excursion by means of von Mises criterion. Thus a new multiaxial fatigue damage model is given based on critical plane approach. The results show that the multiaxial fatigue damage paramete r proposed in this paper may be used under either proportional or nonproportional loading, and may also be reduced to an uniaxial form.It is used to predict multiaxial fatigue life and good agreement isdemonstrated by experimental data.     

Q345低周疲劳性能与疲劳寿命预测分析

本文对结构用钢Q345的低周疲劳性能进行了试验研究。试验在常温下岛津电液伺服疲劳试验机上进行,采用轴向应变控制方法,恒定应变速率为0.005s-1,应变比为-1。试验结果表明,初始阶段,Q345在高应变幅值(0.6%)循环作用下出现循环硬化效应,而在低应变幅值(0.6%)作用下出现循环软化效应;随着加载应变幅的增加,硬化和软化率呈直线上升趋势。Q345疲劳裂纹萌生阶段占其整个寿命的60%以上,其裂纹萌生寿命与应变幅存在幂函数关系。根据Coffin-Manson公式得到了Q345的应变-寿命关系公式;采用能量预测法得到了材料的塑性应变能与疲劳寿命的关系表达式。上述结果对钢结构的设计、评估具有重要的工程应用参考价值。     

A unified multiaxial fatigue damage parameter

According to the critical plane principle, a unified multiaxial fatigue damage parameter is presented based on the varying behaviour of the strains of the critical plane. Both the parameters of the maximum shear strain amplitude and normal strain excursion between adjacent turning points of the maximum shear strain on the critical plane are considered in the multiaxial fatigue damage parameter presented. An equivalent strain amplitude is made with both parameters of the maximum shear strain amplitude and normal strain excursion by means of von Mises criterion. Thus a new multiaxial fatigue damage parameter proposed in this paper may be used under either proportional or nonproportional loading, and may also be reduced to a uniaxial form. It is used to predict multiaxial fatigue life and good agreement is demonstrated by experimental data. The project is supported by the National Doctoral Foundation of China and National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

基于疲劳传感器的桥梁载荷谱检测研究

设计了一种结构独特的应变增幅器,使疲劳计的响应灵敏度大大提高,从而使疲劳计较高响应门槛值能与结构高周疲劳情况相匹配,扩展了疲劳计的应用范围,满足了桥梁工程结构疲劳检测要求.由恒幅标定数据和等效原理用插值方法得到复杂加载下疲劳响应计算方法,并根据桥梁载荷谱的瑞利分布特点,得到该分布下的疲劳响应计算方法.采用增幅器的双疲劳计结构设计,利用疲劳计响应的非线性特性,得到疲劳传感器电阻变化与桥梁瑞利载荷谱的对应关系.该传感器的检测原理提供了一种新的工程疲劳检测方法,它较目前采用的其它方法效率高、精度好,适用于长期疲劳监测.疲劳实验表明,实验载荷谱与预测载荷谱相当吻合,所设计的疲劳传感器性能良好、满足桥梁疲劳载荷检测要求.     

Elastic waves in an electro-microelastic solid

The present study is concerned with the wave propagation in an electro-microelastic solid. The reflection phenomenon of plane elastic waves from a stress free plane boundary of an electro-microelastic solid half-space is studied. The condition and the range of frequency for the existence of elastic waves in an infinite electro-microelastic body are investigated. The constitutive relations and the field equations for an electro-microelastic solid are stemmed from the Eringen’s theory of microstretch elasticity with electromagnetic interactions. Amplitude ratios and energy ratios of various reflected waves are presented when an elastic wave is made incident obliquely at the stress free plane boundary of an electro-microelastic solid half-space. It has been verified that there is no dissipation of energy at the boundary surface during reflection. Numerical computations are performed for a specific model to calculate the phase speeds, amplitude ratios and energy ratios, and the results obtained are depicted graphically. The effect of elastic parameter corresponding to micro-stretch is noticed on reflection coefficients, in particular. Results of Parfitt and Eringen [Parfitt, V.R., Eringen, A.C., 1969. Reflection of plane waves from a flat boundary of a micropolar elastic half-space. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 45, 1258–1272] have also been reduced as a special case from the present formulation.     

应变疲劳强度概率分布

利用概率论方法建立了应变疲劳强度概率分布与应变疲劳寿命概率分布之间的数学关系式，并根据应变－寿命转换关系，由已知的给定应变水平下的疲劳寿命概率分布求出给定寿命下的应变疲劳强度分布函数，便于进行可靠性分析。     

Propagation,reflection, and transmission of SH-waves in slightly compressible,finitely deformed elastic media

The propagation, reflection, and transmission of SH waves in slightly compressible, finitely deformed elastic media are considered in this paper. The dispersion relation for SH-wave propagation in slightly compressible, finitely deformed layer overlying a slightly compressible, finitely deformed half-space is derived. The present paper also deals with the reflection and refraction (transmission) phenomena due to the SH wave incident at the plane interface between two distinct slightly compressible, finitely deformed elastic media. The closed form expressions for the amplitude ratios of reflection and refraction coefficients of the reflected and refracted SH waves are obtained from suitable boundary conditions. For the numerical discussions, we consider the Neo-Hookean form of a strain energy function. The phase speed curves, the variations of reflection, and transmission coefficients with the angle of incidence, and the plots of the slowness sections are presented by means of graphs.     

Development of a multiaxial fatigue theory by considering constraint effects on small mixed-mode cracks

The effects of the transverse strain (the normal strain in the crack-line direction) on the near-tip fields of small shallow surface cracks (Case A cracks) in power-law hardening materials are investigated by finite element analyses. The small Case A cracks are under plane stress, general yielding, and mixed mode I and II conditions. Constant effective stress contours representing the intense straining zones near the tip, deformed crack-tip profiles and near-tip mode mixity factors are presented for different transverse strains in the crack-line direction. Based on the concept of characterization of fatigue crack growth by the cyclic J-integral, the effects of the transverse strain on J are investigated. The results suggest that the fatigue life prediction based on multiaxial fatigue theories and the critical plane approach should include the constraint effects due to the transverse strain. Consequently, the concept of constant fatigue life contour on the Γ-plane in multiaxial fatigue theories is generalized to the constant fatigue life surface in the Γ-space where the shear strain and the two normal strains are the three axes. Finally, a damage parameter as a function of the shear strain and the two normal strains is proposed for evaluation of fatigue damage under multiaxial loading conditions.