Mass Distribution and Diffusion of [1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium][Y] Ionic Liquids Adsorbed on the Graphite Surface at 300–800 K

The structure and diffusion behavior of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ([bmim]⁺) ionic liquids with [Cl]^?, [PF₆]^?, and [Tf₂N]^? counterions near a hydrophobic graphite surface are investigated by molecular dynamics simulation over the temperature range of 300–800 K. Near the graphite surface the structure of the ionic liquid differs from that in the bulk and it forms a well‐ordered region extending over 30 Å from the surface. The bottom layer of the ionic liquid is stable over the investigated temperature range due to the inherent slow dynamics of the ionic liquid and the strong Coulombic interactions between cation and anion. In the bottom layer, diffusion is strongly anisotropic and predominantly occurs along the graphite surface. Diffusion perpendicular to the interface (interfacial mass transfer rate k_t) is very slow due to strong ion–substrate interaction. The diffusion behaviors of the three ionic liquids in the two directions all follow an Arrhenius relation, and the activation barrier increases with decreasing anion size. Such an Arrhenius relation is applied to surface‐adsorbed ionic liquids for the first time. The ion size and the surface electrical charge density of the anions are the major factors determining the diffusion behavior of the ionic liquid adjacent to the graphite surface.     

Molecular Dynamics Study of Ionic Liquid Film Based on [emim][Tf2N] and [emim][TfO] Adsorbed on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the ionic liquid(IL) crystalline film based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide([emim][Tf₂N]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate([emim][TfO]) on the graphite surface. Our results show that the cations are parallelly distributed to the surface in the 1/2 monolayer(ML) crystalline film. The [Tf₂N]^- anions are parallel to the surface with the oxygen atoms at the bottom, whereas the [TfO]^- anions are perpendicularly distributed to the surface also with the oxygen atoms at the bottom in the 1/2 ML crystalline film. It has been found that the IL-vapor interface strongly influences the arrangement of ions at the interface. The anions in the top layer with the oxygen atoms outmost turn over to make themselves with the F atoms outmost so as to form C-H···O hydrogen bonds with the cations. The calculated orientational ordering shows that in the outmost layer at the IL-vapor interface, the cation rings present either parallel or perpendicular to the surface at 350 K.     

离子液体耦合有机过氧化物脱除二苯并噻吩的研究

以12-磷钨酸为催化剂,研究了离子液体耦合有机过氧化物脱除二苯并噻吩(DBT)。研究结果表明,单独使用离子[bmim]BF4、[bmim]PF6液体为萃取剂,脱硫率为27.78%~38.76%。以由等体积的H2O2与甲酸制成有机过氧化物为氧化剂,不使用催化剂和离子液体,温度70℃,反应时间6 h,DBT氧化为二苯并噻吩砜的比例为76.6%。在催化剂作用下,将离子液体与氧化剂耦合使用时,脱硫率明显提高。当催化剂与DBT的摩尔比为0.20∶1,氧化剂与DBT的体积比为10∶1,[bmim]PF6离子液体与DBT的体积比为1∶1,在70℃反应6 h后,脱硫率可达98.60%。耦合体系重复使用五次后,氧化脱硫活性没有明显降低。     

Investigation of confined ionic liquid in nanostructured materials by a combination of SANS, contrast-matching SANS, and nitrogen adsorption

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), contrast-matching SANS, and nitrogen adsorption have been utilized to investigate the confined ionic liquid (IL) [bmim][PF(6)] phase in ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15. The results suggest that the pores of SBA-15 are completely filled with IL whereas a small fraction of the pore volume, the pore "core", of MCM-41 is empty. The contrast-matching SANS measurements confirm the enhanced solubility of water in IL. In addition, they provide strong evidence that water does not enter the empty pore core of MCM-41, possibly because of the preferred orientation of the IL molecules in the adsorbed layer.     

离子液体对甲基丙烯醛氧化酯化反应的影响

异丁烯氧化制备甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)是一条极具优势、清洁高效的工艺技术路线.但甲基丙烯酸甲酯极易聚合^[1],故异丁烯三步法及传统的丙酮氰醇法均在酯化过程中加入对苯二酚、对羟基苯甲醚、2,4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚等有机物作为阻聚剂^[2].而甲基丙烯醛直接氧化酯化为MMA时,碱性和加热的反应条件使MMA更易聚合^[3].因而防止MMA在反应过程中的聚合成为工艺技术的关键问题.本文在甲基丙烯醛一步氧化酯化生成MMA的反应体系中添加离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([bm im]PF₆),结果表明,该离子液体既能提高MMA的选择性还有效防止MMA的聚合.     

Friction of MoO3 Nanoflakes on Graphite Surface with an Ace-like Intercalation Layer

How water layer adsorbed on solid surface under ambient conditions affects the interfacial friction is a fundamental question for understanding the friction and lubrication phenomena in practical system. We investigate the formation of ice-like(IL) water layers on the hydrophobic surface of graphite with partially covered MoO₃ nanoflakes(NFs) using atomic force microscopy(AFM) based techniques. The IL water layers are found surrounding the MoO₃ NFs and also intercalated at the MoO₃/graphite interface, as proved by thickness measurements as well as local adhesion force and surface potential mappings. AFM manipulations carried out on MoO₃ NFs on graphite show that the presence of the IL water layers increases the frictional resistance of the interface. Comparing the results on continuous and discontinuous IL water layers, we can identify the different sliding interfaces in the two scenarios. The increased friction for MoO₃ NFs sliding on graphite with an intercalated water layer is attributed to the energy dissipation originated from the metastable nature of the IL layers.     

Correlation between quasielastic Raman scattering and configurational entropy in an ionic liquid

Low-frequency (5-200 cm(-1)) Raman spectra are reported for the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim]PF(6), in glassy, supercooled liquid, and normal liquid phases (77-330 K). Raman spectra of [bmim]PF(6) agree with previous results obtained by optical Kerr effect spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. Both the superposition model and the coupling model give reasonable fit to low-frequency Raman spectra of [bmim]PF(6). The configurational entropy of [bmim]PF(6) has been evaluated as a function of temperature using recently reported data of heat capacity. The calculated configurational entropy is inserted in the Adam-Gibbs theory for supercooled liquids, giving a good fit to non-Arrhenius behavior of viscosity and diffusive process, with the latter revealed by a recent neutron scattering investigation of [bmim]PF(6). There is a remarkable linear dependence between intensity of quasielastic Raman scattering and configurational entropy from 77 K up to the melting point of [bmim]PF(6). This correlation offers insight into the nature of dynamical processes probed by low-frequency Raman spectra of ionic liquids.     

Recent developments in the study of ionic liquid interfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and potential future directions

A perspective is given on the potential of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate ionic liquid (IL) interfaces and related bulk properties. To allow for cross-correlation of different IL properties, the study is restricted to imidazolium-based systems. By systematic variation of alkyl chain lengths, by investigation of different anions, and by introduction of functional groups detailed information on surface orientation, enrichment effects, cation-anion interactions, and the correlation to macroscopic properties such as density and surface tension of ILs are derived. Furthermore, the molecular arrangement and growth behaviour of ultrathin ionic liquid layers on various substrates, in situ monitoring of chemical reactions, and the dissolution of transition metal complexes are addressed.     

Probing the neutral graphene-ionic liquid interface: insights from molecular dynamics simulations

We study basic mechanisms of the interfacial layer formation at the neutral graphite monolayer (graphene)-ionic liquid (1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride, [dmim][Cl]) interface by fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We probe the interface area by a spherical probe varying the charge (-1e, 0, +1e) as well as the size of the probe (diameter 0.50 nm and 0.38 nm). The molecular modelling results suggest that: there is a significant enrichment of ionic liquid cations at the surface. This cationic layer attracts Cl(-) anions that leads to the formation of several distinct ionic liquid layers at the surface. There is strong asymmetry in cationic/anionic probe interactions with the graphene wall due to the preferential adsorption of the ionic liquid cations at the graphene surface. The high density of ionic liquid cations at the interface adds an additional high energy barrier for the cationic probe to come to the wall compared to the anionic probe. Qualitatively the results from probes with diameter 0.50 nm and 0.38 nm are similar although the smaller probe can approach closer to the wall. We discuss the simulation results in light of available experimental data on the interfacial structure in ionic liquids.     

离子液体-水介质中离子液体负载TEMPO催化选择氧化合成脂肪醇羟基芳香醛和酮

由于脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基具有相同的氧化反应活性,所以当分子内同时含有脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基时,很难选择氧化苄醇羟基合成含脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛或酮。本文报道了在离子液体-水介质中,NCS/NaBr/IL-TEMPO（离子液体负载TEMPO）催化氧化合成含有脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛、酮的方法,反应条件温和,选择性好,收率高,且离子液体和催化剂可以循环使用。     

Effects of ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] on absorption spectra and reaction kinetics of the duroquinone triplet state in acetonitrile

The transient absorption spectra and photoinduced electron-transfer process of duroquinone (DQ) in mixed binary solutions of ionic liquid (IL) [bmim][PF6] and acetonitrile (MeCN) have been investigated by laser photolysis at an excitation wavelength of 355 nm. A spectral blue shift of 3DQ* was observed in the IL/MeCN mixtures compared to MeCN. At lower VIL(volume fraction of IL), the interaction between DQ and the solvent is dominant, and the decay rate constant (kobs) of 3DQ* increases steadily with the increasing of VIL; to the contrary, at higher VIL, the network structures due to the hydrogen bond and viscosity are dominant, and the decay rate constant decreases obviously with increasing VIL. A critical point (turnover) was observed at VIL = approximately 0.30. The dependence of the observed growth rate (kgr) of the photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) products on VIL is complex and shows a special change; kgr first decreases with increasing VIL, then increases, and finally decreases slowly with further increasing of VIL. It is speculated that the PET process in the mixture can be affected by factors including the local structure and the reorganization energy of the solvent and salt and cage effects. The change of local structure of [bmim][PF6]/MeCN is supported by following the steady-state fluorescence behavior of the mixture, in combination with the molecular dynamics simulation of the thermodynamic property. The results revealed that the degree of self-aggregation of monomeric cations (bmim+) to associated forms increases with increasing VIL. This is in good agreement with the laser photolysis results for the same solutions.     

Ion association in [bmim][PF6]/naphthalene mixtures: an experimental and computational study

Mixtures of room temperature ionic liquids (IL) with neutral organic molecules provide a valuable testing ground to investigate the interplay of the ionic and molecular-dipolar state in dense Coulomb systems at near ambient conditions. In the present study, the viscosity eta and the ionic conductivity sigma of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6])/naphthalene mixtures at T = 80 degrees C have been measured at 10 stoichiometries spanning the composition range from pure naphthalene to pure [bmim][PF6]. The viscosity grows nearly monotonically with increasing IL mole fraction ( x), whereas the conductivity per ion displays a clear peak at x approximately 15%. The origin of this maximum has been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations based on a classical force field. Snapshots of the simulated samples show that the conductivity maximum is due to the gradual transition in the IL component from an ionic state at high x to a dipolar fluid made of neutral ion pairs at low x. At concentrations x < 0.20 the ion pairs condense into molecular-thin filaments bound by dipolar forces and extending in between nanometric droplets of IL. These results are confirmed and complemented by the computation of dynamic and transport properties in [bmim][PF6]/naphthalene mixtures at low IL concentration.     

添加中低浓度离子液体[bmim][BF4]对吐温-20临界胶束浓度和胶束结构的影响

添加离子液体会对表面活性剂在水溶液中的聚集行为产生重要影响。本文研究了吐温-20在中低浓度离子液体四氟硼酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([bmim][BF_4])中的胶束化行为。随着[bmim][BF_4]浓度(cIL)从0增加到0.2mol·L~(-1),吐温-20的临界胶束浓度逐渐增大。相比cIL0.05mol·L~(-1),在cIL0.05mol·L~(-1)时加入[bmim][BF_4]使吐温-20临界胶束浓度增大得更加显著。吐温-20胶束聚集数随着离子液体浓度的增加而逐渐减小,这一结果也说明加入离子液体会对吐温-20胶束的生成有抑制作用。吐温-20胶束化热力学研究表明,吐温-20在不同浓度离子液体中的胶束化是熵、焓共同驱动,并具有熵-焓补偿性。随着离子液体浓度的增加,吐温-20胶束平均粒径和胶束微粘性均表现出先增大后减小的变化,在cIL=0.05mol·L~(-1)时达到最大值。     

Nano-indentation of a room-temperature ionic liquid film on silica: a computational experiment

We investigate the structure of the [bmim][Tf(2)N]/silica interface by simulating the indentation of a thin (4 nm) [bmim][Tf(2)N] film by a hard nanometric tip. The ionic liquid/silica interface is represented in atomistic detail, while the tip is modelled by a spherical mesoscopic particle interacting via an effective short-range potential. Plots of the normal force (F(z)) on the tip as a function of its distance from the silica surface highlight the effect of weak layering in the ionic liquid structure, as well as the progressive loss of fluidity in approaching the silica surface. The simulation results for F(z) are in near-quantitative agreement with new AFM data measured on the same [bmim][Tf(2)N]/silica interface under comparable thermodynamic conditions.     

Heavy metals adsorption by novel EDTA-modified chitosan-silica hybrid materials

Ionic liquid based microemulsions were characterized by absorption solvatochromic shifts, (1)H NMR and kinetic measurements in order to investigate the properties of the ionic liquid within the restricted geometry provided by microemulsions and the interactions of the ionic liquid with the interface. Experimental results show a significant difference between the interfaces of normal water and the new ionic liquid microemulsions. Absorption solvatochromic shift experiments and kinetic studies on the aminolysis of 4-nitrophenyl laurate by n-decylamine show that the polarity at the interface of the ionic liquid in oil microemulsions (IL/O) is higher than at the interface of water in oil microemulsions (W/O) despite the fact that the polarity of [bmim][BF(4)(-)] is lower than the polarity of water. (1)H NMR experiments showed that an increase in the ionic liquid content of the microemulsion led to an increase in the interaction between [bmim][BF(4)(-)] and TX-100. The reason for the higher polarity of the microemulsions with the ionic liquid can be explained in terms of the incorporation of higher levels of the ionic liquid at the interface of the microemulsions, as compared to water in the traditional systems.     

Unraveling the properties of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane under nanoscale confinement: atomistic view of the liquidlike state from molecular dynamics simulation

We developed an atomistic model of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) liquid confined within the nanospace between two flat mica surfaces. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out for the liquidlike state where OMCTS liquid is not frozen, while forming molecular layers parallel to the surface. With the aid of a layer by layer analysis of the intra- and interlayer microscopic structures and the dynamics, it is found that the difference in the properties of the inner layers and the bulk liquid are relatively small in spite of the clear differences in the structure. This leads to the conclusion that the layered structure itself is an appearance of the microscopic structure that already exists in the bulk liquid. The most striking difference from the bulk liquid is mainly seen in the contact layer, where characteristic molecular orientations that are not seen in the crystalline phase appeared, and the dynamics of the liquid becomes 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than that of the bulk.     

The effect of different interfaces and confinement on the structure of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide entrapped in cationic and anionic reverse micelles

The behavior of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim][Tf(2)N]) entrapped in two reverse micelles (RMs) formed in an aromatic solvent as dispersant pseudophase: [bmim][Tf(2)N]/benzyl-n-hexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BHDC)/chlorobenzene and [bmim][Tf(2)N]/sodium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT)/chlorobenzene, was investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS), FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. DLS results reveal the formation of RMs containing [bmim][Tf(2)N] as a polar component since the droplet size values increase as the W(s) (W(s) = [[bmim][Tf(2)N]]/[surfactant]) increases. Furthermore, it shows that the RMs consist of discrete spherical and non-interacting droplets of [bmim][Tf(2)N] stabilized by the surfactants. Important differences in the structure of [bmim][Tf(2)N] entrapped inside BHDC RMs, in comparison with the neat IL, are observed from the FT-IR and (1)H NMR measurements. The electrostatic interactions between anions and cations from [bmim][Tf(2)N] and BHDC determine the solvent structure encapsulated inside the nano-droplets. It seems that the IL structure is disrupted due to the electrostatic interaction between the [Tf(2)N](-) and the cationic BHDC polar head (BHD(+)) giving a high ion pair degree between BHD(+) and [Tf(2)N](-) at a low IL content. On the other hand, for the AOT RMs there is no evidence of strong IL-surfactant interaction. The electrostatic interaction between the SO(3)(-) group and the Na(+) counterion in AOT seems to be stronger than the possible [bmim](+)-SO(3)(-) interaction at the interface. Thus, the structure of [bmim][Tf(2)N] encapsulated is not particularly disrupted by the anionic surfactant at all W(s) studied, in contrast to the BHDC RM results. Nevertheless, there is evidence of confinement in the AOT RMs because the [bmim](+)-[Tf(2)N](-) interaction is stronger than in bulk solution. Thus, the IL is more associated upon confinement. Our results reveal that the [bmim][Tf(2)N] structure can be modified in a different manner inside RMs by varying the kind of surfactant used to create the RMs and the IL content (W(s)). These facts can be very important if these media are used as nanoreactors because unique microenvironments can be easily created by simply changing the RM components and W(s).     

Solubilization of an Ionic Liquid,l-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate,in a Surfactant-Water System

The amphiphilic association structures were determined in the system; water, Laureth 4 (approximately C₁₂(EO) ₄), and the ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim[PF₆]), using visual observation and small angle x-ray diffraction. The system showed a lamellar liquid crystal solubilizing the ionic liquid ([bmim[PF₆]) to a maximum of 15%, an isotropic surfactant solution dissolving the ionic liquid to a maximum of 39%, an isotropic ionic liquid solution with less than 0.5% of water and surfactant and finally, an aqueous solution with only traces of surfactant and ionic liquid. The small angle x-ray diffraction results showed the ionic liquid to be solubilized into the lamellar liquid crystal without changing the dimensions of the amphiphile layer or the interlayer spacing dependence on the water content.     

CO2/离子液体体系热力学性质的分子动力学模拟

超临界CO2和离子液体(ILs)是两种绿色溶剂. 离子液体可以溶解超临界CO2, 而超临界CO2不能溶解离子液体. 由此设计构成的CO2/IL二元系统, 同时具备了超临界CO2和离子液体的许多优点: 既可以降低离子液体的粘度, 还便于相分离, 是新型的耦合绿色溶剂. 其物理化学性质对于设计反应、分离等过程非常重要. 因此, 本文以CO2/IL二元系统为研究对象, 通过选择合适的分子力场和系综, 运用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究了CO2/[bmim][PF6]、CO2/[bmim][NO3]等体系的热力学性质. 结果表明, CO2对ILs膨胀度的影响非常小, 当CO2摩尔分数为0.5时, ILs膨胀仅为15%. CO2/ILs的扩散系数远小于CO2膨胀甲醇、乙醇溶液的扩散系数. 随着CO2含量的增加, ILs的扩散系数提高, 粘度显著下降, 表明CO2能有效地改善ILs扩散性, 减小其粘度. 因此CO2可用以改善离子液体溶剂体系的传递特性, 增强反应分离过程在其中的进行.     

Ionic liquid-induced unprecedented size enhancement of aggregates within aqueous sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

Physicochemical properties of aqueous micellar solutions may change in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs). Micelles help to increase the aqueous solubility of ILs. The average size of the micellar aggregates within aqueous sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) is observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to increase in a sudden and drastic fashion as the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF(6)]) is added. Similar addition of [bmim][PF(6)] to aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) results in only a slow gradual increase in average aggregate size. While addition of the IL [bmim][BF(4)] also gives rise to sudden aggregate size enhancement within aqueous SDBS, the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([emim][BF(4)]), and inorganic salts NaPF(6) and NaBF(4), only gradually increase the assembly size upon their addition. Bulk dynamic viscosity, microviscosity, dipolarity (indicated by the fluorescent reporter pyrene), zeta potential, and electrical conductance measurements were taken to gain insight into this unusual size enhancement. It is proposed that bmim(+) cations of the IL undergo Coulombic attractive interactions with anionic headgroups at the micellar surface at all [bmim][PF(6)] concentrations in aqueous SDS; in aqueous SDBS, beyond a critical IL concentration, bmim(+) becomes involved in cation-π interaction with the phenyl moiety of SDBS within micellar aggregates with the butyl group aligned along the alkyl chain of the surfactant. This relocation of bmim(+) results in an unprecedented size increase in micellar aggregates. Aromaticity of the IL cation alongside the presence of sufficiently aliphatic (butyl or longer) alkyl chains on the IL appear to be essential for this dramatic critical expansion in self-assembly dimensions within aqueous SDBS.