Mechanical analysis of C/C composite grids in ion optical system

The ion thruster is an engine with high specific impulse for satellites and spacecrafts, which uses electric energy to boost the spacecraft. The ion optical system,also known as gate assemblies which consist of acceleration and screen grids, is the key component of the ion thruster. In this paper, the static mechanical properties of the C/C composite grids are evaluated based on the structural design. Representative volume element(RVE) is adopted to simplify the braded composite structure as a continuum material. The dynamical behavior of the 100 mm ion thruster optics in the launch environment(1 000 gshock-load) is numerically modeled and simulated with the half-sine pulse method. The impact response of the C/C and molybdenum gate assemblies on the stress distribution and deformation is investigated. The simulated results indicate that the magnitudes of the normal displacement of the composite grids subject to the uniformly distributed load are on the same level as molybdenum grids although the normal stiffness of the composite grids is much smaller. When sub ject to impact loading,the stress distribution in the C/C composite grids is similar to molybdenum grids while the stress magnitude is much smaller. This finding shows that the C/C gate assemblies outperform molybdenum grids and meet the requirement of long lifetime service in space travel.     

高导C/C材料在疏导式热防护中的应用探索

针对高超声速飞行器飞行时气动加热严重的问题,为了保证高升阻比外形,提出疏导式热防护结构,建立了一套内置高导C/C材料的疏导式热防护结构原理模型,通过数值模拟和电弧风洞的方法对疏导式热防护结构进行了分析,得到内置高导C/C材料的防热效果．数值模拟结果表明来流马赫数为8时,模型驻点温度下降了500度,柱面最低升高了380度,实现了热流从高温区到低温区的疏导,减弱了端头的热载荷,强化了端头的热防护能力．通过电弧风洞试验可以获得相似的结果,内置普通C/C材料表层抗氧化层出现严重烧蚀,而内置高导C/C材料基本不变,验证了数值模拟方法的准确性以及内置高导C/C材料疏导式热防护结构的有效性．     

C/C复合材料及高强石墨高温摩擦磨损性能对比研究

采用MG-2000型摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了C／C复合材料及航空发动机主轴密封环拟用材料高强石墨的高温摩擦磨损行为，采用显微激光拉曼光谱仪及扫描电子显微镜分析了C／C复合材料磨损表面组成及形貌．结果表明：具有粗糙层和光滑层复合结构的C／C复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能明显优于高强石墨材料，适合用作航空发动机主轴密封环材料；C／C复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能取决于磨粒磨损、粘着磨损及氧化磨损的共同作用．     

C/C复合材料微观结构对其制动摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段研究了基体炭分别为树脂炭和粗糙层热解炭结构的C/C复合材料的微观结构,并探讨了材料的微结构对其制动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:炭纤维附近的树脂炭被高度石墨化,导致树脂炭样件具有适当、稳定的摩擦系数;树脂炭片层之间存在明显的裂纹,远离炭纤维的树脂炭仍是各向同性结构,容易被剪切力剪断,产生大量碎屑,破坏了摩擦动态平衡,磨损量大是制约其作为优良制动摩擦材料的关键因素.     

刹车速度对C／C复合材料制动摩擦性能的影响

在MM－1000型摩擦磨损试验上考察了碳布叠层结构的C／C复合材料在不同速度下的制动摩擦磨损行为,并用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌,结果表明：随着刹车速度的增大,摩擦系数增大,在20－25m/s速度范围出现峰值;当刹车速度增大至28－30m/s时,摩擦系数仍保持较高,体现了优良的高能摩擦特性;磨损量在低速时较小,当刹车速度大于15m/s,磨损量迅速增大,低速时磨损表面由一层薄的磨屑层所覆盖,当速度大于15m／s,大量的磨屑形成一层较厚的磨屑层,高速时由于剧烈的氧化和剪切作用,很多基质碳被氧化剥落,炭纤维被磨断、拔出,使磨损增大。     

短切碳纤维C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态劈裂拉伸实验

为了探究C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态断裂力学行为和破坏形态,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置对3种不同短切碳纤维体积分数的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行了动态劈裂实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜扫描了C/SiC复合材料试件的破坏界面,分析了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的失效特征和增韧机理。实验结果表明:C/SiC复合材料在冲击劈裂实验过程中,同一短切碳纤维体积分数下试件的动态抗拉强度随着冲击气压的增大而增大; 短切碳纤维体积分数为16.0%时, 材料的抗拉强度最低; 冲击后,试件的整体破坏情况与冲击气压、短切碳纤维体积分数有关。     

碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

以不同孔隙率的C/C复合材料为预制体,以甲基三氯硅烷(CH3SiCl3)为反应源气、氩气为载气、高纯氢气为稀释气体,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备一系列C/C-SiC复合材料,在MM-1000型摩擦磨损试验机上对C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行评价,分析不同原始密度及组分含量等因素对复合材料摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:随着预制体密度增加,C/C-SiC复合材料的平均摩擦系数、摩擦力矩和平均单位面积吸收功率等增大,刹车时间和线磨损率降低;C/C-SiC复合材料具有较高的静摩擦系数,其中预制体原始密度为1.44 g/cm3的复合材料较适用于刹车材料.     

环境气氛对C/C复合材料载流摩擦学性能的影响

在HST-100销盘式高速载流摩擦磨损试验机上,以电流、速度、载荷为试验参数对C/C复合材料/QCr0.5摩擦副进行载流摩擦磨损试验,分别分析空气、氮气对C/C复合材料磨损率和摩擦系数的影响.试验结果表明:相较于空气气氛,氮气气氛下摩擦系数较高,磨损率较低.通过扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对不同气氛下材料磨损表面形貌和成分进行观察,从微观上解释了两种气氛对C/C复合材料磨损率和摩擦系数的作用机理.     

Open-pore LiFePO_4/C microspheres with high volumetric energy density for lithium ion batteries

LiFePO_4/C microspheres with different surface morphologies and porosities were prepared from different carbon sources.The effects of the surface morphology and pore structure of the microspheres on their electrochemical properties and electrode density were investigated.The electrochemical performance and electrode density depended on the morphology and pore structure of the LiFePO_4/C microspheres.Open-pore LiFePO_4/C microspheres with rough surfaces exhibited good adhesion with current collectors and a high electrode density(2.6g/cm~3).They also exhibited high performance in a half cell and full battery with a high volumetric energy density.     

缝合式C/SiC复合材料非线性本构关系及断裂行为研究

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.      

新型C/C-Cu复合滑动导电材料电摩擦磨损行为研究

采用无压熔渗工艺制备一种新型的具有自润滑耐磨性能的炭纤维整体织物/炭-铜(C/C-Cu)复合材料,在改装的MM-2000型环-块摩擦磨损试验机上考察其载流摩擦磨损性能,探讨外加直流电对摩擦磨损行为的影响并分析其作用机理.结果表明:电流方向决定了复合材料摩擦面磨屑层存在与否,对摩擦系数有较大影响.正接条件下复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率高于负接条件下.电流强度对C/C-Cu复合材料磨损率影响较为显著.随电流强度增大,磨损率增大,磨损机制由犁削磨损向黏着磨损转变.摩擦系数随电流强度的增大先升高后降低.     

Two-phase heat transfer characteristics for R-22/R-407C in a 6.5-mm smooth tube

Two-phase friction and heat transfer characteristics for R-22/R-407C inside a 6.5-mm smooth tube are reported in this study. The heat transfer results for G=100 and 400 kg/m² s were reported in the present study, and the adiabatic frictional pressure drop was recorded in the range of 100 to 700 kg/m² s. It is found that the development of flow pattern for R-407C falls behind R-22. This may explain the lower pressure drops for R-407C. The major heat transfer mechanism at low mass flux is nucleate boiling, and virtually becomes the convective evaporation as mass flux increase to G=400 krg/m² s, Meanwhile, the reduction of heat transfer coefficients for R-407C mixtures are especially profound at low mass flux, and the reduction of heat transfer coefficient decreases with the increase of mass flux.     

Analysis of a multiaxial test on a C/C composite by using digital image correlation and a damage model

The “planar” digital image correlation technique needs a single CCD camera to acquire the surface patterns of a zone of a specimen in the underformed and deformed states. With these two images, one can determine in-plane displacement and strain fields. The digital image correlation technique used herein is based on Fast Fourier Transforms, which are very effective in reducing the computation cost. Its performance is assessed and discussed on artificial signals and in a real experimental situation. The technique is utilized to analyze experimental results of a plane shear experiment and validate a damage meso-model describing different degradations in a C/C composite material.     

电流对Mo2C改性C/C-Cu复合材料载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对炭/炭坯体Mo_2C涂层改性并熔渗Cu制备了Mo_2C改性C/C-Cu复合材料,测试复合材料的载流摩擦磨损性能,研究电流强度对复合材料载流摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明电流由0增大至15A时,摩擦系数先减小后增大,5A时达最小值;复合材料体积磨损率逐渐增大;对偶磨损量在0~7.5A范围内较低,然后随电流增大而逐渐增大.电流较低时,磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,随电流增大氧化磨损及黏着磨损程度提高,电流高至15A时,表现出了较明显的电弧侵蚀作用.     

高温空气下C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性实时测试和微观结构表征分析

为了研究高温空气下C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性和微观结构,采用单边切口梁三点弯曲法实时测试了C/SiC复合材料在高温空气下的断裂韧性,并采用电子扫描显微镜 (scanning electron microscope,SEM)和X 射线衍射分析仪 (X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析了复合材料在不同温度下的破坏断口和失效机制。研究结果表明随测试温度升高,C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性降低,材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂逐渐演变成塑性断裂。从室温升温到1 000 ℃测试温度条件下,C/SiC复合材料的断裂韧性由12.5 MPa·m1/2降低为10.96 MPa·m1/2,降幅仅为12%,C/SiC复合材料高温断裂韧性良好。不同温度下,材料呈现出不同形式的断裂形貌。常温下断口形貌主要可以看到纤维拔出的现象,随着温度的升高,该现象基本消失,断裂截面变得更平整,材料的强度主要取决于基体的强度。     

Combined-load testing of the space-shuttle insulation at 1100°C

The Space Shuttle's insulation coating has been mechanically characterized at temperatures to 1100°C. A creep/combined-load test machine was fabricated, and a capacitive sensor system was devised to assist in the alignment and installation of fragile, thin-walled cylindrical specimens in the test frame. A biaxial strain sensor is described which features low cross-talk, excellent long-term stability and high resolution. Ceramic fixtures and silicate-coated refractory metals are used where temperatures exceed 600°C, and specimen heating is simplified by attaching the transducer to the inside of test cylinders.     

STUDY ON NONLINEAR CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF STITCHED C/SiC COMPOSITES$^{\bf 1)}$

C/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量和优良的热稳定性能等一系列优点, 广泛应用于航空航天领域中. 裂纹扩展进而引起的脆性断裂是其主要失效形式之一, 因而材料的断裂性能分析对材料的结构设计和应用有重要的指导意义. 本文开展了缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验和断裂试验, 研究了材料在不同载荷下的力学响应及断裂特征. 基于缝合式C/SiC复合材料简单力学试验, 建立了材料宏观非线性损伤本构方程, 并模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 本构方程采用简单函数描述了材料在复杂应力状态下的非线性应力-应变曲线, 并考虑了反向加载过程中造成的裂纹闭合. 基于商业有限元软件ABAQUS, 通过编写UMAT子程序实现非线性损伤本构方程, 采用单个单元验证了建立的本构方程的有效性. 在此基础上, 采用线弹性损伤本构和非线性损伤本构分别模拟了缝合式C/SiC复合材料单边切口梁和双悬臂梁的断裂行为. 采用非线性损伤本构方程模拟的力-位移曲线结果与试验结果更为吻合, 非线性损伤本构预测的失效载荷与试验失效载荷更为接近, 验证了所建立的非线性损伤本构方程的准确性, 为C/SiC复合材料断裂行为的研究提供了借鉴, 为缝合式C/SiC复合材料结构的设计和应用提供了理论基础.     

3C DUCT DESIGN METHOD

A new 3C duct design method is proposed for designing a high quality, energy-efficiency cost-effective air duct system. It not only considers the demand of volume flow rate, but also takes into consideration a number of issues including system pressure balance, noise, vibration, space limitation and total system cost. This new method comprises three major calculation procedures:initial computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided simulation (CAS) and correction processes (CP). An example is presented in this study to understand the characteristics of 3C method. It shows that 3C duct design method provides a simple computation procedure for an optimum air duct system. It also shortens the design schedule, prevents human calculation errors, and reduces the dependence on designer experience. In addition to apply in a new duct system design, 3C duct design method is also a powerful design tool for the expansion of an existing duct system.     

PAN炭纤维预制体对C/C复合材料滑动摩擦磨损行为的影响

以二维平纹编织叠层炭纤维坯体(2D)、二维无纬布/炭毡混合叠层针刺毡坯体(2DN)、三维正交编织炭纤维坯体(3D)为预制体,采用化学气相渗透结合树脂浸渍炭化技术进行增密,制备了4种C/C复合材料.在室温干态条件下测试4种C/C复合材料与表面镀Cr的40Cr钢配副时的滑动摩擦行为.结果表明:在试验载荷下,采用2D坯体增强的C/C复合材料摩擦系数最高;随载荷增加,其摩擦系数和磨损体积的波动幅度最大,分别为0.17和1.22mm3;采用2DN坯体的2种C/C复合材料摩擦系数较低,在0.13～0.17之间,且随时间延长呈下降趋势;其余2种坯体的C/C复合材料摩擦系数则上升.4种材料摩擦系数的波动幅度均逐渐降低.SEM观察表明:采用2D坯体C/C复合材料在低载荷下的摩擦表面粗糙,充满磨屑,高载荷下能形成了较松散的摩擦膜.而采用2DN、3D坯体的C/C复合材料摩擦表面部分形成了较完整、致密的摩擦膜,部分呈现显著的纤维磨损和摩擦膜大块剥落形貌.     

Open-pore LiFePO4/C microspheres with high volumetric energy density for lithium ion batteries

LiFePO₄/C microspheres with different surface morphologies and porosities were prepared from different carbon sources. The effects of the surface morphology and pore structure of the microspheres on their electrochemical properties and electrode density were investigated. The electrochemical performance and electrode density depended on the morphology and pore structure of the LiFePO₄/C microspheres. Open-pore LiFePO₄/C microspheres with rough surfaces exhibited good adhesion with current collectors and a high electrode density (2.6 g/cm³). They also exhibited high performance in a half cell and full battery with a high volumetric energy density.