A bending wave simulator for investigating directional vibration sensing in insects

Substrate vibrations are important in social and ecological interactions for many insects and other arthropods. Localization cues include time and amplitude differences among an array of vibration detectors. However, for small species these cues are greatly reduced, and localization mechanisms remain unclear. Here we describe a method of simulating the vibrational environment that facilitates investigation of localization mechanisms in small species. Our model species was the treehopper Umbonia crassicornis (Membracidae; length 1 cm), which communicates using bending waves that propagate along plant stems. We designed a simulator consisting of a length of dowel and two actuators. The actuators were driven with two time signals that created the relationship between slope and displacement characteristic of steady-state bending wave motion. Because the surface of the dowel does not bend, as would a natural stem, close approximation of bending wave motion was limited to a region in the center of the dowel. An example of measurements of the dynamic response of an insect on the simulator is provided to illustrate its utility in the study of directional vibration sensing in insects.     

激光诱导AZ31B镁合金薄板动态响应实验研究

为分析在激光冲击波作用下AZ31B镁合金薄板背面的动态响应,采用聚偏氟乙烯贴片传感器与数字示波器对强激光诱导的冲击波进行测量,得到压电波形,结合冲击波的传播特性,对弹塑性双波的传播规律进行了研究。结果表明:激光诱导的材料动态响应是快速的;压电波形图反映出的弹性前驱波与塑性加载波传播到靶材背面的时间与理论时间相符;弹性前驱波能量小引发的波形振幅较小,紧随着的塑性加载波能量大并引起较大振幅波动,弹塑性双波卸载过程与紧接着的加载过程导致了压电信号的波动振幅提高。     

Surface scattering in media with time and spatial dispersion

Scattering of scalar and vector waves from a randomly rough interface between media, in which several types of waves (modes) exist due to the time and spatial dispersion, has been studied in the Kirchhoff approximation. As a wave of a certain type is reflected from the interface, it transforms into other modes not only in the diffusive fields but in the coherent components as well. We have calculated the mean (coherent) field and the angular diagram of the diffusively scattered intensity. It is shown that the coherent components of the waves generated on reflection (cross-modes) propagate in directions that are different from the specular one. The dispersion gives rise to the frequency dependence of the scattering diagram even in the geometric-optics approximation.     

Surface scattering in media with time and spatial dispersion

Scattering of scalar and vector waves from a randomly rough interface between media, in which several types of waves (modes) exist due to the time and spatial dispersion, has been studied in the Kirchhoff approximation. As a wave of a certain type is reflected from the interface, it transforms into other modes not only in the diffusive fields but in the coherent components as well. We have calculated the mean (coherent) field and the angular diagram of the diffusively scattered intensity. It is shown that the coherent components of the waves generated on reflection (cross-modes) propagate in directions that are different from the specular one. The dispersion gives rise to the frequency dependence of the scattering diagram even in the geometric-optics approximation.     

Reflection of spin and spin-elastic waves at the interface of a ferromagnetic half-space

This paper considers the reflection of pure spin and spin-elastic (or magneto-elastic) waves at the interface of a ferromagnetic half-space and a vacuum. For pure spin waves two cases are considered, with exchange effects, and without. It is shown that when exchange effects are taken into account, volume spin waves in the ferromagnetic half space incident at the boundary with the vacuum generate a reflected volume spin wave, and an accompanying compound surface wave propagating along the boundary and consisting of two partial inhomogeneous spin waves in the ferromagnetic half-space and a partial magneto-static inhomogeneous surface wave in the vacuum. When exchange effects are neglected the incident wave generates only a reflected volume wave in the ferromagnetic half-space.

Reflection and transmission of spin-elastic (or magneto-elastic) waves has been considered only in the case of the absence of exchange effects. An incident volume wave generates a volume spin-elastic reflected wave and one inhomogeneous magneto-static accompanying surface wave.

Excitations of the magnetic field are not transmitted into the vacuum in both cases when the exchange effect is neglected. In all cases the reflection of a spin wave has the character of a full internal reflection.     

圆极化波反射聚焦超表面

基于圆极化波入射条件下的高效同极化反射超表面实现了对圆极化反射波相位的自由调控, 设计了一维圆极化波反射聚焦超表面. 在中心频率f=16 GHz附近, 右旋圆极化平面波入射时, 反射波聚焦于焦距L=200 mm的实焦点; 左旋圆极化波入射时, 反射波近似聚焦于焦距L=-200 mm的虚焦点. 仿真计算得到聚焦波束的波束宽度、焦深. 结果表明, 这种圆极化反射聚焦超表面具有很好的聚焦效果, 同时具有长焦深和宽带特性.     

Calculations of the reflection and transmission of ultrasound by cracks in steel filled with solid sodium

The reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated for 2.25 MHz compression and shear waves incident on idealized cracks (ie, a slot with smooth, flat, parallel faces) in steel filled with solid sodium. The coefficients are calculated as a function of crack width and angle of incidence. Both polarizations (SV and SH) of shear wave are considered, as well as compression wave incidence. It is concluded that a crack of width 0.01 mm or greater, full of solid sodium, will return at least 10% of the incident compression wave amplitude. With a suitable choice of inspection angle, 40% reflection of the incident amplitude can be achieved for either compression or shear (SV) waves. The use of shear waves with the uncommon SH polarization also looks promising.     

Propagation of magnetostatic backward surface waves in ferrite-insulator-metal structures magnetized by linearly nonuniform magnetic fields

A theoretical study is made of the trajectories and of the changes in magnitude and direction of the wave vectors of magnetostatic backward surface waves with different frequencies propagating in ferrite-insulator-metal structures with different insulating layer thicknesses and magnetized by a linearly nonuniform static field. It is shown that both forward and backward magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs) propagate in a waveguide channel, on one side of which MSSWs undergo mirror reflection and on the other side of which their propagation direction is rotated, independently of the thickness of the insulator in the structure. It is shown that when MSSWs propagate in a nonuniform field, the forward wave is converted into a backward wave and, under certain conditions, the backward wave is converted into a forward wave. Some features of the propagation characteristics of magnetostatic backward surface waves are determined. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 70–77 (February 1999)     

Acousto-optic study of the unusual cases of reflection of bulk elastic waves in a paratellurite crystal

The propagation and reflection of bulk ultrasonic waves in a paratellurite crystal have been investigated by the acousto-optic method. Simultaneous excitation of two acoustic waves by one piezoelectric transducer has been observed in a cell of complex, specially chosen configuration. Maximally efficient conversion of the energy of a quasi-longitudinal wave into a single reflected quasi-shear wave with a walkoff angle 72° is implemented for the reflection from a free crystal boundary. The wave beam compression by a factor of 7 is observed for this reflection. A reflection (close to backward) of waves with an angle of spatial separation of the incident and reflected beams equal to 8° is also implemented. The acousto-optic figure of merit values of the medium are calculated for arbitrary propagation and polarization directions of the interacting light and ultrasonic waves. Possible applications of the effects studied in acousto-optics and acoustoelectronics are indicated.     

On the electrodynamics of an absorbing uniaxial nonpositive determined (indefinite) medium

It is shown that a surface plasmon, whose decay length infinitely increases as it approaches the threshold frequency, can propagate over the surface of a half-space filled with a uniaxial indefinite absorbing metamaterial. At the threshold frequency itself, a new phenomenon is observed-upon incidence of a TM-polarized wave on the absorbing material, a real Brewster angle exists, and in the case of a plate made of such a metamaterial, ??reflectionless?? reflection is observed when two plane waves are incident on the plate from two sides. In the latter case, complete destructive interference of reflected and transmitted waves occurs.     

REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES BY THE FREE BOUNDARY OF A POROUS ELASTIC HALF-SPACE

In the present paper, we study reflection of inclined incident plane waves from a free boundary of the half-space in which the material is described by constitutive equations valid for elastic solids with voids. Both the cases of the transverse and longitudinal incident waves are considered, and it is shown that only the transverse one can propagate in the solid without attenuation, after having been reflected from the free boundary surface. The reflection coefficient and the amplitude of the surface oscillations are expressed in explicit form. The general results are demonstrated for several hypothetical porous materials, and it is shown that the reflection coefficient and the vibration amplitude are typically less than in classical media without voids. However, for relatively large transverse wave speed and high porosity, free boundary oscillation can exceed the classical one.     

A WAVE MODEL FOR A PNEUMATIC TYRE BELT

A one-dimensional wave equation of an infinite flattened tyre belt is generated. The belt vibration is controlled by bending, tension, shear and the sidewall stiffness. The dispersion relations for two waves in the belt are calculated and used to find both the input impedance and attenuation on a tyre belt of infinite extent. Tension and the sidewall controls the deformation and stiffness below 100Hz. Waves propagate around the belt above this frequency. The wave speeds due to bending and shear were predicted and measured. The model presented here should be valid for the prediction of tyre response above about 400 Hz when for a car tyre the modal behaviour is observed to cease. In this high-frequency region, the tyre at the input appears to be of infinite extent.     

圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波检测方法

通过牛顿迭代法求解了固体内部圆柱空腔上爬波的频散方程,分析了爬波的频散和衰减特性。利用动态光弹法显示了爬波的直观图像和圆柱空腔附近各散射波的空间关系。根据爬波具有的频散、衰减以及辐射横波特征,设计了斜入射脉冲回波实验装置,测量了特定位置处裂纹反射爬波辐射出的横波信号,其与柱面反射波的时差和理论预测一致。进一步实验研究发现,爬波回波幅度与特定位置的裂纹长度具有近似单调的对应关系,在裂纹长度较大时,回波幅度趋于稳定。以上工作为圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波定量检测提供了物理基础和实现方法。      

Suppression of radiation in a momentum-nonconserving nonlinear interaction

We have considered the quadratic nonlinear radiation from a thin dipole sheet in front of a mirror. Radiation at the second-harmonic (SH) frequency on incidence of a fundamental field can be inhibited or enhanced independently of the SH field intensity stored between the nonlinear layer and the mirror. We have shown that this apparent contradiction can be fully understood only if the quadratic nonlinear interaction includes terms with a momentum mismatch equal to the magnitude of the SH field wave vector, such as the term that accounts for transfer of energy from the reflected SH field back to the incident fundamental.     

部分Bessel形电磁波

给出了满足Maxwell方程的自弯曲电磁波解(部分Bessel函数), 其可以通过发射调制初始相位和发射方向的一组平面波干涉合成来实现. 自弯曲电磁波在一定传播距离内保持波束形状不变, 其传播轨道接近圆形. 这类曲线加速的电磁波不同于Ariy波束, 其中部分Bessel波束的弯曲角度可以远大于Ariy波. 半Bessel 波束的Poynting矢量表明主瓣能够保持能量不扩散且偏转接近180°. 此外, 同时发射一对半Bessel电磁波能够在一定区域内实现对消, 即在该域内实现电磁波自屏蔽.     

Plane harmonic waves in orthorhombic thermoelastic materials

Keeping in view the increased usage of orthorhombic materials in the development of advanced engineering materials such as fibers and composites and other multilayered media, the aim of the present paper is to give a detailed account of the plane harmonic generalized thermoelastic waves in orthorhombic materials. According to the frequency equation, the four waves, a quasi-longitudinal, two quasi-transverse, and a quasi-thermal wave, can propagate in an orthorhombic crystal. When plane waves propagate along the axis of an orthorhombic solid, then only the longitudinal and thermal waves are coupled, whereas the transverse waves get decoupled from the rest of the motion. For plane waves propagating in one plane of the solid, only the SH wave in that plane remains purely transverse and gets decoupled from the rest of the motion and vice versa. The other three waves are coupled and get modified due to thermal variations and relaxation time. The particle paths and stability of the waves have been discussed and the results verified numerically. These have been represented graphically for single crystals of solid helium and cobalt material.     

Reflection of a pulse by multiple-dielectric layers

The reflection of a pulse by multiple-dielectric layers is treated theoretically. The reflected wave is obtained by expanding the reflection coefficient of an elementary plane wave in a series, including the special case for which total reflection occurs. The pulsed waves reflected by two-dielectric slabs are considered in detail both analytically and numerically. The effect of a carrier frequency of a pulse-modulated carrier wave on the reflected wave form is also discussed.     

反射声波成像测井的有限元模拟

应用有限元法对新兴的反射声波成像测井进行了数值模拟研究，计算了井旁附近存在不同倾角声阻抗不连续界面对声波的反射，使用的井内激励源为幅度加权相控线阵声波辐射器。从计算出的声全波波形上可以清楚地看到沿井壁传播的折射波和来自井旁界面的反射纵波。应用偏移叠加等数据处理技术对数值模拟波形进行了处理，从偏移剖面上反演出的反射界面的尺寸、位置和倾角等几何特性与数值模拟输入参数基本一致。     

Reflection of Lamb waves obliquely incident on the free edge of a plate

The reflection of obliquely incident symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb wave modes at the edge of a plate is studied. Both in-plane and Shear-Horizontal (SH) reflected wave modes are spawned by an obliquely incident in-plane Lamb wave mode. Energy reflection coefficients are calculated for the reflected wave modes as a function of frequency and angle of incidence. This is done by using the method of orthogonal mode decomposition and by enforcing traction free conditions at the plate edge using the method of collocation. A PZT sensor network, affixed to an Aluminum plate, is used to experimentally verify the predictions of the analysis. Experimental results provide support for the analytically determined results.