谈有机化学实验中的开放实验模式

化学是一门以实验为手段 ,以应用性、创造性为特征的学科 ,因此化学实验是大学化学教学中极其重要的一部分 ,也是培养学生创新意识、创新能力的重要途径。但是原有的实验教学模式存在许多缺点与不足 ,培养的学生越来越不适应社会的要求 ,突出表现在以下几方面 :　　 (1 )原有的实验教学体系采用的是单一验证式知识型的教学模式。大部分化学实验是起验证作用 ,学生学习兴趣低 ,对所面对的实验只是粗略了解 ,无法深刻地理解实验的设计思想。学生的观察能力弱 ,从观察事物现象中获得的东西甚少 ,久而久之对观察不感兴趣 ,缺乏应有的求知欲。　…     

化学实验教学中的“思想实验”及其教学价值研究

从教师的实验设计、学生的实验准备、教科书等3个维度探查了化学实验教学中恩斯特·马赫所定义的"思想实验"的成分。在此基础上分析挖掘了"思想实验"的教学价值,即教师可借助思想实验优化实验教学设计;学生可借助思想实验优化实验准备问题;教师可用思想实验来彰显化学学科魅力。     

思想实验及其对化学仿真实验教学的启示

思想实验作为一种研究方法和阐明科学理论的表述方法,广泛应用于各个学科。其基本特征为:思想实验是在头脑中进行的实验,具有非实际的可操作性;思想实验,全凭思维中的抽象形式和抽象运动展开,具有严密的逻辑性;思想实验是人们在长期实验的经验基础上的产物,具有实践性。在化学教学中,随着信息技术的发展,仿真实验逐渐被教学一线所接受。考察仿真实验的相关研究和思想实验的特征可见:仿真实验具有思想实验的特质,仿真实验可视为思想实验在化学实验教学领域的特定表现。有限度地使用仿真实验,有利于促进化学教学手段的现代化和化学实验观念的更新。但仿真实验不能承载所有的实验教学功能,搞好仿真实验教学需以真实场景的实验教学为基础。     

有机化学实验教学对科研素养的培养——"思想实验"和基本科研能力的培养

我们借用了"思想实验"的概念,让学生结合已经学到的理论知识和基本操作技能,在动手进行实验前沙盘推演,想象完整的实验过程以及可能发生的现象和对应的处理操作,并把"思想实验"融入到ChemDraw软件使用、PPT制作、专业文献检索、归纳和阅读以及表达能力等基本科研能力的培养当中。本文详细介绍了我们在有机化学实验教学中利用"思想实验"培养学生科研素养方面的一些探索。     

有机化学实验的绿色化路线设计

引入绿色化学的观念,把绿色化学融合到有机化学实验教学中。设计了2个有机化学合成实验,与传统的实验相比较,达到了在实验中减少环境污染的目的,让学生有机会了解化学发展的趋势,认识绿色化学研究的思想方法和技术路线,同时培养了学生的绿色环保意识。     

实验程序设计与学生的能力培养

在落实素质教育和加强学生能力培养的前提下,本文提出“实验程序设计”的方法,阐述了实验程序设计的思想,并通过具体实验程序设计方案说明其特点。     

基础化学实验课程中学生能力和创新意识的培养——无机元素化合物实验教学方法探究

在化学基础实验课程中改变传统实验教学方法,以科学研究的思想探讨和开展元素化合物性质和制备的实验,使学生在化学基础实验课程中感受和领悟科学研究的思想和方法,培养学生的实践能力和创新意识。     

在基础化学实验中开设小型综合实验的探讨

在基础化学实验课程中安排小型的综合实验,以提高学生学习兴趣及实验能力.     

“思想实验”的价值及在实验教学中的实践路径*

对“思想实验”的发展历程及其在科学和技术创新活动中的意义进行了综述。提出了将“思想实验”与化学实验教学结合的启发式教学策略,优化了现行的化学实验教学流程。采用引导学生对实验步骤的设计思路进行反向逻辑推理和分析的教学方法,能够提升学生的创新思维和创新实践能力。     

农林大学“有机化学实验”课程教学的探索和实践

对农林大学“有机化学实验”课程教学的模式进行了探索.采用了第一课堂教学平台加第二课堂教学平台的教学模式.充分有效利用第一课堂平台的同时也积极拓展第二课堂的教学功能,既解决学时不足,又达到了教学目的.本课程教学模式的改革与实践给学生提供了个性发展的空间,满足了不同层次不同专业学生的需求,使学生建立了初步的科学研究的基本方法和思想.进一步激发了学生自主的、积极的思考意识,教学实践表明,新的有机化学实验体系的形成,综合性、设计性和开放性实验的开设,使有机化学实验课程更适合高素质人才培养的需要.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.