考虑数量和价值损耗的易腐性产品运输设施选择博弈

在易腐性产品的运输过程中,产品的质量会随着时间的流逝而下降,而且产品的数量会随着时间的流逝而减少.考虑在多个客户联合使用某种运输设施时,客户除了支付运输费用外还要承担产品的数量损耗与价值损耗.把易腐性产品的数量损耗、价值损耗以及运输费用之和最为总费用,应用合作博弈理论,将易腐性产品的合作运输问题构造成易腐性产品运输设施选择博弈,在一定条件下,证明了该博弈的核心非空,且为凹博弈.最后,证明了平分成本解的一些性质,以及此解属于易腐性产品运输设施选择博弈的核心.     

代销集成服务模式下的农产品供应链协调研究

冷链物流短板制约了生鲜电商发展.基于平台商(代销商)为供应商提供"代销十冷链物流"的集成服务模式,构建了供应商和代销商的集中式决策和分散式决策模型,求解出最优代销期和保鲜努力水平.在此基础上,重点探讨了损耗分担、物流成本分担、收益共享和"收益共享+损耗分担"组合契约协调农产品供应链的性质.结论 表明,4种契约均不能完美...     

基于两级信用支付的易腐品联合采购博弈分析

延期支付作为供应链内部融资的重要渠道之一,广泛存在于商业活动中.在一个由单供应商和多个零售商组成的易腐品供应链中,供应商允许零售商延期支付货款;每个零售商有两类顾客,终端顾客,即直接的消费者,在收到货物之时立即支付货款,中级顾客,即代理商或加盟店,在一定的期限后缴纳货款,如何确定最优订货批量以使得资金实现最大的时间价值是每个零售商面临的重要问题.为此,文章首先研究了在各零售商独立采购时基于两级信用支付的库存模型;其次,研究了多零售商组成联盟实施联合采购时的订货决策问题,应用合作博弈理论,将联合采购下的费用分配问题构造成基于两级信用支付的易腐品联合采购博弈.研究表明,与各零售商独立采购相比,联合采购降低了各零售商的总费用,提高了产品的补货频率,减少了由产品变质带来的损失.     

基于时间可控和随机损失的生鲜农产品供应链协调

生鲜农产品不仅是易腐的,其寿命还具有随机性,在订货和由产地运往远方销地的过程中,面临随机供给与需求的匹配、变质损失与物流成本的平衡这两重难题。基于现代物流条件下物流时间的可控性,分别建立了分散控制和集中控制供应链的决策模型,分析得到了它们的最优订货量和最优物流时间。在此基础上,设计了一组联合契约,推导出了实现生鲜农产品供应链协调时契约参数取值范围的计算公式。研究结果表明:通过选择合理的契约参数φ,联合契约能够完美协调生鲜农产品供应链、实现供需双方帕累托最优。进一步,对变质率参数和需求价格弹性系数进行了敏感性分析,为生鲜农产品供应链实践提供了一些管理启示。     

我国融资租赁产品定价特征及定价效果评价

融资租赁作为一种金融创新产品,具有贸易、租赁、融资三种交易行为特征,其定价一般采取的是综合方案,需要考虑融资租赁标的额、租赁期限、租赁费率、保证金、手续费、留购价格等等诸多要素组合。文章通过对某金融租赁公司五年的全部产品定价方案,对融资租赁产品定价的行业差异性,租金支付方式的灵活性进行了实证研究。结果表明,融资租赁定价未能充分考虑到行业的差异性,租金支付方式单一僵化。因此,我国当前融资租赁行业定价机制和标准亟待统一规范。     

易腐品供应链企业联合采购决策与费用分配研究

在激烈的市场竞争中,如何降低成本以及保证产品的新鲜度对于销售易腐性产品的零售商来说具有至关重要的意义.企业间通过实施联合采购可以降低采购成本,增加与供应商的谈判议价能力,因此联合采购受到越来越多的企业以及学者的关注.考虑了在非瞬时补货情况下多零售商向同一供应商联合采购某种易腐品的订货决策及费用分配问题.以易腐品联合采购过程中产生的订货费用作为分配的对象,应用合作博弈理论,将非瞬时补货情况下易腐品联合采购的费用分配问题构造成易腐品的联合采购博弈,证明了该博弈的核心非空且为子模博弈,并给出了核心中的一个分配方案,同时还讨论了补货速率对零售商分担的订货费用的影响.论文最后对几种典型的比例分配解的效率进行了模拟分析.     

竞争性供应商选择电商平台销售模式的互动机理研究

通过构建两个供应商和两个电商平台之间的博弈模型,探讨竞争性供应商选择电商平台销售模式的互动机理。研究发现:(1)竞争性供应商在电商平台销售模式选择上存在互动机理。(2)在短期均衡中,当佣金费率较高或较低时,供应商的销售模式选择不受竞争对手影响;当佣金费率适中时,供应商的销售模式选择将采取跟随策略,与竞争对手的选择保持一致。(3)在长期均衡中,当佣金费率较低时,两个供应商均会选择代销模式;当佣金费率较高时,两个供应商均会选择转销模式;当供应商自身的佣金费率较高(较低),竞争对手的佣金费率较低(较高)时,供应自身选择转销(代销)模式,竞争对手会选择代销(转销)模式。     

基于增值的绿色建筑监理费用控制模型与运用

获得最大化地增值服务是业主在绿色建筑监理委托的目标,而业主与监理之间的信息不对称往往是导致偏离监理目标的关键因素.为此,以绿色建筑监理服务费作为业主对监理合同管理的重要手段,将监理增值服务价值最大化为目标函数,通过建立相应的函数对绿色建筑监理委托合同管理进行仿真,获得相应的约束函数,从而构建绿色建筑监理费用控制模型.并通过对该模式求解,在不同工程条件下,获得相应的绿色建筑监理费用计价策略.研究结果为业主在绿色建筑监理委托中提供了一种理论指导和实际方法.     

不确定需求下的网络代销平台返利优化决策

在电商与信息化时代, 网络代销平台在产品促销方面的优势越来越明显。与折扣促销不同, 返利促销需要消费者先全款购买, 再事后兑现。本文构建了一个制造商和一个网络代销平台组成的销售系统, 考虑产品需求为可加式随机且同时受价格和返利促销影响, 在Stackelberg博弈框架下研究了制造商的定价与库存策略以及网络代销平台的返利优化决策。研究发现, 当消费者对返利的敏感程度逐渐增强时, 网络代销平台会更倾向于向消费者提供更多的返利, 此时代销平台与制造商实现共赢; 而当消费者的返利兑现率逐渐增大时, 返利平台会降低返利促销的强度, 此时会导致制造商的利益受损。     

考虑路径腐败的可重复装货易腐品库存—路径模型

研究了易腐品的订货、配送一体化策略。在一个供应商供应单一易腐品给多个零售商的联合决策的供应链中,假设各零售商的需求率已知,产品在运输途中和零售阶段均存在腐败,且不允许缺货,联合决策模型的目标是确定为每个零售商送货的配送路径、配送量以及配送周期以使得总成本最小。通过建立数学模型,证明了目标函数的性质,而后设计了改进的节约算法,嵌套折半查找算法对问题求解,最后通过数值算例说明了模型的有效性,及控制运输过程腐败和节点腐败对于易腐品供应链管理的意义。     

E-retailing of restaurant services: pricing strategies in a competing online environment

Establishing online channels and providing online discounts by building business partner relationships with third-party websites have emerged as important and effective marketing strategies in the restaurant industry. This study examines the optimal pricing strategy of restaurants in a competing environment when they participate in this relationship with a third-party website. Results suggest that neither participation nor online price discount should be encouraged for all restaurants. In particular, for a restaurant with a fixed service capacity, participation and online price discount are recommended when the number of offline loyal customers is relatively small. With the increase in the number of loyal offline customers, the optimal online discount rate decreases, whereas the unit commission fee for the third-party website remains constant. When the optimal discount rate reaches zero, the optimal decision for the restaurant is to decrease the unit commission fee. Based on these findings, this study analytically provides the optimal pricing strategies for restaurants and the corresponding boundaries for the strategy set.     

考虑合同保质期的快速失效药品的二级供应链库存策略研究

医院药品对保质期和服务水平有非常高的要求,同时,药品的库存空间在医药库存中也有重要影响。首先针对快速失效的医药药品考虑了医药库存的合同保质期以及库存空间约束,同时考虑医院库存以及制造商库存,基于经济订货批量模型和经济生产批量模型建立了二级供应链的医药库存模型,然后用MATLAB软件求解了模型最优解,并对一些重要参数进行了敏感性分析。研究发现,合同保质期对医院订购批量、制造商生产批量和总库存成本有一定的影响,其中对于制造商的生产批量以及医院的库存成本影响较大。如果不考虑合同保质期的约束,将会对总库存成本带来更大损失。     

第三方数据平台精准营销收费模式研究

第三方数据平台通过大数据分析技术为商家提供精准营销服务,本文研究了两个竞争商家通过同一个数据平台进行精准营销时,平台收费模式(费率佣金与按销量收费)对商家竞争以及平台与商家利润的影响。研究发现:1)费率佣金模式的绩效依赖于费率参数,在精准度高的情况下,它不能最大化平台与商家的利润。2)与费率佣金相比,按销量收费模式显著提高了商家的利润,并且平台与商家的利润都随费用参数的增加而增加。3)从收费模式选择的角度,精准度越高,按销量收费模式的优势越明显;费率佣金模式适用于垄断情况,而按销量收费模式更适用于竞争情况。4)费率佣金与按销量收费的结合可以实现平台与商家的共赢。研究结论为大数据驱动下的精准营销收费模式选择,以及“大数据平台”的盈利模式创新提供了理论参考。     

Integrated production scheduling and distribution planning in dairy supply chain by hybrid modelling

In this paper we address the production scheduling and distribution planning problem in a yoghurt production line of the multi-product dairy plants. A mixed integer linear programming model is developed for the considered problem. The objective function aims to maximize the benefit by considering the shelf life dependent pricing component and costs such as processing, setup, storage, overtime, backlogging, and transportation costs. Key features of the model include sequence dependent setup times, minimum and maximum lot sizes, overtime, shelf life requirements, machine speeds, dedicated production lines, typically arising in the dairy industry. The model obtains the optimal production plan for each product type, on each production line, in each period together with the delivery plan. The hybrid modelling approach is adopted to explore the dynamic behavior of the real world system. In the hybrid approach, operation time is considered as a dynamic factor and it is adjusted by the results of the simulation and optimization model iteratively. Thus, more realistic solutions are obtained for the scheduling problem in yoghurt industry by using the iterative hybrid optimization-simulation procedure. The efficiency and applicability of the proposed model and approach are demonstrated in a case study for a leading dairy manufacturing company in Turkey.     

价格与质量双重竞争下电商平台渠道模式决策研究

近年来传统电商正加速从经销商转变为连接消费者与供应商的在线市场中间商,电商平台与供应商形成三种渠道结构：经销商模式、混合模式和在线市场模式。本文通过构建Stackelberg博弈模型讨论产品质量与价格双重竞争情境下电商平台与供应商销售合作模式最新选择问题。研究表明,当价格竞争强度适中而佣金比例较大时,混合模式是电商平台最优选择,此时产品质量差异最大;当价格竞争强度较小而佣金比例较大时,在线市场模式则是最优选择;在其他条件下,经销商模式是其最优选择。本文结论对电商平台与供应商合作模式选择、产品质量与定价决策具有参考价值。     

Revenue management for a supply chain with two streams of customers

In this paper, we consider revenue management for a service supply chain with one supplier and one retailer. The supplier has a limited capacity of a perishable product and both the supplier and the retailer face customers. Each customer may choose to buy a product from either the supplier or the retailer by considering prices and the cost associated with switching. For the centralized model, the supplier determines the selling prices for both herself and the retailer, and the retailer simply collects a commission fee for each product sold. We derive monotone properties for the revenue functions and pricing strategies. Further, we show that the commission fee increases the retailer’s price while decreasing the supplier’s and leads to efficiency loss of the chain. For the decentralized decision-making model, the supplier and the retailer compete in price over time. Two models are considered. In the first, the retailer buys products from the supplier before the selling season and in the second the retailer shares products with the supplier in retailing. For both models, we discuss the existence of the equilibrium and characterize the optimal decisions. Numerical results are presented to illustrate properties of the models and to compare the supply chain performance between the centralized and the decentralized models.     

FIFO Versus LIFO Issuing Policies for Stochastic Perishable Inventory Systems

We consider an inventory system for perishable items in which the arrival times of the items to be stored and the ones of the demands for those items form independent Poisson processes. The shelf lifetime of every item is finite and deterministic. Every demand is for a single item and is satisfied by one of the items on the shelf, if available. A demand remains unsatisfied if it arrives at an empty shelf. The aim of this paper is to compare two issuing policies: under FIFO (‘first in, first out’) any demand is satisfied by the item with the currently longest shelf life, while under LIFO (‘last in, first out’) always the youngest item on the shelf is assigned first. We determine the long-run net average profit as a function of the system parameters under each of the two policies, taking into account the revenue earned from satisfied demands, the cost of shelf space, penalties for unsatisfied demands, and the purchase cost of incoming items. The analytical results are used in several numerical examples in which the optimal input rate and the maximum expected long-run average profit under FIFO and under LIFO are determined and compared. We also provide a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution for varying parameter values.     

Perishable inventory systems with impatient demands

An inventory system for perishable commodities (PIS) with finite shelf size and finite waiting room for demands is studied; the maximum shelf life and the maximum waiting time of a demand are assumed to be either constant or exponentially distributed, and the arrival rates for items and for demands are state-dependent. We determine the stationary distribution of the system and derive various kinds of cost functionals that are useful to evaluate the efficiency of the PIS.     

A fuzzy goal programming approach for mid-term assortment planning in supermarkets

We develop a fuzzy mixed integer non-linear goal programming model for the mid-term assortment planning of supermarkets in which three conflicting objectives namely profitability, customer service, and space utilization are incorporated. The items and brands in a supermarket compete to obtain more space and better shelf level. This model offers different service levels to loyal and disloyal customers, applies joint replenishment policy, and accounts for the holding time limitation of perishable items. We propose a fuzzy approach due to the imprecise nature of the goals’ target levels and priorities as well as critical data. A heuristic method inspiring by the problem-specific rules is developed to solve this complex model approximately within a reasonable time. Finally, the proposed approach is validated through several numerical examples and results are reported.     

Model of the Internet mortgage market optimization

The Internet mortgages are currently a fast growing market, allowing selling mortgages cheaper and faster than in the traditional methods such as in bank departments. Given the specificity of selling mortgages in the Internet, banks try to sell more mortgages by spending more money on advertising and paying higher commission to the brokers selling their products. It is important to optimise the amounts of money in both sectors (the balance of money for advertising and for brokers) and to compare these amounts with the level of mortgages can be sold within this period (which is related to the economic indicators such as the current level of interest rate, unemployment rate etc.)It is suggested to create a knowledge base rule model defining the Internet mortgage market which will include the variables important for the problem (preliminary choice of such indicators the level of commission that is paid to the brokers, the current interest rate in the country), restrictions concentrating optimising the amounts of money that will be spend with the correlation to the current possibilities of selling mortgages (defined by the current situation of the economy). The model will be supported with the data from two banks and two brokers representing the market. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)