企业政治能力、高管过度自信与对外直接投资政治风险承担

本文以2008～2019年中国上市企业对外直接投资事件为研究样本，探索企业政治能力对企业对外直接投资政治风险承担的影响。研究发现，企业政治能力越强，越倾向于投资到高政治风险区位，高管过度自信是企业政治能力对企业对外直接投资政治风险承担影响的传导机制；然而，该影响仅在国有企业和当东道国与母国政治风险距离较小时存在。上述结果表明，高政治风险区位的“机遇预期效应”在国有企业对外直接投资政治风险承担中起主导作用，而政治能力是影响企业投资高政治风险区位“机遇预期效应”的前置因素，东道国与母国较小的政治风险距离也是企业政治能力在高政治风险区位发挥作用的情境条件。本文推进了企业对外直接投资政治风险承担的研究，对企业风险决策的制定具有重要启示意义。     

公共文化PPP项目风险分担的演化博弈分析

十八届三中全会鼓励引入社会资本积极参与公共文化服务体系建设,促进公共文化事业大发展。公共文化PPP项目投资大、建设周期长、管理复杂,在建设运营中私人部门可能存在道德风险。本文构建了公私部门的效用函数,引入未来收益,用演化博弈理论分别讨论了长短期合作时公私部门间风险的合理分担比例,并分析了未来收益对临界值的影响。研究发现:私人部门分担运营风险的比例小于临界值时,会选择积极合作策略;公共部门分担私人部门的建造风险,对私人部门的策略选择没有影响;未来收益能增强私人部门对当前PPP项目风险分担的意愿。公共部门可据此提供合理有效的风险分担比例,并设计有效的激励机制,鼓励私人部门积极合作。     

新时期中国对外直接投资影响因素的新变化

本研究基于Dunning的国际生产综合理论,并引入生命周期动态理论,基于2003-2015年中国对外直接投资国别面板数据,探索了世界金融危机以来中国对外投资的新变化.结果表明:东道国的市场规模、资源稟赋、战略资产稟赋、制度质量以及中国对东道国的出口等因素都对中国的对外直接投资产生影响,但在发达国家和发展中国家的表现有所不同.世界金融危机以来,中国的对外直接投资越来越倾向投资于高政治质量的东道国,并且越来越少的被东道国的自然资源稟赋所吸引,这些结果都符合并反映了中国经济自身发展的新变化.     

基于公私不同风险偏好的PPP项目政府补偿机制研究

本文在考虑双方风险偏好差异的基础上,围绕PPP项目补偿问题构建了公私双方的Stackelberg博弈模型,从集中决策和分散决策协调的角度研究了PPP项目的补偿机制。研究表明,在公私双方存在风险厌恶时,直接补贴契约无法诱导私人投资者做出符合整体最优的决策。因此,本文设计了一种基于政府部分承担建设投资的混合补偿契约改进前补贴模式。分析表明,当建设投资分担比例合适时,混合补偿契约可以协调风险厌恶下的PPP补偿博弈的分散决策和集中决策,实现Pareto改进。最后,通过数值分析进一步研究了补偿契约的影响因素和适用范围。     

风险资本的组合投资最优化模型研究

利用委托代理理论建立了风险资本的组合投资最优化模型,通过该模型给出了项目数和收益分配比例的最优解,并分析了组合投资的项目数和收益分配比例对风险投资家和企业家努力水平的影响。     

基于社会资本风险偏好的PPP项目控制权配置

为有效激励或规制社会资本的合作行为,在分析PPP项目控制权配置问题时,考虑社会资本风险偏好进而构建有限理性期望效用函数,得出不同风险偏好组合下社会资本的控制权动态调整原则。研究表明,在政府为风险中性的前提下,风险规避的社会资本的控制权比例有最低激励阈值且与其风险规避系数呈负增长关系,体现控制权在激励的环境下实现规制的作用;风险趋向的社会资本的控制权比例有最高规制阈值且与其风险趋向系数呈正增长关系,体现控制权在规制的环境下实现激励的作用;政府产出随社会资本的风险规避系数、控制权比例呈负增长,而随社会资本风险趋向系数呈正增长。最后通过数值分析,进一步论证了在不同风险偏好组合下社会资本的控制权份额对其合作行为的激励规制效应及其对政府产出的影响。     

基于风险偏好和公平偏好的PPP项目政府补偿机制研究

本文在综合考虑社会资本风险偏好和公平偏好的基础上,构建了政府与社会资本之间的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析了社会资本风险偏好和公平偏好影响下PPP项目政府补偿机制的最优设计。研究表明:社会资本的最优投资水平随风险规避度的增高而降低,随公平偏好程度的增高而增高;政府补偿机制的最优设计应是在考虑单期风险及公平溢价成本的基础上,估计单期期望运营收益的高低,进而协调年建设成本补偿及运营期补偿系数两者的相对关系,设计最优的年建设成本补偿和运营期补偿系数。     

贝叶斯方法在养老基金资产负债管理中的应用

把一个静态资产负债管理模型———均值方差模型应用到定额给付养老金计划的资产负债管理中,在允许无风险借贷的条件下研究养老金在无风险资产和风险资产间的分配问题,用定量分析的方法求出了最优投资组合的一般形式;又针对投资收益率特征参数未知的情况,提出了矩估计和贝叶斯估计两种方法求解最优资本配置比例,将两种方法的结果与一般形式对比,分析了影响最优投资组合的因素,得知养老基金在风险资产中的投资比例与基金经理对风险的厌恶程度、风险资产的风险益酬、风险资产收益率的波动性成负相关关系;并且随决策者掌握的历史信息增加,在风险资产上的投资比例也随之增加,投资行为逐渐趋于理性化;对上述结果进行仿真,验证了结论的有效性。     

固定投资回报型合同节水管理项目收益分配模型

合同节水管理(WSMC)是一种用节约的水费支付改造成本并获取收益的节水模式,主要涉及用户与节水服务公司两个参与方。本文研究用户无法观测节水服务公司行动条件下固定投资回报型WSMC中的收益分配问题,该模式优先偿还投资,其次分享收益的特征需要激励机制诱使节水服务公司增加节水收益。首先,选取改造成本和节水量作为激励因素,设计用户对节水服务公司的激励合同,并构建节水量产出函数。其次,以用户的期望效用最大化为目标,建立用户对节水服务公司的激励模型并采用逆推法求解模型。再次,对均衡结果进行分析,结果表明:节水服务公司的最优成本分享比例和最优节水量分享比例与风险规避程度、努力成本系数和项目不确定性负相关;此外,最优节水量分享比例与综合能力正相关。最后,通过数值分析探讨分享比例和努力程度随合同参数的变化情况。     

考虑供应商服务与零售商退货的定价博弈分析

研究由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链,由供应商提供产品服务,零售商制定产品零售价,在一个销售周期结束后存在零售商向供应商的退货,退货产生的物流成本由零售商与供应商通过博弈的方式共同分担.基于博弈理论,建立了供应商和零售商以各自利润最大化为目标,以服务水平、零售价和退货为主要影响因素的Nash和Stackelberg博弈.采用数值方法,对这两个博弈进行了求解.得到供应商为零售商分担退货物流成本最优比例、供应商最优服务水平和零售商最优定价策略.研究表明,Nash博弈时的解是唯一的,此时供应商不会分担退货物流成本;Stackelberg博弈时,供应商分担退货物流成本比例依据批发价大小而定.     

政府监管下的医院医疗信息分享演化博弈分析

在分析政府监管下医院间医疗信息分享特征的基础上,结合我国当前正在推行的医联体医院间信息分享运作模式,引入梅特卡夫定律并考虑患者评价的影响,分析了监管部门与医院各自的利益组成,建立了监管部门与医院两者之间的演化博弈模型,并采用复制动态方程研究了不同情形下医院间信息分享的演化博弈轨迹。研究表明,政府通过监管并建立激励惩罚机制等引导措施对医院最终达到的演化稳定态具有极大影响;降低医院主体信息分享的风险成本、规范提高医院分享信息的质量、引导患者增强对医院信息分享的关注、制定有吸引力和威慑力的奖惩政策,是促进医院医疗信息分享的关键。研究结果可为政府监管部门预测医院间的信息分享趋势和制定精准化政策以促进分享提供参考。     

激励国外直接投资的合资方案

本文讨论在国际经济投资中，国外投资者主观认定的政策风险对国外直接投资的影响，提出东道国激励项目中的国外直接投资达到不受风险影响投资量的合资方案，证明了该方案的存在性，并在不同条件下给出方案的选择方法．讨论了合资方案对合资后双方的利益的影响。     

Portfolio selection with a minimax measure in safety constraint

In this paper, we attempt to design a portfolio optimization model for investors who desire to minimize the variation around the mean return and at the same time wish to achieve better return than the worst possible return realization at every time point in a single period portfolio investment. The portfolio is to be selected from the risky assets in the equity market. Since the minimax portfolio optimization model provides us with the portfolio that maximizes (minimizes) the worst return (worst loss) realization in the investment horizon period, in order to safeguard the interest of investors, the optimal value of the minimax optimization model is used to design a constraint in the mean-absolute semideviation model. This constraint can be viewed as a safety strategy adopted by an investor. Thus, our proposed bi-objective linear programming model involves mean return as a reward and mean-absolute semideviation as a risk in the objective function and minimax as a safety constraint, which enables a trade off between return and risk with a fixed safety value. The efficient frontier of the model is generated using the augmented -constraint method on the GAMS software. We simultaneously solve the ratio optimization problem which maximizes the ratio of mean return over mean-absolute semideviation with same minimax value in the safety constraint. Subsequently, we choose two portfolios on the above generated efficient frontier such that the risk from one of them is less and the mean return from other portfolio is more than the respective quantities of the optimal portfolio from the ratio optimization model. Extensive computational results and in-sample and out-of-sample analysis are provided to compare the financial performance of the optimal portfolios selected by our proposed model with that of the optimal portfolios from the existing minimax and mean-absolute semideviation portfolio optimization models on real data from S&P CNX Nifty index.     

随机通胀风险下基于半鞅理论的最优投资策略

本文在半鞅理论框架下,构建包括可交易风险资产、不可交易风险资产和未定权益的金融投资模型。在考虑随机通胀风险和获取部分市场信息的情形下,研究投资经理人终端真实净财富指数效用最大化问题。运用滤波理论、半鞅和倒向随机微分方程(BSDE)理论,求解带有随机通胀风险的最优投资策略和价值过程精确解。数值分析结果发现,可交易风险资产最优投资额随着预期通胀率的增加而减少,投资价值呈先增后减态势。当通胀波动率无限接近可交易风险资产名义价格波动率时,通胀风险可完全对冲,投资人会不断追加在可交易风险资产的投资额,以期实现终端真实净财富期望指数效用最大化。研究结果为金融市场的投资决策提供更加科学的理论参考。     

Intergenerational risk sharing in closing pension funds

We model intergenerational risk sharing in closing funded pension plans. Specifically, we consider a setting in which in each period, the pension fund’s investment and indexation policy is the outcome of a bargaining process between representatives of the then living generations. Because some generations might be under- or overrepresented in the board, we use the asymmetric Nash bargaining solution to allow for differences in bargaining powers. In a numerical study, we compare the welfare that the generations derive from the outcome of this repeated bargaining to the welfare that they would derive if a social planner’s optimal policy would instead be implemented. We find that as compared to the social optimum, older generations benefit substantially from the repeated bargaining, even if all generations are equally well-represented in the board. If older generations are relatively over-represented, as is sometimes argued, these effects are attenuated.     

Optimal portfolio‐consumption choice under stochastic inflation with nominal and indexed bonds

This research solves the intertemporal portfolio choice problems with and without interim consumption under stochastic inflation. We assume a one‐factor nominal interest rate and a one‐factor expected inflation rate, implying a two‐factor real interest rate in the economy. In contrast to other related research which adopts the one‐factor real interest rate model, the inflation‐indexed bond is not a redundant asset class even in a complete market. The infinitely risk‐averse investor would prefer to invest all her wealth in inflation‐indexed bonds maturing at the investment horizon. We also show that, with the two‐factor real interest rate model, the consumption‐wealth ratio is not determined by the real interest rate alone. The investor's consumption–wealth ratio is also affected by the nominal interest rate and expected inflation rate levels. The capital market is calibrated to U.S. stocks, bonds, and inflation data. The optimal weights show that aggressive investors hold more nominal bonds in order to earn the inflation risk premiums, while conservative investors concentrate on indexed bonds to hedge against the inflation risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal investment strategies and risk-sharing arrangements for a hybrid pension plan

A continuous time stochastic model is used to study a hybrid pension plan, where both the contribution and benefit levels are adjusted depending on the performance of the plan, with risk sharing between different generations. The pension fund is invested in a risk-free asset and multiple risky assets. The objective is to seek an optimal investment strategy and optimal risk-sharing arrangements for plan trustees and participants so that this proposed hybrid pension system provides adequate and stable income to retirees while adjusting contributions effectively, as well as keeping its sustainability in the long run. These goals are achieved by minimizing the expected discount disutility of intermediate adjustment for both benefits and contributions and that of terminal wealth in finite time horizon. Using the stochastic optimal control approach, closed-form solutions are derived under quadratic loss function and exponential loss function. Numerical analysis is presented to illustrate the sensitivity of the optimal strategies to parameters of the financial market and how the optimal benefit changes with respect to different risk aversions. Through numerical analysis, we find that the optimal strategies do adjust the contributions and retirement benefits according to fund performance and model objectives so the intergenerational risk sharing seem effectively achieved for this collective hybrid pension plan.     

Corporate valuation,capital structure and risk management: A stochastic DCF approach

In this article we discuss a general stochastic framework for designing corporate investment, financing and risk management strategies for financially constrained firms. The strategy entailing the highest benefits for shareholders is considered to be the optimal strategy. This paper focuses on a simulation of present value distributions of the capital positions of a company, explicitly taking into account the risk of fluctuations in future cash flow as well as the risk of insolvency. The present value distribution of equity is used as a central instrument for evaluation of shareholder benefits. Expected present values are also computed. The investment and financing policy of the company pursued at the time of the valuation is reflected in certain global model parameters, which themselves influence the future profit distribution policy of the company. The main parameters are the extent of debt, the annual debt funding requirements, the average earnings power of the company – expressed as an expected annual return on total capital – and the risk of annual earnings – expressed as the standard deviation of the annual return on total capital. An explicit illustration of the volatility risk and default risk seems not only to be a suitable way of illustrating the impact of capital structure on corporate value. Such an depiction may also provide answers to the question of the link between hedging and enterprise value. This paper highlights the fact that investment, finance and hedging strategies should go hand in hand.     

风险投资的模糊数学评价模型

目前风险投资市场发展迅速,但是由于自身的高风险性和不确定性,难以利用传统的风险评价与控制方法,造成风险投资家投资困扰.针对风险投资评估指标标准模糊、难以控制的特点,建立模糊数学评价模型和AHP模型相结合的风险预警控制方法,可以提高分析指标的可靠性及灵敏性,并进行实证分析说明其科学性和有效性.为风险投资公司有效筛选投资项目、实现投资收益提供具体、可行的预警方法.